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Mediator Subunit Med4 Enforces Metastatic Dormancy in Breast Cancer. 通过整合素信号的表观遗传控制,Med4作为转移的守门人的非典型活性。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.18.566087
Seong-Yeon Bae, Hsiang-Hsi Ling, Yi Chen, Hong Chen, Dhiraj Kumar, Jiankang Zhang, Aaron D Viny, Ronald A DePinho, Filippo G Giancotti

Long term survival of breast cancer patients is limited due to recurrence from metastatic dormant cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which these dormant breast cancer cells survive and awaken remain poorly understood. Our unbiased genome-scale genetic screen in mice identified Med4 as a novel cancer-cell intrinsic gatekeeper in metastatic reactivation. MED4 haploinsufficiency is prevalent in metastatic breast cancer patients and correlates with poorer prognosis. Syngeneic xenograft models revealed that Med4 enforces breast cancer dormancy. Contrary to the canonical function of the Mediator complex in activating gene expression, Med4 maintains 3D chromatin compaction and enhancer landscape, by preventing enhancer priming or activation through the suppression of H3K4me1 deposition. Med4 haploinsufficiency disrupts enhancer poise and reprograms the enhancer dynamics to facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression and integrin-mediated mechano-transduction, driving metastatic growth. Our findings establish Med4 as a key regulator of cellular dormancy and a potential biomarker for high-risk metastatic relapse.

乳腺癌转移性复发后有一段潜伏期,称为转移性休眠期。通过在小鼠中进行遗传筛选,我们发现介质复合体亚基4 (Med4)在转移性再激活中是一种新的肿瘤细胞内在守门人。Med4下调有效地唤醒了休眠的乳腺癌细胞,促进了肺部的宏观转移性生长。与中介体的典型功能相反,Med4耗竭导致核大小和三维染色质结构从紧致状态到松弛状态的深刻变化。这些变化重新连接了细胞外基质蛋白、整合素和信号元件的表达,导致整合素介导的机械转导和YAP和MRTF的激活。应力纤维的组装拉动核膜,并有助于通过Med4耗竭加强整体染色质修饰。在转移性乳腺癌患者中观察到MED4基因缺失,并且MED4表达降低与预后不良相关,突出了其作为复发潜在生物标志物的重要性。意义:这项工作首次建立了Med4与其作为ECM程序的表观遗传和转录抑制因子的作用之间的联系,ECM程序在乳腺癌转移中重新激活休眠肿瘤细胞。我们强调了Med4与Med1不同的非规范作用,以及在体外和体内的功能意义。我们已经从功能上验证了通过遗传添加和化学抑制激活的异常信号通路,并将我们的发现与Med4表达、转移潜力和回顾性患者队列的总体结果联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Entropy Changes in Water Networks Promote Protein Denaturation. 熵驱动变性,实现蛋白质废弃物的可持续再生。
Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.598657
Yichong Wang, Junlang Liu, Michael M Peters, Ryoma Ishii, Dianzhuo Wang, Sourav Chowdhury, Kevin Kit Parker, Eugene I Shakhnovich

For over a century, an explanation for how concentrated ions denature proteins has proven elusive. Here, we report a novel mechanism of protein denaturation driven by entropy changes in water networks. Experiments and simulations show that ion pairs like LiBr and LiCl localize water molecules and disrupt the water network's structure, while others exert a more global effect without compromising network integrity. This disruption reduces the entropy penalty when proteins sequester water molecules during unfolding, resulting in a peculiar yet universal "inverse hydrophobic effect" that potentiates protein denaturation. Through successful isolation and systematic study of indirect solute effects, our findings offer a universal approach to salt induced protein denaturation and provide a unified framework for the decoding of the protein-water-solute nexus.

电解质是所有生命形式环境的重要组成部分,蛋白质、水和溶质在其中相互作用,支持生命活动。然而,一个多世纪以来,人们一直未能从根本上了解离子溶质对蛋白质的影响。在这里,我们展示了一些离子溶质是如何在蛋白质与离子之间没有直接相互作用的情况下充当强效变性剂的。我们展示了不同离子溶质变性效力之间的巨大差异,其中溴化锂(LiBr)是最强的变性剂,而溴化钠(NaBr)的变性效力最低。实验和模拟表明,某些离子的存在会破坏水网络结构,从而通过熵驱动机制间接诱导蛋白质变性。通过对间接溶质效应的成功分离和系统研究,我们的发现为蛋白质-水-溶质关系的解码提供了一个统一且普遍适用的框架,所有当前的研究都可以很容易地纳入其中。此外,我们的再生方法强调了以可持续的方式将蛋白质废物重新利用为有价值的生物材料的可行性,具有广泛的应用潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Pharmacological inhibition of astrocytic transglutaminase 2 facilitates the expression of a neurosupportive astrocyte reactive phenotype in association with increased histone acetylation. 药理抑制星形胶质细胞转谷氨酰胺酶 2 可促进神经支持性星形胶质细胞反应表型的表达,同时增加组蛋白乙酰化。
Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527263
Thomas Delgado, Jacen Emerson, Matthew Hong, Jeffrey W Keillor, Gail Vw Johnson

Astrocytes play critical roles in supporting structural and metabolic homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS injury leads to the development of a range of reactive phenotypes in astrocytes whose molecular determinants are poorly understood. Finding ways to modulate astrocytic injury responses and leverage a pro-recovery phenotype holds promise in treating CNS injury. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ablation of astrocytic transglutaminase 2 (TG2) modulates the phenotype of reactive astrocytes in a way that improves neuronal injury outcomes both in vitro and in vivo. In an in vivo mouse model, pharmacological inhibition of TG2 with the irreversible inhibitor VA4 phenocopies the neurosupportive effects of TG2 deletion in astrocytes. In this study, we provide insights into the mechanisms by which TG2 deletion or inhibition result in a more neurosupportive astrocytic phenotype. Using a neuron-astrocyte co-culture model, we show that VA4 treatment improves the ability of astrocytes to support neurite outgrowth on an injury-relevant matrix. To better understand how pharmacologically altering TG2 affects its ability to regulate reactive astrocyte phenotypes, we assessed how VA4 inhibition impacts TG2's interaction with Zbtb7a, a transcription factor we have previously identified as a functionally relevant TG2 nuclear interactor. The results of these studies demonstrate that VA4 significantly decreases the interaction of TG2 and Zbtb7a. TG2's interactions with Zbtb7a, as well as a wide range of other transcription factors and chromatin regulatory proteins, suggest that TG2 may act as an epigenetic regulator to modulate gene expression. To begin to understand if TG2-mediated epigenetic modification may impact astrocytic phenotypes in our models, we interrogated the effect of TG2 deletion and VA4 treatment on histone acetylation and found significantly greater acetylation in both experimental groups. Consistent with these findings, previous RNA-sequencing and our present proteomic analysis also supported a predominant transcriptionally suppressive role of TG2 in astrocytes. Our proteomic data additionally unveiled pronounced changes in lipid and antioxidant metabolism in astrocytes with TG2 deletion or inhibition, which likely contribute to the enhanced neurosupportive function of these astrocytes.

星形胶质细胞在支持中枢神经系统(CNS)的结构和代谢平衡方面发挥着关键作用。中枢神经系统损伤会导致星形胶质细胞出现一系列反应表型,而星形胶质细胞的分子决定因素却鲜为人知。寻找调节星形胶质细胞损伤反应和利用促进恢复表型的方法有望治疗中枢神经系统损伤。最近有研究表明,消减星形胶质细胞转谷氨酰胺酶 2(TG2)可调节反应性星形胶质细胞的表型,从而改善体外和体内神经元损伤的结果。在一个体内小鼠模型中,用不可逆抑制剂 VA4 对 TG2 进行药理抑制,可以复制星形胶质细胞中 TG2 缺失对神经的支持作用。在本研究中,我们深入了解了 TG2 缺失或抑制导致神经支持性更强的星形胶质细胞表型的机制。通过神经元-星形胶质细胞共培养模型,我们发现 VA4 处理可提高星形胶质细胞在损伤相关基质上支持神经元生长的能力。为了更好地了解药理学上改变 TG2 如何影响其调节反应性星形胶质细胞表型的能力,我们评估了 VA4 抑制如何影响 TG2 与 Zbtb7a 的相互作用,Zbtb7a 是一种转录因子,我们之前已将其鉴定为功能相关的 TG2 核互作因子。这些研究结果表明,VA4 能显著降低 TG2 与 Zbtb7a 的相互作用。TG2与Zbtb7a以及其他多种转录因子和染色质调控蛋白的相互作用表明,TG2可能作为一种表观遗传调控因子调节基因表达。为了开始了解 TG2 介导的表观遗传修饰是否会影响我们模型中的星形胶质细胞表型,我们研究了 TG2 缺失和 VA4 处理对组蛋白乙酰化的影响,发现两个实验组的乙酰化程度都显著增加。与这些发现一致的是,先前的 RNA 序列分析和我们目前的蛋白质组分析也支持 TG2 在星形胶质细胞中的主要转录抑制作用。我们的蛋白质组数据还揭示了 TG2 缺失或抑制后星形胶质细胞中脂质和抗氧化剂代谢的明显变化,这可能是这些星形胶质细胞神经支持功能增强的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Commissureless acts as a substrate adapter in a conserved Nedd4 E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway to promote axon growth across the midline. 在保守的Nedd4 E3泛素连接酶途径中,无压力作为底物适配器,促进轴突在中线上的生长。
Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562283
Kelly G Sullivan, Greg J Bashaw

In both vertebrates and invertebrates, commissural neurons prevent premature responsiveness to the midline repellant Slit by downregulating surface levels of its receptor Roundabout1 (Robo1). In Drosophila, Commissureless (Comm) plays a critical role in this process; however, there is conflicting data on the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that the conserved PY motifs in the cytoplasmic domain of Comm are required allow the ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of Robo1. Disruption of these motifs prevents Comm from localizing to Lamp1 positive late endosomes and to promote axon growth across the midline in vivo. In addition, we conclusively demonstrate a role for Nedd4 in midline crossing. Genetic analysis shows that nedd4 mutations result in midline crossing defects in the Drosophila embryonic nerve cord, which can be rescued by introduction of exogenous Nedd4. Biochemical evidence shows that Nedd4 incorporates into a three-member complex with Comm and Robo1 in a PY motif-dependent manner. Finally, we present genetic evidence that Nedd4 acts with Comm in the embryonic nerve cord to downregulate Robo1 levels. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Comm promotes midline crossing in the nerve cord by facilitating Robo1 ubiquitination by Nedd4, ultimately leading to its degradation.

在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中,连合神经元通过下调其受体环岛1(Robo1)的表面水平来防止对中线排斥性Slit的过早反应。在果蝇中,无担保(Comm)在这一过程中起着关键作用;然而,关于潜在的分子机制,有相互矛盾的数据。在这里,我们证明了Comm细胞质结构域中保守的PY基序是允许Robo1的泛素化和溶酶体降解所必需的。这些基序的破坏阻止了Comm定位于Lamp1阳性的晚期内体,并在体内促进轴突穿过中线的生长。此外,我们最终证明了Nedd4在中线交叉中的作用。遗传分析表明,nedd4突变导致果蝇胚胎神经索中线交叉缺陷,通过引入外源性nedd4可以挽救这种缺陷。生化证据表明,Nedd4以PY基序依赖的方式与Comm和Robo结合成三元复合物。最后,我们提出了基因证据,证明Nedd4与胚胎神经索中的Comm一起下调Robo1水平。总之,这些发现表明,Comm通过促进Nedd4的Robo泛素化来促进神经索中线交叉,最终导致其降解。
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引用次数: 0
Proportion and distribution of neurotransmitter-defined cell types in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta. 腹侧被盖区和黑质紧密团中神经递质定义细胞类型的比例和分布。
Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582356
William S Conrad, Lucie Oriol, Grace J Kollman, Lauren Faget, Thomas S Hnasko

Most studies on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) have focused on dopamine neurons and their role in processes such as motivation, learning, movement, and associated disorders such as addiction and Parkinson's disease. However there has been increasing attention on other VTA and SNc cell types that release GABA, glutamate, or a combination of neurotransmitters. Yet the relative distributions and proportions of neurotransmitter-defined cell types across VTA and SNc has remained unclear. Here, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization in male and female mice to label VTA and SNc neurons that expressed mRNA encoding the canonical vesicular transporters for dopamine, GABA, or glutamate: vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2). Within VTA, we found that no one type was particularly more abundant, instead we observed similar numbers of VMAT2+ (44%), VGAT+ (37%) and VGLUT2+ (41%) neurons. In SNc we found that a slight majority of neurons expressed VMAT2 (54%), fewer were VGAT+ (42%), and VGLUT2+ neurons were least abundant (16%). Moreover, 20% of VTA neurons and 10% of SNc neurons expressed more than one vesicular transporter, including 45% of VGLUT2+ neurons. We also assessed within VTA and SNc subregions and found remarkable heterogeneity in cell-type composition. And by quantifying density across both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes we generated heatmaps to visualize the distribution of each cell type. Our data complement recent single-cell RNAseq studies and support a more diverse landscape of neurotransmitter-defined cell types in VTA and SNc than is typically appreciated.

有关腹侧被盖区(VTA)和黑质紧密团结区(SNc)的大多数研究都集中在多巴胺神经元及其在动机、学习、运动和相关疾病等过程中的作用上。然而,人们越来越关注释放 GABA、谷氨酸或这些神经递质组合的其他 VTA 和 SNc 细胞类型。然而,神经递质定义的细胞类型在 VTA 和 SNc 中的相对分布和比例仍不清楚。在这里,我们在雄性和雌性小鼠体内使用荧光原位杂交技术标记了表达编码多巴胺、GABA 或谷氨酸典型囊泡转运体 mRNA 的 VTA 和 SNc 神经元:囊泡单胺转运体 VMAT2、囊泡 GABA 转运体 (VGAT) 和囊泡谷氨酸转运体 (VGLUT2)。在 VTA 中,我们发现没有哪种类型的神经元特别多,相反,我们观察到的 VMAT2+(44%)、VGAT+(37%)和 VGLUT2+(41%)神经元的数量相似。在 SNc 中,我们发现表达 VMAT2 的神经元略占多数(54%),VGAT+ 神经元较少(42%),而 VGLUT2+ 神经元最少(16%)。此外,20% 的 VTA 神经元和 10% 的 SNc 神经元表达一种以上的囊泡转运体,其中包括 45% 的 VGLUT2 神经元。我们还评估了 VTA 和 SNc 亚区内的情况,发现细胞类型组成存在显著的异质性。通过对前后轴和内外侧轴的密度进行量化,我们生成了热图,以直观显示每种细胞类型的分布情况。我们的数据补充了最近的单细胞 RNAseq 研究,并支持在 VTA 和 SNc 中神经递质定义的细胞类型比通常所理解的更加多样化。
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引用次数: 0
Surprising Features of Nuclear Receptor Interaction Networks Revealed by Live Cell Single Molecule Imaging. 活细胞单分子成像揭示的核受体相互作用网络的惊人特征。
Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.16.558083
Liza Dahal, Thomas Gw Graham, Gina M Dailey, Alec Heckert, Robert Tjian, Xavier Darzacq

Type 2 Nuclear Receptors (T2NRs) require heterodimerization with a common partner, the Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), to bind cognate DNA recognition sites in chromatin. Based on previous biochemical and over-expression studies, binding of T2NRs to chromatin is proposed to be regulated by competition for a limiting pool of the core RXR subunit. However, this mechanism has not yet been tested for endogenous proteins in live cells. Using single molecule tracking (SMT) and proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), we monitored interactions between endogenously tagged retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in live cells. Unexpectedly, we find that higher expression of RAR, but not RXR increases heterodimerization and chromatin binding in U2OS cells. This surprising finding indicates the limiting factor is not RXR but likely its cadre of obligate dimer binding partners. SMT and PAPA thus provide a direct way to probe which components are functionally limiting within a complex TF interaction network providing new insights into mechanisms of gene regulation in vivo with implications for drug development targeting nuclear receptors.

2型核受体(T2NRs)需要与一个共同的伴侣——视黄醇X受体(RXR)进行异二聚,以结合染色质中的同源DNA识别位点。基于先前的生物化学和过表达研究,T2NRs与染色质的结合被认为是通过竞争核心RXR亚基的限制池来调节的。然而,这一机制尚未在活细胞中对内源性蛋白质进行测试。使用单分子追踪(SMT)和邻近辅助光活化(PAPA),我们监测了活细胞中内源性标记的维甲酸X受体(RXR)和维甲酸受体(RAR)之间的相互作用。出乎意料的是,我们发现RAR(而不是RXR)的高表达增加了U2OS细胞中的异二聚化和染色质结合。这一令人惊讶的发现表明,限制因子不是RXR,而是其专性二聚体结合伴侣的骨干。因此,SMT和PAPA提供了一种直接的方法来探测在复杂的TF相互作用网络中哪些成分是功能限制性的,为体内基因调控机制提供了新的见解,对靶向核受体的药物开发具有启示。
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引用次数: 0
Cortico-thalamic communication for action coordination in a skilled motor sequence. 在熟练的运动行为中表达序列顺序的皮层网络和投射神经元类型。
Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.563871
Yi Li, Xu An, Patrick J Mulcahey, Yongjun Qian, X Hermione Xu, Shengli Zhao, Hemanth Mohan, Shreyas M Suryanarayana, Ludovica Bachschmid-Romano, Nicolas Brunel, Ian Q Whishaw, Z Josh Huang

The coordination of forelimb and orofacial movements to compose an ethological reach-to-consume behavior likely involves neural communication across brain regions. Leveraging wide-field imaging and photo-inhibition to survey across the cortex, we identified a cortical network and a high-order motor area (MOs-c), which coordinate action progression in a mouse reach-and-withdraw-to-drink (RWD) behavior. Electrophysiology and photo-inhibition across multiple projection neuron types within the MOs-c revealed differential contributions of pyramidal tract and corticothalamic (CTMOs) output channels to action progression and hand-mouth coordination. Notably, CTMOs display sustained firing throughout RWD sequence and selectively enhance RWD-relevant activity in postsynaptic thalamus neurons, which also contribute to action coordination. CTMOs receive converging monosynaptic inputs from forelimb and orofacial sensorimotor areas and are reciprocally connected to thalamic neurons, which project back to the cortical network. Therefore, motor cortex corticothalamic channel may selectively amplify the thalamic integration of cortical and subcortical sensorimotor streams to coordinate a skilled motor sequence.

熟练的运动行为需要有秩序的协调多个组成运动与感官线索,以实现目标,但潜在的脑回路机制尚不清楚。在这里,我们展示了目标引导的小鼠伸手抓水(RGD)涉及一组前肢和口腔动作的排序和协调。多种谷氨酸能投射神经元(PN)类型的全皮质活动成像揭示了一个网络,涉及次级运动皮层(MOs),前肢初级运动皮层和躯体感觉皮层,跟踪RGD运动。光抑制突出了MOs在协调RGD运动中的作用。在MOs中,群体神经轨迹跟踪RGD进展和跨组成运动的单个神经元活动。值得注意的是,脑外肌、锥体束和皮质丘脑PN活动与动作协调相关,表现出不同的神经动力学轨迹,并对运动协调有不同的贡献。我们的研究结果描绘了一个皮层网络和关键区域,PN类型和其中的神经动力学,阐明了熟练行为的序列顺序和协调。
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引用次数: 0
Enabling Electric Field Model of Microscopically Realistic Brain. 在显微镜下逼真的大脑中建立电磁模型--对大脑刺激的影响。
Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588004
Zhen Qi, Gregory M Noetscher, Alton Miles, Konstantin Weise, Thomas R Knösche, Cameron R Cadman, Alina R Potashinsky, Kelu Liu, William A Wartman, Guillermo Nunez Ponasso, Marom Bikson, Hanbing Lu, Zhi-De Deng, Aapo R Nummenmaa, Sergey N Makaroff

Background: Modeling brain stimulation at the microscopic scale may reveal new paradigms for a variety of stimulation modalities.

Objective: We present the largest map of distributions of the extracellular electric field to date within a layer L2/L3 mouse primary visual cortex brain sample, which was enabled by automated analysis of serial section electron microscopy images with improved handling of image defects (250×140×90 μm 3 volume).

Methods: We used the map to identify microscopic perturbations of the extracellular electric field and their effect on the activating thresholds of individual neurons. Previous relevant studies modeled a macroscopically homogeneous cortical volume. Result: Our immediate result is a reduction of the predicted stimulation field strength necessary for neuronal activation by a factor of approximately 0.7 (or by 30%) on average, due to microscopic perturbations of the extracellular electric field-an electric field "spatial noise" with a mean value of zero.

Conclusion: Although this result is largely sample-specific, it aligns with experimental data indicating that existing macroscopic theories substantially overestimate the electric fields necessary for brain stimulation.

Significance statement: Currently, there is a discrepancy between macroscopic volumetric brain modeling for brain stimulation and experimental results: experiments typically reveal lower electric intensities required for brain stimulation. This study is arguably the first attempt to model brain stimulation at the microscopic scale, enabled by automated analysis of modern scanning electron microscopy images of the brain. The immediate result is a prediction of lower electric field intensities necessary for brain stimulation, with an average reduction factor of 0.7.

在所有电刺激(神经调控)领域,细胞极化的传统分析包括两个不连续的步骤:i)预测宏观电场,忽略细胞的存在;ii)根据组织电场预测细胞极化。第一步假定电流流不会被密集曲折的细胞结构网络扭曲。这一假设的缺陷早已被认识到,但除了琐碎的几何结构外,由于它带来了难以解决的计算障碍而被忽视。我们利用:i) 最新的大脑电子显微镜图像,使在相对较大的体积上重建微观大脑网络成为可能;ii) 基于电荷的边界元快速多极法(BEM-FMM)公式,首次通过电刺激对现实的神经元极化进行多尺度刺激,其中考虑了微观结构对电流的扭曲。研究的数据集是小鼠 L2/L3 视觉皮层 250×140×90 μm 的切片,其中有 396 个紧密间隔的神经细胞和 34 个微毛细血管。我们对大脑微结构如何显著扭曲初级宏观电场进行了量化。尽管这种扭曲是非常局部的,但它会沿着神经元轴建设性地累积,与传统理论相比,可将神经元激活阈值降低 0.55-0.85 倍:经过后处理的细胞 CAD 模型(383 个)、微毛细血管 CAD 模型(34 个)、经过后处理的神经元形态(267 个)、不同极化时的细胞外场和电位分布(267×3)、*.用 Neuron 软件进行生物物理建模的 ses 项目文件(267×2),以及在不同条件下计算的神经元激活阈值(267×8):本研究介绍了一种新方法,用于在显微镜下逼真的脑体积(包括密集的神经元细胞和血液微毛细血管)内对印象电场扰动进行建模。它解决了数十年来用于电刺激的宏观级电磁模型的局限性。对于所研究的脑容量,与宏观方法相比,我们的模型预测神经激活阈值降低系数为 0.85-0.55。本研究开始弥合我们在生物电分析中长期认识到的差距,并为评估(和补偿)脑刺激和电生理学中宏观模型的适当性提供了一个框架。
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引用次数: 0
Human RAMP1 overexpressing mice are resistant to migraine therapies for motion sensitivity. 人类RAMP1过表达小鼠对运动敏感的偏头痛治疗具有抗性:前庭偏头痛小鼠模型。
Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563838
Shafaqat M Rahman, Linda Guo, Carissa Minarovich, Laura Moon, Anna Guo, Anne E Luebke

Both enhanced motion-induced nausea and increased static imbalance are observed symptoms in migraine and especially vestibular migraine (VM). Motion-induced nausea and static imbalance were investigated in a mouse model, nestin/hRAMP1, expressing elevated levels of human RAMP1 which enhances CGRP signaling in the nervous system, and compared to non-affected littermate controls. Behavioral surrogates such as the motion- induced thermoregulation and postural sway center of pressure (CoP) assays were used to assess motion sensitivity. Nausea readouts revealed that the nestin/hRAMP1 mouse exhibit an increased sensitivity to CGRP's effects at lower doses compared to unaffected controls. In addition, the nestin/hRAMP1 mice exhibit a higher dynamic range in postural sway than their wildtype counterparts, along with increased sway observed in nestin/hRAMP1 male mice that was not present in male unaffected controls. Results from migraine blocker experiments were challenging to interpret, but the data suggests that olcegepant is incapable of reversing CGRP-induced or endogenous alterations in the nestin/hRAMP1 mice, while rizatriptan was ineffective in both the nestin/hRAMP1 and control mice. The results indicate that overexpression of hRAMP1 leads to heightened endogenous CGRP signaling. Results also suggest that both olcegepant and rizatriptan are ineffective in reducing nausea and sway in this hypersensitive CGRP mouse model. This study suggests that the hypersensitive nestin/hRAMP1 mouse may serve as a model for difficult to treat cases of migraine that exhibit increased motion sensitivity.

背景:运动引起的恶心增强和静态失衡增加都是偏头痛,尤其是前庭偏头痛(VM)的症状。在小鼠模型nestin/hRAMP1中研究了运动诱导的恶心和静态失衡,CNS中表达升高的人类RAMP1水平,从而增强神经系统中的CGRP信号传导。方法:采用运动诱导的体温调节和体位压力中心(CoP)等行为替代方法评估运动敏感性。结果:尾部血管舒张分析显示,与对照组小鼠相比,该模型对低剂量CGRP的敏感性增加。此外,与野生型小鼠相比,nestin/hRAMP1小鼠在姿势摇摆方面表现出更高的动态范围,并且在nestin/hRAMP1雄性小鼠中观察到的摇摆增加,而在雄性同伴对照组中不存在。偏头痛阻滞剂实验的结果很难解释,但数据表明,olgegetant不能逆转cgrp诱导的nestin/hRAMP1小鼠的改变,而rizatriptan对nestin/hRAMP1和对照小鼠无效。结果表明,hRAMP1的过表达导致内源性CGRP信号的升高。结果还表明,在这种CGRP过敏小鼠模型中,奥格孕酮和利扎曲坦对减少CGRP引发的恶心和摇摆无效。结论:本研究提示CGRP过敏可能是前庭偏头痛难治性病例的小鼠模型。试验注册:NA。
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引用次数: 0
Brief disruption of activity in a subset of dopaminergic neurons during consolidation impairs long-term memory by fragmenting sleep. 巩固过程中多巴胺活动的短暂变化通过睡眠中断损害长期记忆。
Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563499
Lin Yan, Litao Wu, Timothy D Wiggin, Xiaojuan Su, Wei Yan, Hailiang Li, Lei Li, Zhonghua Lu, Yuantao Li, Zhiqiang Meng, Fang Guo, Fan Li, Leslie C Griffith, Chang Liu

Sleep disturbances are associated with poor long-term memory (LTM) formation, yet the underlying cell types and neural circuits involved have not been fully decoded. Dopamine neurons (DANs) are involved in memory processing at multiple stages. Here, using both male and female flies, Drosophila melanogaster , we show that, during the first few hours of memory consolidation, disruption of basal activity of a small subset of protocerebral anterior medial DANs (PAM-DANs), by either brief activation or inhibition of the two dorsal posterior medial (DPM) neurons, impairs 24 h LTM. Interestingly, these brief changes in activity using female flies result in sleep loss and fragmentation, especially at night. Pharmacological rescue of sleep after manipulation restores LTM. A specific subset of PAM-DANs (PAM-α1) that synapse onto DPM neurons specify the microcircuit that links sleep and memory. PAM-DANs, including PAM-α1, form functional synapses onto DPM mainly via multiple dopamine receptor subtypes. This PAM-α1 to DPM microcircuit exhibits a synchronized, transient, post-training increase in activity during the critical memory consolidation window, suggesting an effect of this microcircuit on maintaining the sleep necessary for LTM consolidation. Our results provide a new cellular and circuit basis for the complex relationship between sleep and memory.

睡眠障碍与较差的长期记忆(LTM)形成有关,但相关的潜在细胞类型和神经回路尚未完全解码。多巴胺神经元(DANs)参与多个阶段的记忆处理。本研究表明,在记忆巩固的最初几个小时内,原大脑前内侧神经元(PAM-DANs)的短暂激活或一对后内侧背神经元(DPM)的抑制会损害24小时的LTM。有趣的是,睡眠剥夺会提高PAM-DANs和DPM神经元的神经活动,而PAM-DANs的短暂热激活或DPM神经元的失活会导致睡眠缺失和碎片化。这种手法后的睡眠药物恢复LTM。PAM- dans的一个特定子集,PAM-α1,与DPM神经元突触连接,指定连接睡眠和记忆的微电路。PAM- dans,包括PAM-α1,主要通过Dop1R1受体与DPM神经元形成功能性突触,抑制DPM。我们的数据表明,PAM(-α1)-DPM微电路的训练后活动,特别是在记忆巩固期间,在维持LTM巩固所需的睡眠中起着至关重要的作用,为睡眠与记忆之间的复杂关系提供了新的细胞和电路基础。
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