Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.08.561387
Yingying Chen, Jeong Han Lee, Jin Li, Seojin Park, Maria C Perez Flores, Braulio Peguero, Jennifer Kersigo, Mincheol Kang, Jinsil Choi, Lauren Levine, Michael Anne Gratton, Bernd Fritzsch, Ebenezer N Yamoah
Hearing loss is the most common form of sensory deficit. It occurs predominantly due to hair cell (HC) loss. Mammalian HCs are terminally differentiated by birth, making HC loss challenging to replace. Here, we show the pharmacogenetic downregulation of Cldn9, a tight junction protein, generates robust supernumerary inner HCs (IHCs) in mice. The ectopic IHC shared functional and synaptic features akin to typical IHCs and were surprisingly and remarkably preserved for at least fifteen months >50% of the mouse's life cycle. In vivo, Cldn9 knockdown using shRNA on postnatal days (P) P2-7 yielded analogous functional ectopic IHCs that were equally durably conserved. The findings suggest that Cldn9 levels coordinate embryonic and postnatal HC differentiation, making it a viable target for altering IHC development pre- and post-terminal differentiation.
{"title":"Genetic and pharmacologic alterations of claudin9 levels suffice to induce functional and mature inner hair cells.","authors":"Yingying Chen, Jeong Han Lee, Jin Li, Seojin Park, Maria C Perez Flores, Braulio Peguero, Jennifer Kersigo, Mincheol Kang, Jinsil Choi, Lauren Levine, Michael Anne Gratton, Bernd Fritzsch, Ebenezer N Yamoah","doi":"10.1101/2023.10.08.561387","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.10.08.561387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hearing loss is the most common form of sensory deficit. It occurs predominantly due to hair cell (HC) loss. Mammalian HCs are terminally differentiated by birth, making HC loss challenging to replace. Here, we show the pharmacogenetic downregulation of <i>Cldn9</i>, a tight junction protein, generates robust supernumerary inner HCs (IHCs) in mice. The ectopic IHC shared functional and synaptic features akin to typical IHCs and were surprisingly and remarkably preserved for at least fifteen months >50% of the mouse's life cycle. <i>In vivo</i>, <i>Cldn9</i> knockdown using shRNA on postnatal days (P) P2-7 yielded analogous functional ectopic IHCs that were equally durably conserved. The findings suggest that Cldn9 levels coordinate embryonic and postnatal HC differentiation, making it a viable target for altering IHC development pre- and post-terminal differentiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10592694/pdf/nihpp-2023.10.08.561387v1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49694531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.23.590306
Farid Aboharb, Pasha A Davoudian, Ling-Xiao Shao, Clara Liao, Gillian N Rzepka, Cassandra Wojtasiewicz, Mark Dibbs, Jocelyne Rondeau, Alexander M Sherwood, Alfred P Kaye, Alex C Kwan
Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The growing interest in using these compounds as therapeutics necessitates preclinical assays that can accurately screen psychedelics and related analogs. We posit that a promising approach may be to measure drug action on markers of neural plasticity in native brain tissues. We therefore developed a pipeline for drug classification using light sheet fluorescence microscopy of immediate early gene expression at cellular resolution followed by machine learning. We tested male and female mice with a panel of drugs, including psilocybin, ketamine, 5-MeO-DMT, 6-fluoro-DET, MDMA, acute fluoxetine, chronic fluoxetine, and vehicle. In one-versus-rest classification, the exact drug was identified with 67% accuracy, significantly above the chance level of 12.5%. In one-versus-one classifications, psilocybin was discriminated from 5-MeO-DMT, ketamine, MDMA, or acute fluoxetine with >95% accuracy. We used Shapley additive explanation to pinpoint the brain regions driving the machine learning predictions. Our results support a novel approach for characterizing and validating psychoactive drugs with psychedelic properties.
{"title":"Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression.","authors":"Farid Aboharb, Pasha A Davoudian, Ling-Xiao Shao, Clara Liao, Gillian N Rzepka, Cassandra Wojtasiewicz, Mark Dibbs, Jocelyne Rondeau, Alexander M Sherwood, Alfred P Kaye, Alex C Kwan","doi":"10.1101/2024.05.23.590306","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2024.05.23.590306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The growing interest in using these compounds as therapeutics necessitates preclinical assays that can accurately screen psychedelics and related analogs. We posit that a promising approach may be to measure drug action on markers of neural plasticity in native brain tissues. We therefore developed a pipeline for drug classification using light sheet fluorescence microscopy of immediate early gene expression at cellular resolution followed by machine learning. We tested male and female mice with a panel of drugs, including psilocybin, ketamine, 5-MeO-DMT, 6-fluoro-DET, MDMA, acute fluoxetine, chronic fluoxetine, and vehicle. In one-versus-rest classification, the exact drug was identified with 67% accuracy, significantly above the chance level of 12.5%. In one-versus-one classifications, psilocybin was discriminated from 5-MeO-DMT, ketamine, MDMA, or acute fluoxetine with >95% accuracy. We used Shapley additive explanation to pinpoint the brain regions driving the machine learning predictions. Our results support a novel approach for characterizing and validating psychoactive drugs with psychedelic properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11142187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587261
Chenghao Zhu, Lydia Y Liu, Annie Ha, Takafumi N Yamaguchi, Helen Zhu, Rupert Hugh-White, Julie Livingstone, Yash Patel, Thomas Kislinger, Paul C Boutros
Gene expression is a multi-step transformation of biological information from its storage form (DNA) into functional forms (protein and some RNAs). Regulatory activities at each step of this transformation multiply a single gene into a myriad of proteoforms. Proteogenomics is the study of how genomic and transcriptomic variation creates this proteomic diversity, and is limited by the challenges of modeling the complexities of gene-expression. We therefore created moPepGen, a graph-based algorithm that comprehensively generates non-canonical peptides in linear time. moPepGen works with multiple technologies, in multiple species and on all types of genetic and transcriptomic data. In human cancer proteomes, it enumerates previously unobservable noncanonical peptides arising from germline and somatic genomic variants, noncoding open reading frames, RNA fusions and RNA circularization. By enabling efficient detection and quantitation of previously hidden proteins in both existing and new proteomic data, moPepGen facilitates all proteogenomics applications. It is available at: https://github.com/uclahs-cds/package-moPepGen.
{"title":"moPepGen: Rapid and Comprehensive Identification of Non-canonical Peptides.","authors":"Chenghao Zhu, Lydia Y Liu, Annie Ha, Takafumi N Yamaguchi, Helen Zhu, Rupert Hugh-White, Julie Livingstone, Yash Patel, Thomas Kislinger, Paul C Boutros","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.28.587261","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2024.03.28.587261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gene expression is a multi-step transformation of biological information from its storage form (DNA) into functional forms (protein and some RNAs). Regulatory activities at each step of this transformation multiply a single gene into a myriad of proteoforms. Proteogenomics is the study of how genomic and transcriptomic variation creates this proteomic diversity, and is limited by the challenges of modeling the complexities of gene-expression. We therefore created moPepGen, a graph-based algorithm that comprehensively generates non-canonical peptides in linear time. moPepGen works with multiple technologies, in multiple species and on all types of genetic and transcriptomic data. In human cancer proteomes, it enumerates previously unobservable noncanonical peptides arising from germline and somatic genomic variants, noncoding open reading frames, RNA fusions and RNA circularization. By enabling efficient detection and quantitation of previously hidden proteins in both existing and new proteomic data, moPepGen facilitates all proteogenomics applications. It is available at: https://github.com/uclahs-cds/package-moPepGen.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10996593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140867388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.07.539748
Denis Firsanov, Max Zacher, Xiao Tian, Todd L Sformo, Yang Zhao, Greg Tombline, J Yuyang Lu, Zhizhong Zheng, Luigi Perelli, Enrico Gurreri, Li Zhang, Jing Guo, Anatoly Korotkov, Valentin Volobaev, Seyed Ali Biashad, Zhihui Zhang, Johanna Heid, Alex Maslov, Shixiang Sun, Zhuoer Wu, Jonathan Gigas, Eric Hillpot, John Martinez, Minseon Lee, Alyssa Williams, Abbey Gilman, Nicholas Hamilton, Ena Haseljic, Avnee Patel, Maggie Straight, Nalani Miller, Julia Ablaeva, Lok Ming Tam, Chloé Couderc, Michael Hoopman, Robert Moritz, Shingo Fujii, Dan J Hayman, Hongrui Liu, Yuxuan Cai, Anthony K L Leung, Mirre J P Simons, Zhengdong Zhang, C Bradley Nelson, Lisa M Abegglen, Joshua D Schiffman, Vadim N Gladyshev, Mauro Modesti, Giannicola Genovese, Jan Vijg, Andrei Seluanov, Vera Gorbunova
At over 200 years, the maximum lifespan of the bowhead whale exceeds that of all other mammals. The bowhead is also the second-largest animal on Earth, reaching over 80,000 kg 1 . Despite its very large number of cells and long lifespan, the bowhead is not highly cancer-prone, an incongruity termed Peto's Paradox 2 . This phenomenon has been explained by the evolution of additional tumor suppressor genes in other larger animals, supported by research on elephants demonstrating expansion of the p53 gene 3-5 . Here we show that bowhead whale fibroblasts undergo oncogenic transformation after disruption of fewer tumor suppressors than required for human fibroblasts. However, analysis of DNA repair revealed that bowhead cells repair double strand breaks (DSBs) and mismatches with uniquely high efficiency and accuracy compared to other mammals. The protein CIRBP, implicated in protection from genotoxic stress, was present in very high abundance in the bowhead whale relative to other mammals. We show that CIRBP and its downstream protein RPA2, also present at high levels in bowhead cells, increase the efficiency and fidelity of DNA repair in human cells. These results indicate that rather than possessing additional tumor suppressor genes as barriers to oncogenesis, the bowhead whale relies on more accurate and efficient DNA repair to preserve genome integrity. This strategy which does not eliminate damaged cells but repairs them may be critical for the long and cancer-free lifespan of the bowhead whale.
弓头鲸的最长寿命超过 200 年,超过了所有其他哺乳动物。弓头鲸也是地球上第二大动物,体重超过 8 万公斤1 。尽管弓头鲸的细胞数量非常多,寿命也很长,但它并不容易患癌症,这被称为 "佩托悖论"(Peto's Paradox)2 。这种现象的原因是其他大型动物进化出了更多的肿瘤抑制基因,对大象的研究也证明了 p53 基因的扩增 3-5 。在这里,我们发现弓头鲸的成纤维细胞在破坏了比人类成纤维细胞所需的更少的肿瘤抑制基因后发生了致癌转化。然而,对 DNA 修复的分析表明,与其他哺乳动物相比,弓头鲸细胞修复双链断裂(DSB)和错配的效率和准确性都很高。与其他哺乳动物相比,弓头鲸体内的蛋白质 CIRBP 的丰度非常高,而 CIRBP 与保护基因免受基因毒性应激有关。我们的研究表明,CIRBP 及其下游蛋白 RPA2(也在弓头鲸细胞中大量存在)提高了人类细胞 DNA 修复的效率和保真度。这些结果表明,与其说弓头鲸拥有额外的肿瘤抑制基因作为肿瘤发生的屏障,不如说它依靠更准确、更高效的 DNA 修复来保持基因组的完整性。这种不消除受损细胞,而是修复它们的策略,可能是弓头鲸寿命长、不患癌症的关键所在。
{"title":"DNA repair and anti-cancer mechanisms in the long-lived bowhead whale.","authors":"Denis Firsanov, Max Zacher, Xiao Tian, Todd L Sformo, Yang Zhao, Greg Tombline, J Yuyang Lu, Zhizhong Zheng, Luigi Perelli, Enrico Gurreri, Li Zhang, Jing Guo, Anatoly Korotkov, Valentin Volobaev, Seyed Ali Biashad, Zhihui Zhang, Johanna Heid, Alex Maslov, Shixiang Sun, Zhuoer Wu, Jonathan Gigas, Eric Hillpot, John Martinez, Minseon Lee, Alyssa Williams, Abbey Gilman, Nicholas Hamilton, Ena Haseljic, Avnee Patel, Maggie Straight, Nalani Miller, Julia Ablaeva, Lok Ming Tam, Chloé Couderc, Michael Hoopman, Robert Moritz, Shingo Fujii, Dan J Hayman, Hongrui Liu, Yuxuan Cai, Anthony K L Leung, Mirre J P Simons, Zhengdong Zhang, C Bradley Nelson, Lisa M Abegglen, Joshua D Schiffman, Vadim N Gladyshev, Mauro Modesti, Giannicola Genovese, Jan Vijg, Andrei Seluanov, Vera Gorbunova","doi":"10.1101/2023.05.07.539748","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.05.07.539748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At over 200 years, the maximum lifespan of the bowhead whale exceeds that of all other mammals. The bowhead is also the second-largest animal on Earth, reaching over 80,000 kg <sup>1</sup> . Despite its very large number of cells and long lifespan, the bowhead is not highly cancer-prone, an incongruity termed Peto's Paradox <sup>2</sup> . This phenomenon has been explained by the evolution of additional tumor suppressor genes in other larger animals, supported by research on elephants demonstrating expansion of the p53 gene <sup>3-5</sup> . Here we show that bowhead whale fibroblasts undergo oncogenic transformation after disruption of fewer tumor suppressors than required for human fibroblasts. However, analysis of DNA repair revealed that bowhead cells repair double strand breaks (DSBs) and mismatches with uniquely high efficiency and accuracy compared to other mammals. The protein CIRBP, implicated in protection from genotoxic stress, was present in very high abundance in the bowhead whale relative to other mammals. We show that CIRBP and its downstream protein RPA2, also present at high levels in bowhead cells, increase the efficiency and fidelity of DNA repair in human cells. These results indicate that rather than possessing additional tumor suppressor genes as barriers to oncogenesis, the bowhead whale relies on more accurate and efficient DNA repair to preserve genome integrity. This strategy which does not eliminate damaged cells but repairs them may be critical for the long and cancer-free lifespan of the bowhead whale.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11580846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75442237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566719
Achille Nazaret, Joy Linyue Fan, Vincent-Philippe Lavallée, Cassandra Burdziak, Andrew E Cornish, Vaidotas Kiseliovas, Robert L Bowman, Ignas Masilionis, Jaeyoung Chun, Shira E Eisman, James Wang, Justin Hong, Lingting Shi, Ross L Levine, Linas Mazutis, David Blei, Dana Pe'er, Elham Azizi
Biological insights often depend on comparing conditions such as disease and health, yet we lack effective computational tools for integrating single-cell genomics data across conditions or characterizing transitions from normal to deviant cell states. Here, we present Decipher, a deep generative model that characterizes derailed cell-state trajectories. Decipher jointly models and visualizes gene expression and cell state from normal and perturbed single-cell RNA-seq data, revealing shared and disrupted dynamics. We demonstrate its superior performance across diverse contexts, including in pancreatitis with oncogene mutation, acute myeloid leukemia, and gastric cancer.
{"title":"Joint representation and visualization of derailed cell states with Decipher.","authors":"Achille Nazaret, Joy Linyue Fan, Vincent-Philippe Lavallée, Cassandra Burdziak, Andrew E Cornish, Vaidotas Kiseliovas, Robert L Bowman, Ignas Masilionis, Jaeyoung Chun, Shira E Eisman, James Wang, Justin Hong, Lingting Shi, Ross L Levine, Linas Mazutis, David Blei, Dana Pe'er, Elham Azizi","doi":"10.1101/2023.11.11.566719","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.11.11.566719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological insights often depend on comparing conditions such as disease and health, yet we lack effective computational tools for integrating single-cell genomics data across conditions or characterizing transitions from normal to deviant cell states. Here, we present Decipher, a deep generative model that characterizes derailed cell-state trajectories. Decipher jointly models and visualizes gene expression and cell state from normal and perturbed single-cell RNA-seq data, revealing shared and disrupted dynamics. We demonstrate its superior performance across diverse contexts, including in pancreatitis with oncogene mutation, acute myeloid leukemia, and gastric cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10680623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138447756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543875
Deb Sankar Banerjee, Shiladitya Banerjee
Accurate regulation of centrosome size is essential for ensuring error-free cell division, and dysregulation of centrosome size has been linked to various pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. While a universally accepted model for centrosome size regulation is lacking, prior theoretical and experimental works suggest a centrosome growth model involving autocatalytic assembly of the pericentriolar material. Here we show that the autocatalytic assembly model fails to explain the attainment of equal centrosome sizes, which is crucial for error-free cell division. Incorporating latest experimental findings into the molecular mechanisms governing centrosome assembly, we introduce a new quantitative theory for centrosome growth involving catalytic assembly within a shared pool of enzymes. Our model successfully achieves robust size equality between maturing centrosome pairs, mirroring cooperative growth dynamics observed in experiments. To validate our theoretical predictions, we compare them with available experimental data and demonstrate the broad applicability of the catalytic growth model across different organisms, which exhibit distinct growth dynamics and size scaling characteristics.
{"title":"Catalytic growth in a shared enzyme pool ensures robust control of centrosome size.","authors":"Deb Sankar Banerjee, Shiladitya Banerjee","doi":"10.1101/2023.06.06.543875","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.06.06.543875","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate regulation of centrosome size is essential for ensuring error-free cell division, and dysregulation of centrosome size has been linked to various pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. While a universally accepted model for centrosome size regulation is lacking, prior theoretical and experimental works suggest a centrosome growth model involving autocatalytic assembly of the pericentriolar material. Here we show that the autocatalytic assembly model fails to explain the attainment of equal centrosome sizes, which is crucial for error-free cell division. Incorporating latest experimental findings into the molecular mechanisms governing centrosome assembly, we introduce a new quantitative theory for centrosome growth involving catalytic assembly within a shared pool of enzymes. Our model successfully achieves robust size equality between maturing centrosome pairs, mirroring cooperative growth dynamics observed in experiments. To validate our theoretical predictions, we compare them with available experimental data and demonstrate the broad applicability of the catalytic growth model across different organisms, which exhibit distinct growth dynamics and size scaling characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/83/5f/nihpp-2023.06.06.543875v2.PMC10274694.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10530295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545386
Avi J Samelson, Nabeela Ariqat, Justin McKetney, Gita Rohanitazangi, Celeste Parra Bravo, Rudra Bose, Kyle J Travaglini, Victor L Lam, Darrin Goodness, Gary Dixon, Emily Marzette, Julianne Jin, Ruilin Tian, Eric Tse, Romany Abskharon, Henry Pan, Emma C Carroll, Rosalie E Lawrence, Jason E Gestwicki, David Eisenberg, Nicholas M Kanaan, Daniel R Southworth, John D Gross, Li Gan, Danielle L Swaney, Martin Kampmann
Aggregation of the protein tau defines tauopathies, which include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Specific neuronal subtypes are selectively vulnerable to tau aggregation and subsequent dysfunction and death, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. To systematically uncover the cellular factors controlling the accumulation of tau aggregates in human neurons, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPRi-based modifier screen in iPSC-derived neurons. The screen uncovered expected pathways, including autophagy, but also unexpected pathways, including UFMylation and GPI anchor synthesis. We discover that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL5SOCS4 is a potent modifier of tau levels in human neurons, ubiquitinates tau, and is a correlated with vulnerability to tauopathies in mouse and human. Disruption of mitochondrial function promotes proteasomal misprocessing of tau, which generates tau proteolytic fragments like those in disease and changes tau aggregation in vitro. These results reveal new principles of tau proteostasis in human neurons and pinpoint potential therapeutic targets for tauopathies.
{"title":"CRISPR screens in iPSC-derived neurons reveal principles of tau proteostasis.","authors":"Avi J Samelson, Nabeela Ariqat, Justin McKetney, Gita Rohanitazangi, Celeste Parra Bravo, Rudra Bose, Kyle J Travaglini, Victor L Lam, Darrin Goodness, Gary Dixon, Emily Marzette, Julianne Jin, Ruilin Tian, Eric Tse, Romany Abskharon, Henry Pan, Emma C Carroll, Rosalie E Lawrence, Jason E Gestwicki, David Eisenberg, Nicholas M Kanaan, Daniel R Southworth, John D Gross, Li Gan, Danielle L Swaney, Martin Kampmann","doi":"10.1101/2023.06.16.545386","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.06.16.545386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aggregation of the protein tau defines tauopathies, which include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Specific neuronal subtypes are selectively vulnerable to tau aggregation and subsequent dysfunction and death, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. To systematically uncover the cellular factors controlling the accumulation of tau aggregates in human neurons, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPRi-based modifier screen in iPSC-derived neurons. The screen uncovered expected pathways, including autophagy, but also unexpected pathways, including UFMylation and GPI anchor synthesis. We discover that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL5<sup>SOCS4</sup> is a potent modifier of tau levels in human neurons, ubiquitinates tau, and is a correlated with vulnerability to tauopathies in mouse and human. Disruption of mitochondrial function promotes proteasomal misprocessing of tau, which generates tau proteolytic fragments like those in disease and changes tau aggregation <i>in vitro</i>. These results reveal new principles of tau proteostasis in human neurons and pinpoint potential therapeutic targets for tauopathies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10312804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10131792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551028
Sangeetha Vadakke-Madathil, Esmaa Bouhamida, Bingyan Wang, Prabhu Mathiyalagan, Micayla Oniskey, Carlos Santos-Gallego, Michael Hadley, Lori Croft, Fumiko Dekio, Rachel Brody, Shari Gelber, Rhoda Sperling, Hina W Chaudhry
We report a population of multipotent cells isolated from term human placentas, for the first time, that differentiates into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells with clonal ability, migratory ability, and trancriptomic evidence of immune privilege. Caudal-type homeobox-2 (CDX2) is a conserved factor that regulates trophectoderm formation and placentation during early embryonic development but has not previously been implicated in developmentally conserved regenerative mechanisms. We earlier reported that murine Cdx2 cells restored cardiac function after intravenous delivery in male mice with experimental myocardial infarction (MI). Here we demonstrate that CDX2 cells found in human chorion are poised for cardiovascular differentiation. We isolated CDX2 cells from term placentas of 150 healthy patients and showed that they spontaneously differentiate into cardiomyocytes, functional vascular cells, and retain homing ability in vitro with a transcriptome that supports enhanced cardiogenesis, vasculogenesis, immune modulation, and chemotaxis gene signatures. They restore cardiac function when administered to NOD/SCID mice subjected to MI. CDX2 cells can be clonally propagated in culture with retention of cardiovascular differentiation. Our data compels further use of this ethically feasible cell source in the design of therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease.
{"title":"Discovery of a multipotent cell type from the term human placenta.","authors":"Sangeetha Vadakke-Madathil, Esmaa Bouhamida, Bingyan Wang, Prabhu Mathiyalagan, Micayla Oniskey, Carlos Santos-Gallego, Michael Hadley, Lori Croft, Fumiko Dekio, Rachel Brody, Shari Gelber, Rhoda Sperling, Hina W Chaudhry","doi":"10.1101/2023.08.02.551028","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.08.02.551028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report a population of multipotent cells isolated from term human placentas, for the first time, that differentiates into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells with clonal ability, migratory ability, and trancriptomic evidence of immune privilege. Caudal-type homeobox-2 (CDX2) is a conserved factor that regulates trophectoderm formation and placentation during early embryonic development but has not previously been implicated in developmentally conserved regenerative mechanisms. We earlier reported that murine Cdx2 cells restored cardiac function after intravenous delivery in male mice with experimental myocardial infarction (MI). Here we demonstrate that CDX2 cells found in human chorion are poised for cardiovascular differentiation. We isolated CDX2 cells from term placentas of 150 healthy patients and showed that they spontaneously differentiate into cardiomyocytes, functional vascular cells, and retain homing ability in vitro with a transcriptome that supports enhanced cardiogenesis, vasculogenesis, immune modulation, and chemotaxis gene signatures. They restore cardiac function when administered to NOD/SCID mice subjected to MI. CDX2 cells can be clonally propagated in culture with retention of cardiovascular differentiation. Our data compels further use of this ethically feasible cell source in the design of therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9991211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564194
Changliang Chen, Mo Chen, Tianmu Wen, Poorwa Awasthi, Noah D Carrillo, Richard A Anderson, Vincent L Cryns
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by aerobic metabolism, and their deleterious effects are buffered by the cellular antioxidant response, which prevents oxidative stress. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master transcriptional regulator of the antioxidant response. Basal levels of NRF2 are kept low by ubiquitin-dependent degradation of NRF2 by E3 ligases, including the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Here, we show that the stability and function of NRF2 is regulated by the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase γ (PIPKIγ), which binds NRF2 and transfers its product phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P 2 ) to NRF2. PtdIns(4,5)P 2 binding recruits the small heat shock protein HSP27 to the complex. Silencing PIPKIγ or HSP27 destabilizes NRF2, reduces expression of its target gene HO-1, and sensitizes cells to oxidative stress. These data demonstrate an unexpected role of phosphoinositides and HSP27 in regulating NRF2 and point to PIPKIγ and HSP27 as drug targets to destabilize NRF2 in cancer.
In brief: Phosphoinositides are coupled to NRF2 by PIPKIγ, and HSP27 is recruited and stabilizes NRF2, promoting stress-resistance.
{"title":"Regulation of NRF2 by Phosphoinositides and Small Heat Shock Proteins.","authors":"Changliang Chen, Mo Chen, Tianmu Wen, Poorwa Awasthi, Noah D Carrillo, Richard A Anderson, Vincent L Cryns","doi":"10.1101/2023.10.26.564194","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.10.26.564194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by aerobic metabolism, and their deleterious effects are buffered by the cellular antioxidant response, which prevents oxidative stress. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master transcriptional regulator of the antioxidant response. Basal levels of NRF2 are kept low by ubiquitin-dependent degradation of NRF2 by E3 ligases, including the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Here, we show that the stability and function of NRF2 is regulated by the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase γ (PIPKIγ), which binds NRF2 and transfers its product phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P <sub>2</sub> ) to NRF2. PtdIns(4,5)P <sub>2</sub> binding recruits the small heat shock protein HSP27 to the complex. Silencing PIPKIγ or HSP27 destabilizes NRF2, reduces expression of its target gene HO-1, and sensitizes cells to oxidative stress. These data demonstrate an unexpected role of phosphoinositides and HSP27 in regulating NRF2 and point to PIPKIγ and HSP27 as drug targets to destabilize NRF2 in cancer.</p><p><strong>In brief: </strong>Phosphoinositides are coupled to NRF2 by PIPKIγ, and HSP27 is recruited and stabilizes NRF2, promoting stress-resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10634847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92157925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.28.564543
Michael B Fernando, Yu Fan, Yanchun Zhang, Alex Tokolyi, Aleta N Murphy, Sarah Kammourh, P J Michael Deans, Sadaf Ghorbani, Ryan Onatzevitch, Adriana Pero, Christopher Padilla, Sarah Williams, Erin K Flaherty, Iya A Prytkova, Lei Cao, David A Knowles, Gang Fang, Paul A Slesinger, Kristen J Brennand
Given the large number of genes significantly associated with risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, a critical unanswered question is the extent to which diverse mutations --sometimes impacting the same gene-- will require tailored therapeutic strategies. Here we consider this in the context of rare neuropsychiatric disorder-associated copy number variants (2p16.3) resulting in heterozygous deletions in NRXN1, a pre-synaptic cell adhesion protein that serves as a critical synaptic organizer in the brain. Complex patterns of NRXN1 alternative splicing are fundamental to establishing diverse neurocircuitry, vary between the cell types of the brain, and are differentially impacted by unique (non-recurrent) deletions. We contrast the cell-type-specific impact of patient-specific mutations in NRXN1 using human induced pluripotent stem cells, finding that perturbations in NRXN1 splicing result in divergent cell-type-specific synaptic outcomes. Via distinct loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF) mechanisms, NRXN1+/- deletions cause decreased synaptic activity in glutamatergic neurons, yet increased synaptic activity in GABAergic neurons. Reciprocal isogenic manipulations causally demonstrate that aberrant splicing drives these changes in synaptic activity. For NRXN1 deletions, and perhaps more broadly, precision medicine will require stratifying patients based on whether their gene mutations act through LOF or GOF mechanisms, in order to achieve individualized restoration of NRXN1 isoform repertoires by increasing wildtype, or ablating mutant isoforms. Given the increasing number of mutations predicted to engender both LOF and GOF mechanisms in brain disorders, our findings add nuance to future considerations of precision medicine.
{"title":"Phenotypic complexities of rare heterozygous neurexin-1 deletions.","authors":"Michael B Fernando, Yu Fan, Yanchun Zhang, Alex Tokolyi, Aleta N Murphy, Sarah Kammourh, P J Michael Deans, Sadaf Ghorbani, Ryan Onatzevitch, Adriana Pero, Christopher Padilla, Sarah Williams, Erin K Flaherty, Iya A Prytkova, Lei Cao, David A Knowles, Gang Fang, Paul A Slesinger, Kristen J Brennand","doi":"10.1101/2023.10.28.564543","DOIUrl":"10.1101/2023.10.28.564543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the large number of genes significantly associated with risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, a critical unanswered question is the extent to which diverse mutations --sometimes impacting the same gene-- will require tailored therapeutic strategies. Here we consider this in the context of rare neuropsychiatric disorder-associated copy number variants (2p16.3) resulting in heterozygous deletions in <i>NRXN1</i>, a pre-synaptic cell adhesion protein that serves as a critical synaptic organizer in the brain. Complex patterns of <i>NRXN1</i> alternative splicing are fundamental to establishing diverse neurocircuitry, vary between the cell types of the brain, and are differentially impacted by unique (non-recurrent) deletions. We contrast the cell-type-specific impact of patient-specific mutations in <i>NRXN1</i> using human induced pluripotent stem cells, finding that perturbations in <i>NRXN1</i> splicing result in divergent cell-type-specific synaptic outcomes. Via distinct loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF) mechanisms, <i>NRXN1</i> <sup>+/-</sup> deletions cause decreased synaptic activity in glutamatergic neurons, yet increased synaptic activity in GABAergic neurons. Reciprocal isogenic manipulations causally demonstrate that aberrant splicing drives these changes in synaptic activity. For <i>NRXN1</i> deletions, and perhaps more broadly, precision medicine will require stratifying patients based on whether their gene mutations act through LOF or GOF mechanisms, in order to achieve individualized restoration of <i>NRXN1</i> isoform repertoires by increasing wildtype, or ablating mutant isoforms. Given the increasing number of mutations predicted to engender both LOF and GOF mechanisms in brain disorders, our findings add nuance to future considerations of precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":72407,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10634884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92157896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}