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TgLaforin, a glucan phosphatase, reveals the dynamic role of storage polysaccharides in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites. TgLaforin是一种葡聚糖磷酸酶,揭示了弓形虫速殖子和缓殖子中储存多糖的动态作用。
Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560185
Robert D Murphy, Cortni A Troublefield, Joy S Miracle, Lyndsay E A Young, Aashutosh Tripathi, Corey O Brizzee, Animesh Dhara, Abhijit Patwardhan, Ramon C Sun, Craig W Vander Kooi, Matthew S Gentry, Anthony P Sinai

The asexual stages of Toxoplasma gondii are defined by the rapidly growing tachyzoite during the acute infection and by the slow growing bradyzoite housed within tissue cysts during the chronic infection. These stages represent unique physiological states, each with distinct glucans reflecting differing metabolic needs. A defining feature of T. gondii bradyzoites is the presence of insoluble storage glucans known as amylopectin granules (AGs) that are believed to play a role in reactivation, but their functions during the chronic infection remain largely unexplored. More recently, the presence of storage glucans has been recognized in tachyzoites where their precise function and architecture have yet to be fully defined. Importantly, the T. gondii genome encodes activities needed for glucan turnover: a glucan phosphatase (TgLaforin; TGME49_205290) and a glucan kinase (TgGWD; TGME49_214260) that catalyze a cycle of reversible glucan phosphorylation required for glucan degradation by amylases. The expression of these enzymes in tachyzoites supports the existence of a storage glucan, evidence that is corroborated by specific labeling with the anti-glycogen antibody IV58B6. Disruption of reversible glucan phosphorylation via a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) of TgLaforin revealed no growth defects under nutrient-replete conditions in tachyzoites. However, the growth of TgLaforin-KO tachyzoites was severely stunted when starved of glutamine, even under glucose replete conditions. The loss of TgLaforin also resulted in the attenuation of acute virulence in mice accompanied by a lower cyst burden. While the absence of TgLaforin did not impact the size distribution of tissue cysts, bradyzoites within both in vitro generated and in vivo tissue cysts exhibited profound changes in AG levels and morphology. Quantification of relative AG levels using AmyloQuant, an imaging-based application, revealed the starch-excess phenotype associated with the loss of TgLaforin is heterogeneous across tissue cysts and exhibits a temporal profile linked to an emerging AG cycle. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of glucan turnover across the T. gondii asexual cycle. These findings, alongside our previously identified class of small molecules that inhibit TgLaforin, implicate reversible glucan phosphorylation as a legitimate target for the development of new drugs against chronic T. gondii infections.

弓形虫的无性阶段由急性感染期间快速生长的速殖子和慢性感染期间容纳在组织囊肿内的缓慢生长的慢殖子定义。这些阶段代表了独特的生理状态,每个阶段都有不同的葡聚糖,反映了不同的代谢需求。弓形虫缓冲剂的一个决定性特征是存在被称为支链淀粉颗粒(AGs)的不溶性储存葡聚糖,这些葡聚糖被认为在再激活中发挥作用,但它们在慢性感染期间的功能在很大程度上仍未被探索。最近,在速殖子中发现了储存葡聚糖的存在,其确切功能和结构尚未完全确定。重要的是,弓形虫基因组编码葡聚糖转换所需的活性:葡聚糖磷酸酶(TgLaforin;TGME49_205290)和葡聚糖激酶(TgGWD;TGME49 _214260),它们催化淀粉酶降解葡聚糖所需的可逆葡聚糖磷酸化循环。这些酶在速殖子中的表达支持储存葡聚糖的存在,抗糖原抗体IV58B6的特异性标记证实了这一证据。通过TgLaforin的CRISPR/Cas9敲除(KO)破坏可逆葡聚糖磷酸化,在营养充足的条件下,速殖子没有生长缺陷。然而,当缺乏谷氨酰胺时,即使在葡萄糖充足的条件下,TgLaforin KO速殖子的生长也会严重受阻。TgLaforin的缺失也导致小鼠急性毒力的减弱,并伴有较低的囊肿负担。在体外和体内,TgLaforin KO寄生虫中也观察到由于AG形态的深刻变化而导致的囊肿形成缺陷。总之,这些数据证明了葡聚糖周转在弓形虫无性繁殖周期中的重要性。这些发现,加上我们之前确定的一类抑制TgLaforin的小分子,表明可逆的葡聚糖磷酸化是开发治疗慢性弓形虫感染的新药的合法靶点。
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引用次数: 0
Enabling Electric Field Model of Microscopically Realistic Brain. 在显微镜下逼真的大脑中建立电磁模型--对大脑刺激的影响。
Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588004
Zhen Qi, Gregory M Noetscher, Alton Miles, Konstantin Weise, Thomas R Knösche, Cameron R Cadman, Alina R Potashinsky, Kelu Liu, William A Wartman, Guillermo Nunez Ponasso, Marom Bikson, Hanbing Lu, Zhi-De Deng, Aapo R Nummenmaa, Sergey N Makaroff

Background: Modeling brain stimulation at the microscopic scale may reveal new paradigms for a variety of stimulation modalities.

Objective: We present the largest map of distributions of the extracellular electric field to date within a layer L2/L3 mouse primary visual cortex brain sample, which was enabled by automated analysis of serial section electron microscopy images with improved handling of image defects (250×140×90 μm 3 volume).

Methods: We used the map to identify microscopic perturbations of the extracellular electric field and their effect on the activating thresholds of individual neurons. Previous relevant studies modeled a macroscopically homogeneous cortical volume. Result: Our immediate result is a reduction of the predicted stimulation field strength necessary for neuronal activation by a factor of approximately 0.7 (or by 30%) on average, due to microscopic perturbations of the extracellular electric field-an electric field "spatial noise" with a mean value of zero.

Conclusion: Although this result is largely sample-specific, it aligns with experimental data indicating that existing macroscopic theories substantially overestimate the electric fields necessary for brain stimulation.

Significance statement: Currently, there is a discrepancy between macroscopic volumetric brain modeling for brain stimulation and experimental results: experiments typically reveal lower electric intensities required for brain stimulation. This study is arguably the first attempt to model brain stimulation at the microscopic scale, enabled by automated analysis of modern scanning electron microscopy images of the brain. The immediate result is a prediction of lower electric field intensities necessary for brain stimulation, with an average reduction factor of 0.7.

在所有电刺激(神经调控)领域,细胞极化的传统分析包括两个不连续的步骤:i)预测宏观电场,忽略细胞的存在;ii)根据组织电场预测细胞极化。第一步假定电流流不会被密集曲折的细胞结构网络扭曲。这一假设的缺陷早已被认识到,但除了琐碎的几何结构外,由于它带来了难以解决的计算障碍而被忽视。我们利用:i) 最新的大脑电子显微镜图像,使在相对较大的体积上重建微观大脑网络成为可能;ii) 基于电荷的边界元快速多极法(BEM-FMM)公式,首次通过电刺激对现实的神经元极化进行多尺度刺激,其中考虑了微观结构对电流的扭曲。研究的数据集是小鼠 L2/L3 视觉皮层 250×140×90 μm 的切片,其中有 396 个紧密间隔的神经细胞和 34 个微毛细血管。我们对大脑微结构如何显著扭曲初级宏观电场进行了量化。尽管这种扭曲是非常局部的,但它会沿着神经元轴建设性地累积,与传统理论相比,可将神经元激活阈值降低 0.55-0.85 倍:经过后处理的细胞 CAD 模型(383 个)、微毛细血管 CAD 模型(34 个)、经过后处理的神经元形态(267 个)、不同极化时的细胞外场和电位分布(267×3)、*.用 Neuron 软件进行生物物理建模的 ses 项目文件(267×2),以及在不同条件下计算的神经元激活阈值(267×8):本研究介绍了一种新方法,用于在显微镜下逼真的脑体积(包括密集的神经元细胞和血液微毛细血管)内对印象电场扰动进行建模。它解决了数十年来用于电刺激的宏观级电磁模型的局限性。对于所研究的脑容量,与宏观方法相比,我们的模型预测神经激活阈值降低系数为 0.85-0.55。本研究开始弥合我们在生物电分析中长期认识到的差距,并为评估(和补偿)脑刺激和电生理学中宏观模型的适当性提供了一个框架。
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引用次数: 0
Human RAMP1 overexpressing mice are resistant to migraine therapies for motion sensitivity. 人类RAMP1过表达小鼠对运动敏感的偏头痛治疗具有抗性:前庭偏头痛小鼠模型。
Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563838
Shafaqat M Rahman, Linda Guo, Carissa Minarovich, Laura Moon, Anna Guo, Anne E Luebke

Both enhanced motion-induced nausea and increased static imbalance are observed symptoms in migraine and especially vestibular migraine (VM). Motion-induced nausea and static imbalance were investigated in a mouse model, nestin/hRAMP1, expressing elevated levels of human RAMP1 which enhances CGRP signaling in the nervous system, and compared to non-affected littermate controls. Behavioral surrogates such as the motion- induced thermoregulation and postural sway center of pressure (CoP) assays were used to assess motion sensitivity. Nausea readouts revealed that the nestin/hRAMP1 mouse exhibit an increased sensitivity to CGRP's effects at lower doses compared to unaffected controls. In addition, the nestin/hRAMP1 mice exhibit a higher dynamic range in postural sway than their wildtype counterparts, along with increased sway observed in nestin/hRAMP1 male mice that was not present in male unaffected controls. Results from migraine blocker experiments were challenging to interpret, but the data suggests that olcegepant is incapable of reversing CGRP-induced or endogenous alterations in the nestin/hRAMP1 mice, while rizatriptan was ineffective in both the nestin/hRAMP1 and control mice. The results indicate that overexpression of hRAMP1 leads to heightened endogenous CGRP signaling. Results also suggest that both olcegepant and rizatriptan are ineffective in reducing nausea and sway in this hypersensitive CGRP mouse model. This study suggests that the hypersensitive nestin/hRAMP1 mouse may serve as a model for difficult to treat cases of migraine that exhibit increased motion sensitivity.

背景:运动引起的恶心增强和静态失衡增加都是偏头痛,尤其是前庭偏头痛(VM)的症状。在小鼠模型nestin/hRAMP1中研究了运动诱导的恶心和静态失衡,CNS中表达升高的人类RAMP1水平,从而增强神经系统中的CGRP信号传导。方法:采用运动诱导的体温调节和体位压力中心(CoP)等行为替代方法评估运动敏感性。结果:尾部血管舒张分析显示,与对照组小鼠相比,该模型对低剂量CGRP的敏感性增加。此外,与野生型小鼠相比,nestin/hRAMP1小鼠在姿势摇摆方面表现出更高的动态范围,并且在nestin/hRAMP1雄性小鼠中观察到的摇摆增加,而在雄性同伴对照组中不存在。偏头痛阻滞剂实验的结果很难解释,但数据表明,olgegetant不能逆转cgrp诱导的nestin/hRAMP1小鼠的改变,而rizatriptan对nestin/hRAMP1和对照小鼠无效。结果表明,hRAMP1的过表达导致内源性CGRP信号的升高。结果还表明,在这种CGRP过敏小鼠模型中,奥格孕酮和利扎曲坦对减少CGRP引发的恶心和摇摆无效。结论:本研究提示CGRP过敏可能是前庭偏头痛难治性病例的小鼠模型。试验注册:NA。
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引用次数: 0
Brief disruption of activity in a subset of dopaminergic neurons during consolidation impairs long-term memory by fragmenting sleep. 巩固过程中多巴胺活动的短暂变化通过睡眠中断损害长期记忆。
Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563499
Lin Yan, Litao Wu, Timothy D Wiggin, Xiaojuan Su, Wei Yan, Hailiang Li, Lei Li, Zhonghua Lu, Yuantao Li, Zhiqiang Meng, Fang Guo, Fan Li, Leslie C Griffith, Chang Liu

Sleep disturbances are associated with poor long-term memory (LTM) formation, yet the underlying cell types and neural circuits involved have not been fully decoded. Dopamine neurons (DANs) are involved in memory processing at multiple stages. Here, using both male and female flies, Drosophila melanogaster , we show that, during the first few hours of memory consolidation, disruption of basal activity of a small subset of protocerebral anterior medial DANs (PAM-DANs), by either brief activation or inhibition of the two dorsal posterior medial (DPM) neurons, impairs 24 h LTM. Interestingly, these brief changes in activity using female flies result in sleep loss and fragmentation, especially at night. Pharmacological rescue of sleep after manipulation restores LTM. A specific subset of PAM-DANs (PAM-α1) that synapse onto DPM neurons specify the microcircuit that links sleep and memory. PAM-DANs, including PAM-α1, form functional synapses onto DPM mainly via multiple dopamine receptor subtypes. This PAM-α1 to DPM microcircuit exhibits a synchronized, transient, post-training increase in activity during the critical memory consolidation window, suggesting an effect of this microcircuit on maintaining the sleep necessary for LTM consolidation. Our results provide a new cellular and circuit basis for the complex relationship between sleep and memory.

睡眠障碍与较差的长期记忆(LTM)形成有关,但相关的潜在细胞类型和神经回路尚未完全解码。多巴胺神经元(DANs)参与多个阶段的记忆处理。本研究表明,在记忆巩固的最初几个小时内,原大脑前内侧神经元(PAM-DANs)的短暂激活或一对后内侧背神经元(DPM)的抑制会损害24小时的LTM。有趣的是,睡眠剥夺会提高PAM-DANs和DPM神经元的神经活动,而PAM-DANs的短暂热激活或DPM神经元的失活会导致睡眠缺失和碎片化。这种手法后的睡眠药物恢复LTM。PAM- dans的一个特定子集,PAM-α1,与DPM神经元突触连接,指定连接睡眠和记忆的微电路。PAM- dans,包括PAM-α1,主要通过Dop1R1受体与DPM神经元形成功能性突触,抑制DPM。我们的数据表明,PAM(-α1)-DPM微电路的训练后活动,特别是在记忆巩固期间,在维持LTM巩固所需的睡眠中起着至关重要的作用,为睡眠与记忆之间的复杂关系提供了新的细胞和电路基础。
{"title":"Brief disruption of activity in a subset of dopaminergic neurons during consolidation impairs long-term memory by fragmenting sleep.","authors":"Lin Yan, Litao Wu, Timothy D Wiggin, Xiaojuan Su, Wei Yan, Hailiang Li, Lei Li, Zhonghua Lu, Yuantao Li, Zhiqiang Meng, Fang Guo, Fan Li, Leslie C Griffith, Chang Liu","doi":"10.1101/2023.10.23.563499","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.10.23.563499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep disturbances are associated with poor long-term memory (LTM) formation, yet the underlying cell types and neural circuits involved have not been fully decoded. Dopamine neurons (DANs) are involved in memory processing at multiple stages. Here, using both male and female flies, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> , we show that, during the first few hours of memory consolidation, disruption of basal activity of a small subset of protocerebral anterior medial DANs (PAM-DANs), by either brief activation or inhibition of the two dorsal posterior medial (DPM) neurons, impairs 24 h LTM. Interestingly, these brief changes in activity using female flies result in sleep loss and fragmentation, especially at night. Pharmacological rescue of sleep after manipulation restores LTM. A specific subset of PAM-DANs (PAM-α1) that synapse onto DPM neurons specify the microcircuit that links sleep and memory. PAM-DANs, including PAM-α1, form functional synapses onto DPM mainly via multiple dopamine receptor subtypes. This PAM-α1 to DPM microcircuit exhibits a synchronized, transient, post-training increase in activity during the critical memory consolidation window, suggesting an effect of this microcircuit on maintaining the sleep necessary for LTM consolidation. Our results provide a new cellular and circuit basis for the complex relationship between sleep and memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10634733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92157639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CRISPR screening by AAV episome-sequencing (CrAAVe-seq) is a highly scalable cell type-specific in vivo screening platform. 在小鼠大脑中进行可扩展的、细胞类型选择性的、基于AAV的体内CRISPR筛选。
Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.544831
Biswarathan Ramani, Indigo V L Rose, Noam Teyssier, Andrew Pan, Spencer Danner-Bocks, Tanya Sanghal, Lin Yadanar, Ruilin Tian, Keran Ma, Jorge J Palop, Martin Kampmann

There is a significant need for scalable CRISPR-based genetic screening methods that can be applied directly in mammalian tissues in vivo while enabling cell type-specific analysis. To address this, we developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based CRISPR screening platform, CrAAVe-seq, that incorporates a Cre-sensitive sgRNA construct for pooled screening within targeted cell populations in the mouse tissues. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by screening two distinct large sgRNA libraries, together targeting over 5,000 genes, in mouse brains to create a robust profile of neuron-essential genes. We validate two genes as strongly neuron-essential in both primary mouse neurons and in vivo , confirming the predictive power of our platform. By comparing results from individual mice and across different cell populations, we highlight the reproducibility and scalability of the platform and show that it is highly sensitive even for screening smaller neuronal subpopulations. We systematically characterize the impact of sgRNA library size, mouse cohort size, the size of the targeted cell population, viral titer, and multiplicity of infection on screen performance to establish general guidelines for large-scale in vivo screens.

由于需要可扩展的细胞类型选择性递送和回收引导RNA文库,直接在体内哺乳动物组织中进行基于CRISPR的基因筛选具有挑战性。我们开发了一种基于腺相关病毒和Cre重组酶依赖的体内工作流程,用于小鼠组织中细胞类型选择性CRISPR干扰筛选。我们通过使用一个靶向2000多个基因的文库来鉴定小鼠大脑中的神经元必需基因,从而证明了这种方法的强大性。
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引用次数: 0
ATP-release pannexin channels are gated by lysophospholipids. atp释放的泛联蛋白通道由溶血磷脂门控。
Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563601
Erik Henze, Russell N Burkhardt, Bennett W Fox, Tyler J Schwertfeger, Eric Gelsleichter, Kevin Michalski, Lydia Kramer, Margret Lenfest, Jordyn M Boesch, Hening Lin, Frank C Schroeder, Toshimitsu Kawate

In addition to its role as cellular energy currency, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serves as an extracellular messenger that mediates diverse cell-to-cell communication. Compelling evidence supports that ATP is released from cells through pannexins, a family of membrane proteins that form heptameric large-pore channels. However, the activation mechanisms that trigger ATP release by pannexins remain poorly understood. Here, we discover lysophospholipids as endogenous pannexin activators, using activity-guided fractionation of mouse tissue extracts combined with untargeted metabolomics and electrophysiology. We show that lysophospholipids directly and reversibly activate pannexins in the absence of other proteins. Secretomics experiments reveal that lysophospholipid-activated pannexin 1 leads to the release of not only ATP but also other signaling metabolites, such as 5'-methylthioadenosine, which is important for immunomodulation. We also demonstrate that lysophospholipids activate endogenous pannexin 1 in human monocytes, leading to the release of IL-1β through inflammasome activation. Our results provide a connection between lipid metabolism and purinergic signaling, both of which play major roles in immune responses.

三磷酸腺苷(ATP)作为细胞外信使,介导多种细胞间通讯。令人信服的证据表明,ATP是通过pannexins(一种七聚体大孔形成通道)从细胞中释放出来的。然而,通过泛内联蛋白触发ATP释放的激活机制仍然知之甚少。在这里,我们发现溶血磷脂作为内源性泛联蛋白激活剂,使用小鼠组织提取物的活性引导分离结合非靶向代谢组学和电生理学。我们发现溶血磷脂在没有其他蛋白质的情况下直接和可逆地激活泛内联蛋白。分子对接、诱变和单粒子低温电镜重建表明,溶血磷脂通过改变n端结构域的构象打开泛连接蛋白通道。我们的研究结果提供了脂质代谢和ATP信号之间的联系,两者在炎症和神经传递中都起着重要作用。一句话总结:非靶向代谢组学发现一类信使脂质是炎症和神经传递重要的膜通道的内源性激活剂。
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引用次数: 0
Flamingo participates in multiple models of cell competition. 火烈鸟参与多种细胞竞争模式。
Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.24.559197
Pablo Sanchez Bosch, Bomsoo Cho, Jeffrey D Axelrod

The growth and survival of cells with different fitness, such as those with a proliferative advantage or a deleterious mutation, is controlled through cell competition. During development, cell competition enables healthy cells to eliminate less fit cells that could jeopardize tissue integrity, and facilitates the elimination of pre-malignant cells by healthy cells as a surveillance mechanism to prevent oncogenesis. Malignant cells also benefit from cell competition to promote their expansion. Despite its ubiquitous presence, the mechanisms governing cell competition, particularly those common to developmental competition and tumorigenesis, are poorly understood. Here, we show that in Drosophila, the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Flamingo (Fmi) is required by winners to maintain their status during cell competition in malignant tumors to overtake healthy tissue, in early pre-malignant cells when they overproliferate among wildtype cells, in healthy cells when they later eliminate pre-malignant cells, and by supercompetitors as they compete to occupy excessive territory within wildtype tissues. "Would-be" winners that lack Fmi are unable to over-proliferate, and instead become losers. We demonstrate that the role of Fmi in cell competition is independent of PCP, and that it uses a distinct mechanism that may more closely resemble one used in other less well-defined functions of Fmi.

具有不同适应度的细胞(例如具有增殖优势或有害突变的细胞)的生长和存活是通过细胞竞争来控制的。在发育过程中,细胞竞争使健康细胞能够消除可能危害组织完整性的不太合适的细胞,并促进健康细胞消除恶性前期细胞,作为预防肿瘤发生的监测机制。恶性细胞也受益于细胞竞争,以促进其扩张。尽管它无处不在,但控制细胞竞争的机制,特别是发育竞争和肿瘤发生中常见的机制,却知之甚少。在这里,我们发现,在果蝇中,获胜者需要平面细胞极性(PCP)蛋白火烈鸟(Fmi)在恶性肿瘤中的细胞竞争中保持其状态以超越健康组织,在恶性前细胞中在野生型细胞中生长,在健康细胞中消除恶性前细胞,以及超级竞争者在野生型组织中占据过多的地盘。缺乏Fmi的“未来”赢家无法过度增殖,反而成为失败者。我们证明了Fmi在细胞竞争中的作用独立于PCP,并且它使用了一种独特的机制,该机制可能更接近于Fmi其他不太明确的功能中使用的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Inflammasomes primarily restrict cytosolic Salmonella replication within human macrophages. 炎症小体主要限制沙门氏菌在人类巨噬细胞内的胞质复制。
Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549348
Marisa S Egan, Emily A O'Rourke, Shrawan Kumar Mageswaran, Biao Zuo, Inna Martynyuk, Tabitha Demissie, Emma N Hunter, Antonia R Bass, Yi-Wei Chang, Igor E Brodsky, Sunny Shin

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that utilizes its type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to inject virulence factors into host cells and colonize the host. In turn, a subset of cytosolic immune receptors respond to T3SS ligands by forming multimeric signaling complexes called inflammasomes, which activate caspases that induce interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokine release and an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Human macrophages mount a multifaceted inflammasome response to Salmonella infection that ultimately restricts intracellular bacterial replication. However, how inflammasomes restrict Salmonella replication remains unknown. We find that caspase-1 is essential for mediating inflammasome responses to Salmonella and restricting bacterial replication within human macrophages, with caspase-4 contributing as well. We also demonstrate that the downstream pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) and Ninjurin-1 (NINJ1), a mediator of terminal cell lysis, play a role in controlling Salmonella replication in human macrophages. Notably, in the absence of inflammasome responses, we observed hyperreplication of Salmonella within the cytosol of infected cells as well as increased bacterial replication within vacuoles, suggesting that inflammasomes control Salmonella replication primarily within the cytosol and also within vacuoles. These findings reveal that inflammatory caspases and pyroptotic factors mediate inflammasome responses that restrict the subcellular localization of intracellular Salmonella replication within human macrophages.

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌血清型是一种兼性细胞内病原体,利用其III型分泌系统(T3SS)将毒力因子注入宿主细胞并定植于宿主。反过来,一部分胞质免疫受体通过形成称为炎症小体的多聚体信号复合物对T3SS配体作出反应,炎症小体激活半胱天冬酶,诱导白细胞介素-1(IL-1)家族细胞因子释放和一种称为pyroptosis的炎性细胞死亡。人类巨噬细胞对沙门氏菌感染产生多方面的炎症小体反应,最终限制细胞内细菌复制。然而,炎症小体如何限制沙门氏菌的复制仍然未知。我们发现胱天蛋白酶-1对介导炎症小体对沙门氏菌的反应以及随后限制细菌在人类巨噬细胞内的复制至关重要,胱天蛋白酶-4也起作用。我们还证明了下游成孔蛋白gasdermin D(GSDMD)和ninjurin-1(NINJ1),一种末端细胞裂解的介质,在控制沙门氏菌在人类巨噬细胞中的复制中发挥作用。值得注意的是,在没有炎症小体反应的情况下,我们观察到沙门氏菌在受感染细胞的胞浆内的过度复制,我们还观察到液泡内细菌复制增加,这表明炎症小体主要控制沙门氏菌的胞浆和液泡内的复制。这些发现表明,炎症性半胱天冬酶和Pyropotic因子介导炎症小体反应,从而限制沙门氏菌在人类巨噬细胞内的亚细胞定位。
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引用次数: 0
Sparse Annotation is Sufficient for Bootstrapping Dense Segmentation. 基于深度学习的策略,从稀疏注释的二维图像中生成密集的三维分割。
Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.599135
Vijay Venu Thiyagarajan, Arlo Sheridan, Kristen M Harris, Uri Manor

Producing dense 3D reconstructions from biological imaging data is a challenging instance segmentation task that requires significant ground-truth training data for effective and accurate deep learning-based models. Generating training data requires intense human effort to annotate each instance of an object across serial section images. Our focus is on the especially complicated brain neuropil, comprising an extensive interdigitation of dendritic, axonal, and glial processes visualized through serial section electron microscopy. We developed a novel deep learning-based method to generate dense 3D segmentations rapidly from sparse 2D annotations of a few objects on single sections. Models trained on the rapidly generated segmentations achieved similar accuracy as those trained on expert dense ground-truth annotations. Human time to generate annotations was reduced by three orders of magnitude and could be produced by non-expert annotators. This capability will democratize generation of training data for large image volumes needed to achieve brain circuits and measures of circuit strengths.

从生物成像数据中生成密集的三维重建是一项具有挑战性的实例分割任务,需要大量的地面实况训练数据,才能建立有效、准确的基于深度学习的模型。生成训练数据需要大量的人力来注释序列切片图像中的每个对象实例。我们的研究重点是特别复杂的脑神经髓质,它包括通过序列切片电子显微镜观察到的树突、轴突和神经胶质过程的广泛交叉。我们开发了一种基于深度学习的新方法,可从单个切片上少数对象的稀疏二维注释中快速生成密集的三维分割。根据快速生成的分割结果训练的模型与根据专家高密度地面实况注释训练的模型具有相似的准确性。人工生成注释的时间减少了三个数量级,非专业注释人员也能生成注释。这种能力将使生成大脑回路和回路强度测量所需的大量图像的训练数据平民化。
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引用次数: 0
Macrophage-specific lipid nanoparticle therapy blocks the lung's mechanosensitive immunity due to macrophage-epithelial interactions. 肺泡巨噬细胞连接蛋白-43决定肺部的机械免疫。
Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.541735
Liberty Mthunzi, Mohammad N Islam, Galina A Gusarova, Sunita Bhattacharya, Brian Karolewski, Jahar Bhattacharya

The lung's mechanosensitive immune response, which occurs when pulmonary alveoli are overstretched, is a major impediment to ventilation therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure. The cause is not known. We tested the hypothesis that alveolar stretch causes stretch of alveolar macrophages (AMs), leading to the immune response. In lungs viewed by optical imaging, sessile AMs expressed gap junctional protein connexin-43 (Cx43), and they communicated with the alveolar epithelium through gap junctions. Alveolar hyperinflation increased Ca 2+ in the AMs but did not stretch the AMs. The Ca 2+ response, and concomitant TNFα secretion by AMs were blocked in mice with AM-specific deletion of Cx43. The AM responses, as also lung injury due to mechanical ventilation at high tidal volume, were inhibited by AM-specific delivery of lipid nanoparticles containing Xestospongin C, which blocked the induced Ca 2+ increases. We conclude, Cx43- and Ca 2+ -dependent AM-epithelial interactions determine the lung's mechanosensitive immunity, providing a basis for therapy for ventilator- induced lung injury.

虽然肺部免疫是病原体诱导的,但肺部的机械变形也可以诱导免疫。肺部机械敏感性免疫的因果基础尚不清楚。在这里,通过对小鼠肺部的实时光学成像,我们发现由于过度充气引起的肺泡拉伸诱导了固着肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)中延长的胞质Ca2+增加。敲除研究表明,Ca2+的增加是由Ca2+通过含有连接蛋白43(Cx43)的间隙连接从肺泡上皮扩散到固着AM引起的。暴露于损伤性机械通气的小鼠的肺部炎症和损伤通过AM特异性Cx43敲除或AM特异性递送钙抑制剂来抑制。我们的结论是,固定AM中的Cx43间隙连接和钙动员决定了肺的机械敏感性免疫,为对抗过度充气诱导的肺损伤提供了一种治疗策略。
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bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
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