Pub Date : 2018-10-15DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555813
V. Giorgio
Superficial gastrointestinal neoplasia may be removed endoscopically.ESD (Endoscopic submucosal dissection) isaneffectiveandsafe procedurewhich allows “en bloc” resection of superficial gastrointestinal lesions.The most common adverse events ofESD are perforation and bleeding.Late perforation are rare and occur in 0.22% according to literature.We report a case of delayedrectal perforation, occurring 16days after ESDof a 65 x 35-mm laterally spreading tumor (LST) nodular mixed type(G-MIX), ofthe rectum.The perforation wascompletely unexpected because ofabsence of post-ESD risk factors and the long period of wellness of the patient after the procedure.
浅表胃肠道肿瘤可在内镜下切除。内镜下粘膜剥离术(ESD)是一种有效且安全的手术，可以“整体”切除浅表胃肠道病变。esd最常见的不良反应是穿孔和出血。据文献报道，晚期穿孔罕见，发生率为0.22%。我们报告一例迟发性直肠穿孔，发生在65 x 35毫米的直肠横向扩散肿瘤(LST)结节混合型(G-MIX)的esd16天后。穿孔是完全出乎意料的，因为没有esd后的危险因素，而且手术后患者的健康状况很长。
{"title":"Unexpected Delayed Rectal Perforation after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection","authors":"V. Giorgio","doi":"10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555813","url":null,"abstract":"Superficial gastrointestinal neoplasia may be removed endoscopically.ESD (Endoscopic submucosal dissection) isaneffectiveandsafe procedurewhich allows “en bloc” resection of superficial gastrointestinal lesions.The most common adverse events ofESD are perforation and bleeding.Late perforation are rare and occur in 0.22% according to literature.We report a case of delayedrectal perforation, occurring 16days after ESDof a 65 x 35-mm laterally spreading tumor (LST) nodular mixed type(G-MIX), ofthe rectum.The perforation wascompletely unexpected because ofabsence of post-ESD risk factors and the long period of wellness of the patient after the procedure.","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44199818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555810
N. Duong
Living donor liver transplant (LDLT) for patients within Milan criteria (one lesion smaller than 5 cm; up to 3 lesions smaller than 3 cm, no extrahepatic manifestations, no evidence of gross vascular invasion) has been an evolving modality for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the last decade [1,2,3]. Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) was once considered an experimental approach in the pediatric population has now gained its popularity in the management of liver cancer in adults and has led to shortening of time on the liver transplant (LT) waitlist. Observational studies have shown comparable outcomes between LDLT and deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) with regards to overall survival and disease-free survival rates. Unfortunately, recurrence post LDLT as with DDLT remains an ongoing issue and rates up to 10% have been reported at 4 years post-transplant [4].
{"title":"Rare Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Greater than 6 Years after Living Donor Liver Transplant","authors":"N. Duong","doi":"10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555810","url":null,"abstract":"Living donor liver transplant (LDLT) for patients within Milan criteria (one lesion smaller than 5 cm; up to 3 lesions smaller than 3 cm, no extrahepatic manifestations, no evidence of gross vascular invasion) has been an evolving modality for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the last decade [1,2,3]. Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) was once considered an experimental approach in the pediatric population has now gained its popularity in the management of liver cancer in adults and has led to shortening of time on the liver transplant (LT) waitlist. Observational studies have shown comparable outcomes between LDLT and deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) with regards to overall survival and disease-free survival rates. Unfortunately, recurrence post LDLT as with DDLT remains an ongoing issue and rates up to 10% have been reported at 4 years post-transplant [4].","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43309820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-09DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555809
C. Caglevic
Gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma is a common malignancy worldwide, in particular in Japan and in the Pacific coast of Latin America. Unless early diagnosis is performed, this disease carries a bad prognosis with a high mortality rate regardless of the use of standard treatments. A subgroup of this patients, probably close to a 20 percent, carry HER 2 mutations that result in HER 2 overepression. Targeted treatment to block HER 2 in the first line of treatment in the metastatic setting has resulted in positive outcomes when adding trastuzumab to standard chemotherapy, nonetheless no other HER 2 targeted treatments have reported benefit in this malignancy. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to evaluate the benefit of HER 2 blockade as perioperative treatment for patients that overexpress HER 2.
{"title":"HER-2 Overexpression in Gastric and Gastroaesophageal Cancer: A Different Disease among Gastric Adenocarcinoma Subtypes","authors":"C. Caglevic","doi":"10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555809","url":null,"abstract":"Gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma is a common malignancy worldwide, in particular in Japan and in the Pacific coast of Latin America. Unless early diagnosis is performed, this disease carries a bad prognosis with a high mortality rate regardless of the use of standard treatments. A subgroup of this patients, probably close to a 20 percent, carry HER 2 mutations that result in HER 2 overepression. Targeted treatment to block HER 2 in the first line of treatment in the metastatic setting has resulted in positive outcomes when adding trastuzumab to standard chemotherapy, nonetheless no other HER 2 targeted treatments have reported benefit in this malignancy. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to evaluate the benefit of HER 2 blockade as perioperative treatment for patients that overexpress HER 2.","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43765964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-09DOI: 10.19080/argh.2018.11.555807
S. Sundaram
Rituximab may cause hypogammaglobulinemia in a subset of patients, especially if given in multiple cycles. Early clinical trial data suggested that hypogammaglobulinemia is transient, however subsequent reports have described hypogammaglobulinemia that is both persistent and clinically significant, necessitating immunoglobulins therapy in some cases [1-5]. Gastrointestinal disease is identified in approximately 10 to 20 percent of these patients and may be the presenting symptom in some [6]. Many of these disorders mimic classic forms of disease (in the absence of immunodeficiency) such as celiac sprue, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and pernicious anemia but differ in pathogenesis and are often unresponsive to conventional therapies. Gastroenterologists therefore must be able to diagnose and treat patients with immunodeficiency.
{"title":"Can Treatment Lead to Chronic Diarrhea in a Young Adult?","authors":"S. Sundaram","doi":"10.19080/argh.2018.11.555807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/argh.2018.11.555807","url":null,"abstract":"Rituximab may cause hypogammaglobulinemia in a subset of patients, especially if given in multiple cycles. Early clinical trial data suggested that hypogammaglobulinemia is transient, however subsequent reports have described hypogammaglobulinemia that is both persistent and clinically significant, necessitating immunoglobulins therapy in some cases [1-5]. Gastrointestinal disease is identified in approximately 10 to 20 percent of these patients and may be the presenting symptom in some [6]. Many of these disorders mimic classic forms of disease (in the absence of immunodeficiency) such as celiac sprue, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and pernicious anemia but differ in pathogenesis and are often unresponsive to conventional therapies. Gastroenterologists therefore must be able to diagnose and treat patients with immunodeficiency.","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44400518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.19080/argh.2018.11.555805
D. Badary
There are several etiologies for rectal bleeding and a complete evaluation and early diagnosis is very important. Bleeding per rectum ranging from mild conditions requiring little or no treatment to severe and life-threatening ones requiring immediate intervention according to the etiologies [3]. The etiologies include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, solitary rectal ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticulosis, proctitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, colonic polyps and cancer colon. Proctosigmoidoscopy followed by colonoscopy is the examination of choice for diagnosis and treatment of patients complaining of rectal bleeding [4]. As number of cases with colonoscopy shows only ulcerated hyperemic mucosa is not low, we have performed this study in order to determine the role of colonoscopy in determining the cause of bleeding per rectum in those patients by histopathological evaluation of their biopsies.
{"title":"Study on the Role of Colonoscopic Biopsy in Rectal Bleeding Patients with Ulcerated Hyperemic Mucosa only","authors":"D. Badary","doi":"10.19080/argh.2018.11.555805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/argh.2018.11.555805","url":null,"abstract":"There are several etiologies for rectal bleeding and a complete evaluation and early diagnosis is very important. Bleeding per rectum ranging from mild conditions requiring little or no treatment to severe and life-threatening ones requiring immediate intervention according to the etiologies [3]. The etiologies include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, solitary rectal ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticulosis, proctitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, colonic polyps and cancer colon. Proctosigmoidoscopy followed by colonoscopy is the examination of choice for diagnosis and treatment of patients complaining of rectal bleeding [4]. As number of cases with colonoscopy shows only ulcerated hyperemic mucosa is not low, we have performed this study in order to determine the role of colonoscopy in determining the cause of bleeding per rectum in those patients by histopathological evaluation of their biopsies.","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41270457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555804
S. Subramaniam
Defining what is PHLF and criteria to diagnose it were equally difficult as treating a PHLF. The International Study Group of Liver Surgery: considering the normal postoperative course of serum bilirubin concentration and International Normalized Ratio defined PHLF as the impaired ability of the liver to maintain its synthetic, excretory, and detoxifying functions, which are characterized by an increased INR and concomitant hyperbilirubinemia on or after postoperative day 5 [1].
{"title":"Post Hepatectomy Liver Failure in Nutshell","authors":"S. Subramaniam","doi":"10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555804","url":null,"abstract":"Defining what is PHLF and criteria to diagnose it were equally difficult as treating a PHLF. The International Study Group of Liver Surgery: considering the normal postoperative course of serum bilirubin concentration and International Normalized Ratio defined PHLF as the impaired ability of the liver to maintain its synthetic, excretory, and detoxifying functions, which are characterized by an increased INR and concomitant hyperbilirubinemia on or after postoperative day 5 [1].","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41860881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555802
M. K. Bhardwaj
World is facing a lot of problems in now a days. Among these, carcinomas are one of them. An estimated 169.3 million years of healthy life were lost globally because of cancer in 2008.1 About 1,688,780 new cases of cancer are expected to diagnose in year 2017 in US.2 Worldwide there will be 23.6 million new cases of cancer each year by 2030 (estimated) [1]. In 2012, an estimated 8.2 million people died from cancer worldwide [1].
{"title":"Gallbladder Cancer: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment","authors":"M. K. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ARGH.2018.11.555802","url":null,"abstract":"World is facing a lot of problems in now a days. Among these, carcinomas are one of them. An estimated 169.3 million years of healthy life were lost globally because of cancer in 2008.1 About 1,688,780 new cases of cancer are expected to diagnose in year 2017 in US.2 Worldwide there will be 23.6 million new cases of cancer each year by 2030 (estimated) [1]. In 2012, an estimated 8.2 million people died from cancer worldwide [1].","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41354385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2018.10.555800
M. Bassiony
Introduction: Dieulafoy’s lesions are under-diagnosed and with considerable rate of re-bleeding. They are common causes of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. These are 3 cases of Dieulafoy’s lesion, one gastric & two are extra-gastric. The first case was an 11-year-old girl presented by recurrent hematemesis & melena. She was secured by endoscopic banding after adrenaline injection. The second case was a 19-year-old male who had multiple recurrent attacks of melena. Initial upper endoscopy was normal but angiography showed contrast extravasation at the first part of duodenum secured by coil embolization but another bleeding episode occurred 3 weeks later from an aberrant nearby vessel that was secured by endoscopic hemoclipping. The third patient was a 47- year-old man presented by hematochezia. Colonoscopy showed oozing from an aberrant vessel in the descending colon secured by endoscopic argon plasma coagulation and hemoclipping. Two days later, all three patients underwent endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) which confirmed complete hemostasis. Conclusion: GI endoscopy plus angiography followed by EUS is an effective approach for a better management (diagnosis, treatment & follow up) of bleeding Dieulafoy’s lesions with a markedly lower rate of recurrence & mortality.
{"title":"Combined Management Approach for Gastric & Extra-Gastric Dieulafoy’s Lesions","authors":"M. Bassiony","doi":"10.19080/ARGH.2018.10.555800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ARGH.2018.10.555800","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Dieulafoy’s lesions are under-diagnosed and with considerable rate of re-bleeding. They are common causes of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. These are 3 cases of Dieulafoy’s lesion, one gastric & two are extra-gastric. The first case was an 11-year-old girl presented by recurrent hematemesis & melena. She was secured by endoscopic banding after adrenaline injection. The second case was a 19-year-old male who had multiple recurrent attacks of melena. Initial upper endoscopy was normal but angiography showed contrast extravasation at the first part of duodenum secured by coil embolization but another bleeding episode occurred 3 weeks later from an aberrant nearby vessel that was secured by endoscopic hemoclipping. The third patient was a 47- year-old man presented by hematochezia. Colonoscopy showed oozing from an aberrant vessel in the descending colon secured by endoscopic argon plasma coagulation and hemoclipping. Two days later, all three patients underwent endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) which confirmed complete hemostasis. Conclusion: GI endoscopy plus angiography followed by EUS is an effective approach for a better management (diagnosis, treatment & follow up) of bleeding Dieulafoy’s lesions with a markedly lower rate of recurrence & mortality.","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43073236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-21DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2018.10.555798
G. Monif
What is Crohn’s disease? Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease in which the wall of one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract becomes thickened, inflamed and swollen. The thickening may lead to narrowing of the intestine in that area. Patches of Crohn’s disease inflammation may involve only a few centimetres of the intestine or may be much longer, over a metre or more. Any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus can be affected and there may be more than one area of involvement at one time.
{"title":"The WHY? of Crohn’s Disease","authors":"G. Monif","doi":"10.19080/ARGH.2018.10.555798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ARGH.2018.10.555798","url":null,"abstract":"What is Crohn’s disease? Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease in which the wall of one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract becomes thickened, inflamed and swollen. The thickening may lead to narrowing of the intestine in that area. Patches of Crohn’s disease inflammation may involve only a few centimetres of the intestine or may be much longer, over a metre or more. Any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus can be affected and there may be more than one area of involvement at one time.","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-18DOI: 10.19080/argh.2018.10.555797
Y. Nagao
Background: Over three million people in Japan are estimated to be infected with hepatitis viruses. Dentists need to be aware of measures to prevent transmission and have knowledge of extrahepatic manifestations. However, in Japan, there has been little evaluation of dentists’ knowledge of viral hepatitis. We investigated dental care workers for their knowledge of, and countermeasures against, viral hepatitis. Materials and methods: An anonymous online questionnaire surveying 1,210 members of the Japanese Society of Dental Practice Administration. Interviews were carried out with those who consented. Survey items are attributes, self-management of viral hepatitis, knowledge of liver disease, control of transmission, contacting patients with viral hepatitis, and gathering information on liver diseases. Results: 153 individuals responded to the questionnaire; 41 had not been immunized against hepatitis B and 61 knew of extrahepatic manifestations. Risk and knowledge deficit scores were significantly higher for workers in dental clinics than those in university settings (p<0.001, p=0.014). Conclusion: The respondents had insufficient knowledge of viral hepatitis, a low rate of immunization against hepatitis B and may not follow safe medical practice. It is critical that dentists understand the latest information on hepatitis viruses and acquire knowledge and skills related to medical safety and prevention of infection.
{"title":"Survey of Dental Health Care Workers Regarding Their Knowledge of Viral Liver Disease and Prevention of Its Transmission, Using an Online Questionnaire","authors":"Y. Nagao","doi":"10.19080/argh.2018.10.555797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/argh.2018.10.555797","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Over three million people in Japan are estimated to be infected with hepatitis viruses. Dentists need to be aware of measures to prevent transmission and have knowledge of extrahepatic manifestations. However, in Japan, there has been little evaluation of dentists’ knowledge of viral hepatitis. We investigated dental care workers for their knowledge of, and countermeasures against, viral hepatitis. Materials and methods: An anonymous online questionnaire surveying 1,210 members of the Japanese Society of Dental Practice Administration. Interviews were carried out with those who consented. Survey items are attributes, self-management of viral hepatitis, knowledge of liver disease, control of transmission, contacting patients with viral hepatitis, and gathering information on liver diseases. Results: 153 individuals responded to the questionnaire; 41 had not been immunized against hepatitis B and 61 knew of extrahepatic manifestations. Risk and knowledge deficit scores were significantly higher for workers in dental clinics than those in university settings (p<0.001, p=0.014). Conclusion: The respondents had insufficient knowledge of viral hepatitis, a low rate of immunization against hepatitis B and may not follow safe medical practice. It is critical that dentists understand the latest information on hepatitis viruses and acquire knowledge and skills related to medical safety and prevention of infection.","PeriodicalId":72074,"journal":{"name":"Advanced research in gastroenterology & hepatology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45415199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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