Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s096554412402004x
Hassan Mansour Raheem, Ibraheem Altayer, Hayder Shareef Mohamed, Mohammed H. Al-maamori
Abstract
In this study, metallurgical failure analysis of leak observed in SS304 pipe of 355.6 mm out side diameter and 4.78 mm wall thickness is invistigated. The pipe was hydrostatic pressure tested, and the leakage was observed on the pipe after priod of time. Visual test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out on the samples. Heat tint and griding marks were observed during visual inspection. In addition, scanning electron microscopy reveales many pinholes, tunnel-types in the leaked area. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy also shows that a multifactorial corrosion process due to stagnant water conditions, bacterial activity, corrosive elements contribte to the leak in the pipe. The results show that the leak damage essentially due to stagnancy of water—improper dry-out of the pipe after hydro test leading to chloride pitting attack and eventually causing leakage. The decomposition of the passive oxide layer due to the high concentration of chlorine and accumulation of microbial byproducts played an important role in examining the SS304 pipe. Preventive measures such as proper inspection, proper welding practices, sanitation, disinfection, and water management are important for corrosion prevention.
摘要 本研究对外径 355.6 毫米、壁厚 4.78 毫米的 SS304 管材中观察到的泄漏进行了冶金失效分析。对管道进行了静水压力测试，并在一段时间后观察到管道出现泄漏。对样品进行了目测、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDS）和能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDS）分析。在目测过程中观察到了热色调和栅格痕迹。此外，扫描电子显微镜还在泄漏区域发现了许多针孔和隧道类型。能量色散 X 射线光谱分析也显示，积水条件、细菌活动、腐蚀性元素等多因素腐蚀过程导致了管道泄漏。结果表明，泄漏破坏主要是由于积水--水压试验后管道干燥不当导致氯化物点蚀，最终造成泄漏。高浓度氯导致的被动氧化层分解和微生物副产物的积累在 SS304 管道的检测中发挥了重要作用。正确的检查、正确的焊接方法、卫生、消毒和水管理等预防措施对于防止腐蚀非常重要。
{"title":"Metallurgical Failure Analysis: A Case Study of Observing a Leak in a Stainless Steel SS304 Pipe","authors":"Hassan Mansour Raheem, Ibraheem Altayer, Hayder Shareef Mohamed, Mohammed H. Al-maamori","doi":"10.1134/s096554412402004x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s096554412402004x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>In this study, metallurgical failure analysis of leak observed in SS304 pipe of 355.6 mm out side diameter and 4.78 mm wall thickness is invistigated. The pipe was hydrostatic pressure tested, and the leakage was observed on the pipe after priod of time. Visual test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out on the samples. Heat tint and griding marks were observed during visual inspection. In addition, scanning electron microscopy reveales many pinholes, tunnel-types in the leaked area. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy also shows that a multifactorial corrosion process due to stagnant water conditions, bacterial activity, corrosive elements contribte to the leak in the pipe. The results show that the leak damage essentially due to stagnancy of water—improper dry-out of the pipe after hydro test leading to chloride pitting attack and eventually causing leakage. The decomposition of the passive oxide layer due to the high concentration of chlorine and accumulation of microbial byproducts played an important role in examining the SS304 pipe. Preventive measures such as proper inspection, proper welding practices, sanitation, disinfection, and water management are important for corrosion prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124010080
Fadhl H. Faraj, Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Khalid M. Sadeq
Abstract
This work studied heat transfer enhancement in gas-solid fluidized beds by applying copper oxide nanocoating to glass beads. A fluidized bed column with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 150 cm was used, A heat element placed in the center of the column at a height of 10 cm from the air distributor. The experimental methodology involves coating glass beads (200 and 400 μm) with nano copper oxide using settling deposition method, a characterization using XRD, TEM, BET, SEM, and EDX techniques for the coated beads. A fluidized bed experiment for the coated glass beads showed a significant increase in fluidized bed performance by 23% demonstrating the potential of nanocoating in improving the efficiency of fluidized bed systems for industrial applications. The research also includes conducting analysis using Minitab’s Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for studying the remaining parameter on the fluidized bed performance.
{"title":"The Impact of Nano Copper Oxide Coating on Glass Beads for Enhancing Heat Transfer in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds","authors":"Fadhl H. Faraj, Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Khalid M. Sadeq","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124010080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124010080","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This work studied heat transfer enhancement in gas-solid fluidized beds by applying copper oxide nanocoating to glass beads. A fluidized bed column with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 150 cm was used, A heat element placed in the center of the column at a height of 10 cm from the air distributor. The experimental methodology involves coating glass beads (200 and 400 μm) with nano copper oxide using settling deposition method, a characterization using XRD, TEM, BET, SEM, and EDX techniques for the coated beads. A fluidized bed experiment for the coated glass beads showed a significant increase in fluidized bed performance by 23% demonstrating the potential of nanocoating in improving the efficiency of fluidized bed systems for industrial applications. The research also includes conducting analysis using Minitab’s Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for studying the remaining parameter on the fluidized bed performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020142
Hind A. Sami, Raheek I. Ibrahim, Manal K. Oudah, Basim Sh. Naeem
Abstract
Programmable logic controllers (PLC) is a microcontroller system suitable for many industrial processes. The current project aims to enhance performance and energy efficiency of steam boiler through adjusting the ph value and total dissolved solids (TDS) in boiler water by designing and implementing a PLC system. This system contributes to protect the boiler tubes from fouling and under deposit corrosion, in addition to reduce and control the blow down water and energy saving. The experimental result showed that the suggested controller is able to control the amount of TDS through adjusting the conductivity value as 3900 μs/cm with total TDS values as 20 ppm. Fouling control is achieved by maintaining the pН within the requirements of the global operation framework of steam boiler as 10.3–10.5. Also, the automatic blow-down saves about 9.532% and the difference between system automatic and the manual process is 81.8% involved achieving an annual saving in fuel cost of 1230720 $/year.
{"title":"Fouling and Corrosion Control of Steam Boiler Tube Using PLC system","authors":"Hind A. Sami, Raheek I. Ibrahim, Manal K. Oudah, Basim Sh. Naeem","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020142","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Programmable logic controllers (PLC) is a microcontroller system suitable for many industrial processes. The current project aims to enhance performance and energy efficiency of steam boiler through adjusting the ph value and total dissolved solids (TDS) in boiler water by designing and implementing a PLC system. This system contributes to protect the boiler tubes from fouling and under deposit corrosion, in addition to reduce and control the blow down water and energy saving. The experimental result showed that the suggested controller is able to control the amount of TDS through adjusting the conductivity value as 3900 μs/cm with total TDS values as 20 ppm. Fouling control is achieved by maintaining the pН within the requirements of the global operation framework of steam boiler as 10.3–10.5. Also, the automatic blow-down saves about 9.532% and the difference between system automatic and the manual process is 81.8% involved achieving an annual saving in fuel cost of 1230720 $/year.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124010183
Rusul M. Khazaal, Dhuha A. Abdulaaima
Abstract
This study was devoted to examine the potential of recycling municipal plastic wastes composed of high and low density of polyethylene (HDPE), (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) into a good quality hydrocarbon oil via pyrolysis process. This process was carried out in a fixed bed reactor operated in a semi-batch operation mode, where thermal and catalytic pyrolysis were separately investigated. The pyrolysis process was conducted at heating rate of 5°C/min under 5 bar pressure and a final temperature of 470 and 437°C, respectively. Thermal pyrolysis revealed the production of hydrocarbon oil by 75.8%. However, the catalytic pyrolysis was conducted using a commercial zeolite-base catalyst, showed a higher tendency towards light gas 33.05% compared to thermal process 22.2%. Yet, oil fraction was superior at 66.55% with the dominance of longer chain hydrocarbons (C12–C24). Comprehensive chemical and physical characterizations were performed for the analysis of oil yield in order to consider the similarity with standard hydrocarbon fuels. A higher tendency towards the gasoline oil fraction regarding carbon number was recorded by thermal pyrolysis at 58.03% compared to catalytic pyro-oil which approached the gas oil by 65.8%. On the other hand, the PIONA (paraffin, i-paraffin, olefine, aromatic) analysis revealed a very good paraffins and aromatics content ranging from 31.63–33.69 and 39.42–40.47%, respectively, which approaches the standard fuel composition. The study has introduced a very promising recycling technique, side by side with an alternative energy source.
{"title":"The Recycling of Municipal Plastic Wastes into an Alternative Hydrocarbon Fuel via Enhanced Zeolite-Based Catalytic Pyrolysis","authors":"Rusul M. Khazaal, Dhuha A. Abdulaaima","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124010183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124010183","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This study was devoted to examine the potential of recycling municipal plastic wastes composed of high and low density of polyethylene (HDPE), (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) into a good quality hydrocarbon oil via pyrolysis process. This process was carried out in a fixed bed reactor operated in a semi-batch operation mode, where thermal and catalytic pyrolysis were separately investigated. The pyrolysis process was conducted at heating rate of 5°C/min under 5 bar pressure and a final temperature of 470 and 437°C, respectively. Thermal pyrolysis revealed the production of hydrocarbon oil by 75.8%. However, the catalytic pyrolysis was conducted using a commercial zeolite-base catalyst, showed a higher tendency towards light gas 33.05% compared to thermal process 22.2%. Yet, oil fraction was superior at 66.55% with the dominance of longer chain hydrocarbons (C<sub>12</sub>–C<sub>24</sub>). Comprehensive chemical and physical characterizations were performed for the analysis of oil yield in order to consider the similarity with standard hydrocarbon fuels. A higher tendency towards the gasoline oil fraction regarding carbon number was recorded by thermal pyrolysis at 58.03% compared to catalytic pyro-oil which approached the gas oil by 65.8%. On the other hand, the PIONA (paraffin, i-paraffin, olefine, aromatic) analysis revealed a very good paraffins and aromatics content ranging from 31.63–33.69 and 39.42–40.47%, respectively, which approaches the standard fuel composition. The study has introduced a very promising recycling technique, side by side with an alternative energy source.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020130
S. A. Svidersky, Y. V. Morozova, M. I. Ivantsov, A. A. Grabchak, M. V. Kulikova, A. L. Maximov
Abstract
The catalytic activity of an iron–containing nanoscale chitosan-based catalyst in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) and the features of the formation of the structure of such a catalyst have been studied. It is shown that the nature of the acids used in the preparation stage—nitric, acetic or citric, has a significant effect on the structure obtained by partial destruction of chitosan and the size of the nanocrystallites of the active phase, which, in turn, leads to significant changes in the activity of the catalyst and productivity for the target products—C5+ hydrocarbons. The best performance of catalyst in FTS observed for the sample, obtained with use of nitric acid: С5+ productivity reached to 2136 g С5+/kgFe/h.
{"title":"Study the Effect of Acid Leaching Treatment on the Catalytic Activity of Chitosan-Based Iron Catalyst in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis","authors":"S. A. Svidersky, Y. V. Morozova, M. I. Ivantsov, A. A. Grabchak, M. V. Kulikova, A. L. Maximov","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020130","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The catalytic activity of an iron–containing nanoscale chitosan-based catalyst in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) and the features of the formation of the structure of such a catalyst have been studied. It is shown that the nature of the acids used in the preparation stage—nitric, acetic or citric, has a significant effect on the structure obtained by partial destruction of chitosan and the size of the nanocrystallites of the active phase, which, in turn, leads to significant changes in the activity of the catalyst and productivity for the target products—C<sub>5+</sub> hydrocarbons. The best performance of catalyst in FTS observed for the sample, obtained with use of nitric acid: С<sub>5+</sub> productivity reached to 2136 g С<sub>5+</sub>/kgFe/h.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020075
Husham M. Al-Tameemi, Khalid A. Sukkar, Ali H. Abbar
Abstract
In recent years, clean water has become increasingly scarce because of the highly consumption by human and industry. Therefore, a huge amount of wastewater was discharged to the environment and their treatment is essential by using cost-effective methods. In this study, wastewater from petroleum refinery was processed by an electrochemical oxidation using two types of anodic materials graphite and SnO2 film deposited on Cu substrate. SnO2 anode was prepared from nitrate media and characterized by XRD and SEM. Experiments were conducted to determine the performance of each electrode at a current density of 12 mA/cm2 in the absence of NaCl addition. The SnO2 electrode showed better processing ability than the graphite electrode at the same current density in case of no addition of NaCl. Addition NaCl resulted in increasing the activity of graphite in the treatment of wastewater but never exceeded the efficiency of SnO2. The best removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a current density of 12 mA/cm2 and 150 min was 79% in case of SnO2 in comparison with 72% in case of using graphite with addition of NaCl. Energy consumption in case of SnO2 was 9.93 kWh/kg COD which is very low in comparison with the using of graphite (49.6 kWh/kg COD). The decay of COD was found to obey pseudo first order for anodic oxidation using SnO2 or graphite electrodes.
{"title":"Electrochemical Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Using SnO2 and Graphite Anodes","authors":"Husham M. Al-Tameemi, Khalid A. Sukkar, Ali H. Abbar","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020075","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>In recent years, clean water has become increasingly scarce because of the highly consumption by human and industry. Therefore, a huge amount of wastewater was discharged to the environment and their treatment is essential by using cost-effective methods. In this study, wastewater from petroleum refinery was processed by an electrochemical oxidation using two types of anodic materials graphite and SnO<sub>2</sub> film deposited on Cu substrate. SnO<sub>2</sub> anode was prepared from nitrate media and characterized by XRD and SEM. Experiments were conducted to determine the performance of each electrode at a current density of 12 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> in the absence of NaCl addition. The SnO<sub>2</sub> electrode showed better processing ability than the graphite electrode at the same current density in case of no addition of NaCl. Addition NaCl resulted in increasing the activity of graphite in the treatment of wastewater but never exceeded the efficiency of SnO<sub>2</sub>. The best removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a current density of 12 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and 150 min was 79% in case of SnO<sub>2</sub> in comparison with 72% in case of using graphite with addition of NaCl. Energy consumption in case of SnO<sub>2</sub> was 9.93 kWh/kg COD which is very low in comparison with the using of graphite (49.6 kWh/kg COD). The decay of COD was found to obey pseudo first order for anodic oxidation using SnO<sub>2</sub> or graphite electrodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"215 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020166
Mohammed T. Naser, Asawer A. Alwasiti, Reyadh S. Almukhtar, Mazin Shibeeb
Abstract
Emulsion formation is a natural phenomenon since crude oil is constantly produced in conjunction with water from the reservoir. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions have been claimed to be the most prevalent form of emulsion seen in the oil and gas industry. It can exhibit high viscosity, leading to challenges during pipeline transportation as well as in oil sector. In this paper, the effect of modified silica dioxide (SiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles with different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt %) on the flow characteristics of east Baghdad crude oil emulsion have been investigated with water cut 35% v/v in a 0.0145 m inner diameter and 13 m length horizontal pipe. The effect of these nanoparticles on the emulsion stability, rheological, type, viscosity, and pressure drop as well as energy consumption was also studied. The rheology study found that best results were achieved by using modified nano silica at 1 and 3% addition, which resulted in significant reduction of viscosity with shear thinning behavior. Indeed, that the addition of modified nano silica decreased the pressure drop and the addition of 3% results in high stable emulsion and pump power consumption.
{"title":"Influence of MgO and Surface Modified SiO2 Nanoparticles on Emulsion Stability, Rheology, Energy Consumption, and Mobility of East Baghdad Crude Oil","authors":"Mohammed T. Naser, Asawer A. Alwasiti, Reyadh S. Almukhtar, Mazin Shibeeb","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020166","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Emulsion formation is a natural phenomenon since crude oil is constantly produced in conjunction with water from the reservoir. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions have been claimed to be the most prevalent form of emulsion seen in the oil and gas industry. It can exhibit high viscosity, leading to challenges during pipeline transportation as well as in oil sector. In this paper, the effect of modified silica dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles with different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt %) on the flow characteristics of east Baghdad crude oil emulsion have been investigated with water cut 35% v/v in a 0.0145 m inner diameter and 13 m length horizontal pipe. The effect of these nanoparticles on the emulsion stability, rheological, type, viscosity, and pressure drop as well as energy consumption was also studied. The rheology study found that best results were achieved by using modified nano silica at 1 and 3% addition, which resulted in significant reduction of viscosity with shear thinning behavior. Indeed, that the addition of modified nano silica decreased the pressure drop and the addition of 3% results in high stable emulsion and pump power consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020051
Ali A. Abdulabbas, Thamer J. Mohammed, Tahseen Ali Al-Hattab
Abstract
The growing need for carbon dioxide (CO2) removal in various industrial sectors has led researchers to focus on the positive features of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Covalent triazine frameworks (CT-1) and polysulfone (PSF) were both used in the creation of MMMs. Due to the high porosity, significant area of surface, uniform dimension of pores, and thermal and chemical resistance, CT-1 was selected. The newly developed CT-1/PSF MMMs were prepared with different CT-1 loadings (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, 1.1, and 1.5 wt %) in dope solution. The performance of membranes was evaluated using FTIR, FESEM, TGA, mechanical properties, and gas separation tests. In pure gas tests, the CO2 permeance and ideal CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity increased when CT-1 loading was increased from 0 to 0.8 wt %. MMMs confirmed 109.12 and 91.42% increases in CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities compared to pure PSF, respectively. However, a further increase in CT-1 loading beyond 0.8 wt % led to a drop in ideal selectivity. CO2 permeance and selectivity were reduced with pressure (2, 3, 4, and 5 bar). Additionally, investigated the effect of the feed stream (3/97 vol % of CO2/CH4) on CO2 separation. This paper describes a new technique for improving the ability of mixed matrix membranes through CT-1 fillers.
{"title":"Utilizing Covalent Triazine Framework (CT-1) Loading for CT-1/Polysulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane for CO2","authors":"Ali A. Abdulabbas, Thamer J. Mohammed, Tahseen Ali Al-Hattab","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020051","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The growing need for carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) removal in various industrial sectors has led researchers to focus on the positive features of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Covalent triazine frameworks (CT-1) and polysulfone (PSF) were both used in the creation of MMMs. Due to the high porosity, significant area of surface, uniform dimension of pores, and thermal and chemical resistance, CT-1 was selected. The newly developed CT-1/PSF MMMs were prepared with different CT-1 loadings (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, 1.1, and 1.5 wt %) in dope solution. The performance of membranes was evaluated using FTIR, FESEM, TGA, mechanical properties, and gas separation tests. In pure gas tests, the CO<sub>2</sub> permeance and ideal CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> selectivity increased when CT-1 loading was increased from 0 to 0.8 wt %. MMMs confirmed 109.12 and 91.42% increases in CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> selectivities compared to pure PSF, respectively. However, a further increase in CT-1 loading beyond 0.8 wt % led to a drop in ideal selectivity. CO<sub>2</sub> permeance and selectivity were reduced with pressure (2, 3, 4, and 5 bar). Additionally, investigated the effect of the feed stream (3/97 vol % of CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub>) on CO<sub>2</sub> separation. This paper describes a new technique for improving the ability of mixed matrix membranes through CT-1 fillers.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020154
Safa Khalaf Atiyah, Ahmed Yaseen Ali Aljanabi, Mohammed S. Ahmed, Buthainah Ali Al-Timimi, Ali H. Mhmood
Abstract
This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of industrial fluid catalytic cracking, a pivotal process in refining universal oil products (UOP). At the core of this investigation is the endeavor to derive a comprehensive mathematical model that captures the essence of mass and energy balances within a UOP fluid catalytic cracking unit. The study’s central objective is to explore and apply a ratio control algorithm in two distinct operational scenarios. In the first scenario, the ratio controller is strategically positioned after the control valve for the regenerator’s input air, while in the second, it precedes the control valve. The primary focus here is the meticulous control of outlet temperatures for both the riser and regenerator reactors. Leveraging the capabilities of MATLAB software, the research methodically simulates the fluid catalytic cracking process. It introduces variables such as the gas oil feed rate, along with the temperatures of the gas oil feed and air, to rigorously test the efficacy of the proposed ratio control algorithm. The results of this investigation reveal a notable superiority of the ratio control in case one over case two. In the riser and regenerator reactors, this advantage is demonstrated by improved stability and operational efficiency, as evidenced by lower integral absolute error (IAE) readings and a quicker approach to the intended setpoint temperatures.
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Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020117
Saja A. Alattar, Khalid A. Sukkar, May A. Alsaffar
Abstract
Packed bubble column reactor (PBCR) is an efficient category of multiphase reactors in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. The hydrodynamics parameters in this reactor regard the main imaginary mirror that reflects the operating performance. In the present study, the removal of phenol was achieved from wastewater using a PBCR with TiO2 as a nanocatalyst. The reactor was constructed from QF-glass of 150 cm in height and 8 cm in diameter. The phenol degradation process was carried out in the presence of ozone as a gas phase in the chemical reaction. The superficial gas velocity in the reactor was studied at different gas velocities (i.e., 0.7, 1.3, 2, 2.7, and 3.4 cm/s). The results showed that superficial gas velocity plays an important task in determining the bubble size, bubble rise velocity, and reactor flow patterns. All these parameters provided clear indications for the high-performance reactor and then the high reaction rate of phenol degradation. Moreover, the results showed that the highest phenol removal of 100% was obtained with TiO2 NPs as a heterogeneous catalyst in the ozonation process. Also, it was notice that the mass transfer process and the contact time and surface area inside the reactor are improved by the use of packing material in BCR. All these parameters will provide an efficient phenol degradation mechanism in the reactor. Finally, the use of packed bubble columns in the present experimental work improves wastewater treatment with simple operation, low cost, and high performance.
{"title":"Phenol Removal from Wastewater in Petroleum Refineries by Managing Flow Characteristics and Nanocatalyst in Ozonized Bubble Column","authors":"Saja A. Alattar, Khalid A. Sukkar, May A. Alsaffar","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020117","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Packed bubble column reactor (PBCR) is an efficient category of multiphase reactors in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. The hydrodynamics parameters in this reactor regard the main imaginary mirror that reflects the operating performance. In the present study, the removal of phenol was achieved from wastewater using a PBCR with TiO<sub>2</sub> as a nanocatalyst. The reactor was constructed from QF-glass of 150 cm in height and 8 cm in diameter. The phenol degradation process was carried out in the presence of ozone as a gas phase in the chemical reaction. The superficial gas velocity in the reactor was studied at different gas velocities (i.e., 0.7, 1.3, 2, 2.7, and 3.4 cm/s). The results showed that superficial gas velocity plays an important task in determining the bubble size, bubble rise velocity, and reactor flow patterns. All these parameters provided clear indications for the high-performance reactor and then the high reaction rate of phenol degradation. Moreover, the results showed that the highest phenol removal of 100% was obtained with TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs as a heterogeneous catalyst in the ozonation process. Also, it was notice that the mass transfer process and the contact time and surface area inside the reactor are improved by the use of packing material in BCR. All these parameters will provide an efficient phenol degradation mechanism in the reactor. Finally, the use of packed bubble columns in the present experimental work improves wastewater treatment with simple operation, low cost, and high performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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