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The surface of 173 of right maxillary and mandibular teeth were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance technique. After particular preparation of the teeth the surface of their roots was covered with a layer of marker substance, before freezing them in liquid nitrogen. Resonance spectra were recorded under special standard conditions with an estimated error of 7% for the measurements. The method presented in this paper proved to be suitable for measuring the largeness of the surface of the root of human teeth and can find further application for solving other problems in descriptive anatomy.

The aortic bodies, including the right and left subclavian bodies and the superior aorticopulmonary bodies, were examined in inbred normotensive control rats (NCR) of the Wistar strain and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the OKAMOTO-AOKI strain. Paraganglia were found in all rats of either group. They were located near to the left common carotid artery and less frequently between the branching right subclavian and right common carotid artery. Superior aorticopulmonary bodies were rarely seen. No significant differences were found regarding the volume of individual aortic bodies when comparing these paraganglia in NCR and SHR. However, aortic bodies are more numerous in SHR and therefore the total volume of aortic body tissue per rat is significantly larger in this strain. There was good correlation between the total volume of aortic bodies and the total volume of carotid bodies in both strains of rats studied. These findings indicate, that the paraganglionic system as a whole is enlarged in SHR. This enlargement probably is caused genetically and not a result of increased blood pressure.

In the present article the relative motion in the horizontal plane of 2 adjacent lumbar vertebrae (axial rotation of the lumbar spine) and the cranial border movement of the mandible parallel to the vertical-sagittal plane are examined. The interplay of joints is depicted onto the function of a gear system with positive drive. The limits of this projection are described.

In 100 human brains the spot and the mode of emergence of the 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerves where investigated. In analogy to spinal nerves a fusion of Fila radicularia to roots and of roots to the complete nerves could be described. For the 3rd nerve 3 types had to be distinguished: in 21% there was only 1 root, in 71% there were 2 roots, one of which emerged from the Sulcus n. oculomotorii and the other from the Crus cerebri and in 8% 2 roots formed a tong embracing the medical part of the Crus cerebri. The number of rootlets of the 4th nerve varied from 1 to 5; most frequently--in 45%--there were 2. The 6th nerve shows 3 types: in 46% 1 root, in 47% 2 roots and in 7% 3 roots.

The stimulation of the proximal auditory nerve or the Cochlear Nuclear Complex (CNC) situated in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle is a possibility of hearing rehabilitation for patients suffering from bilateral deafness by bilateral cerebellopontine-angle tumors or by transsections of cochlear nerves on both sides. Using such anatomical landmarks as proximal cochlear nerve, flocculus, choroid plexus and taenia the surgeon can locate exactly the CNC for this stimulation. We investigated location, diameter and surrounding structures of the CNC on 10 human brains fixed in 10% formalin-solution and on 9 histological series of these subjects.

In undisturbed pregnancies of the rat skeletal development coincides with gestational age, and in that case a prolonged gestation is connected with an intrauterine progress of skeletal ossification. In disturbed pregnancy associated with fetal retardation also perinatal ossification is delayed. In the rat this delay can obviously be compensated by a prolonged pregnancy. For estimation of skeletal ossification a simple score has been developed. A total score of all selected perinatal ossification centres (sternebrae, bones of the fore- and hindpaw, caudal vertebrae) was ascertained and compared with a reduced score obtained by scoring the lower part of the body only (caudal vertebrae, hindpaw). With this reduced scoring system the same qualitative relations between control and retarded fetuses and newborns of different gestational age could be established as with the total score. The estimation of the appearance of only one representative ossification centre of the forepaw may give a rapid survey of skeletal development, but seems to be uncertain for detailed characterization.

Measurements on 319 macerated scapulae showed a size of the surface of the glenoid cavity between 3.5 and 9.7 cm2. We tried also to evaluate the size of this surface in living humans. This is principally possible, but in 10% of all scapulae there is an error range of more than +/- 1 cm2. The error range in small scapulae (greater than 5 cm2) can be reduced to +/- 0.58 cm2. The shoulder joint is not a ligament but a muscle dependent joint. Therefore the adhesion in this joint, relying on the smaller surface is very important. The small surface of cavitas glenoidalis in the context of habitual shoulder dislocation could be an important role.

A method is described which combines staining of human brain tissue with subsequent plastination of the sections. Staining of 1-4 mm thick frozen sections with astra blue or aldehydefuchsin provides a sharp contrast between white and grey matter. The plastination results in sections which are durable and convenient to handle. These preparations may be used for teaching purposes in neuroanatomy and neuropathology.

Fetal pancreas obtained at a gestational age of 19.5 days were morphologically investigated before and after cryopreservation. The relative B-cell and A-cell volume density was determined on immunohistochemically stained section by point sampling.

About Brâncuşi, about his work, many lines have been written. Much too few people--especially from abroad--are acquainted with the great artist's muscleman. The present lines are intended to fill in this void, getting the readers of the Anatomischer Anzeiger familiar with the existence of the muscleman.