Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020014
Hayder A. Al-Atabi, Osamah N. Hasan, Kater alnada faris Husham
Abstract
Advanced materials calculations have been recently widely employed. One of these powerful calculations is Density Functional Theory (DFT). In this work, DFT was used to study the methane dissociation over the surface of the transition metal nickel (Ni) with crystal orientation of (111). The favorable configuration for CH3 molecule was on the top of Ni with adsorption energy of –2.278 eV, while the face-centered cube position was the favorable structure for the hydrogen (H) atom with a –2.713 eV adsorption energy. The estimated reaction rate constant for the dissociation process was 4.801×10–15 s–1, and the barrier energies were –0.10664191×103, –0.10382003×103, and –0.10616790×103 eV for initial, transition, and final state respectively. The adsorption types were physisorption for CH4 and chemisorption for both CH3 and H on the Ni(111) surface.
{"title":"Advanced Materials Calculations for Methane Dissociation over Ni(111) Surface Using Ab Initio Density Functional Theory","authors":"Hayder A. Al-Atabi, Osamah N. Hasan, Kater alnada faris Husham","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020014","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Advanced materials calculations have been recently widely employed. One of these powerful calculations is Density Functional Theory (DFT). In this work, DFT was used to study the methane dissociation over the surface of the transition metal nickel (Ni) with crystal orientation of (111). The favorable configuration for CH<sub>3</sub> molecule was on the top of Ni with adsorption energy of –2.278 eV, while the face-centered cube position was the favorable structure for the hydrogen (H) atom with a –2.713 eV adsorption energy. The estimated reaction rate constant for the dissociation process was 4.801×10<sup>–15</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>, and the barrier energies were –0.10664191×10<sup>3</sup>, –0.10382003×10<sup>3</sup>, and –0.10616790×10<sup>3</sup> eV for initial, transition, and final state respectively. The adsorption types were physisorption for CH<sub>4</sub> and chemisorption for both CH<sub>3</sub> and H on the Ni(111) surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s096554412401016x
Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Zahraa W. Hasan, Nabil Majd Alawi
Abstract
This research is mainly concerned on studying the effects of heating surface area of immersing heater and particles size of bed packing on values of heat transfer coefficient (HTCs) under different air flow rates. Experiments were conducted in a gas-solid fluidized bed to study the steady-state heat transfer between gas and solid, along with the surface of the bed at various velocities, ranging from static bed to fluidized bed conditions (0.024– 0.387 m/s). The bed column was 172 mm in diameter and 1000 mm in height, attached with a horizontal heating tube of different diameters (19.5, 25.4, and 30 mm). Three different sizes of sand particle were employed (i.e. 200, 300 and 400 µm). HTCs are shown to rise with fluidizing air velocity while exhibiting a reverse association with particle size. The influence of heating tube diameter on HTC has been examined with remarkable fluctuations revealing the bed’s hydrodynamic characteristics.
{"title":"An Experimental Assessment of Using Different Sizes of Immersed Heating Surfaces on Heat Transfer Coefficient in Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed Reactor","authors":"Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Zahraa W. Hasan, Nabil Majd Alawi","doi":"10.1134/s096554412401016x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s096554412401016x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This research is mainly concerned on studying the effects of heating surface area of immersing heater and particles size of bed packing on values of heat transfer coefficient (HTCs) under different air flow rates. Experiments were conducted in a gas-solid fluidized bed to study the steady-state heat transfer between gas and solid, along with the surface of the bed at various velocities, ranging from static bed to fluidized bed conditions (0.024– 0.387 m/s). The bed column was 172 mm in diameter and 1000 mm in height, attached with a horizontal heating tube of different diameters (19.5, 25.4, and 30 mm). Three different sizes of sand particle were employed (i.e. 200, 300 and 400 µm). HTCs are shown to rise with fluidizing air velocity while exhibiting a reverse association with particle size. The influence of heating tube diameter on HTC has been examined with remarkable fluctuations revealing the bed’s hydrodynamic characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124010171
Wasan A. Mohsen, Basma A. Badday, Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Zahraa W. Hasan
Abstract
Fluidized bed reactors are widely used in a variety of chemical industrial processes for extremely exothermic reactions. But the performance of the reactor could be impacted if the exothermic reaction’s heat isn't removed sufficiently. Understanding and analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms occurring in the reactor is crucial to improving the reactor’s overall performance as well as the chemical process. The investigation was carried out in two stages) one tube heater, five internals equipped with one tube heater). In both stages, the heat transfer probe was moved to different places around and inside the center and the range of gas velocity was 0.2–0.48 m/s. A sophisticated heat transfer system was used to investigate locally and instantly how a bundle of vertical heat-exchanging tubes affects the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in a gas solid fluidized bed. The experiments were conducted on 0.13 m inner diameter Plexiglas fluidized bed reactor by using silica sand as particles with size of 600 µm and fixed packing height 35 cm. The heating element consists of solid brass shell, a heater and flux sensor. The heat transfer probe dimensions 12 mm diameter and 8 cm length. The thermocouples were 10 cm above distributer. The local heat transfer coefficient (LHTC) increase with increasing fluidizing velocity. There is a different behavior of HTC at various local position of tube heater in comparison with other different tubes position. When there are vertical internals present in the center, the HTC increases by 31% for different gas velocities. A comparison of local heat transfer coefficient with internal tube and without internal tube gives a reasonable result.
{"title":"Influence of Heat Exchanging Tubes on Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in Fluidized Bed Reactor","authors":"Wasan A. Mohsen, Basma A. Badday, Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Zahraa W. Hasan","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124010171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124010171","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Fluidized bed reactors are widely used in a variety of chemical industrial processes for extremely exothermic reactions. But the performance of the reactor could be impacted if the exothermic reaction’s heat isn't removed sufficiently. Understanding and analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms occurring in the reactor is crucial to improving the reactor’s overall performance as well as the chemical process. The investigation was carried out in two stages) one tube heater, five internals equipped with one tube heater). In both stages, the heat transfer probe was moved to different places around and inside the center and the range of gas velocity was 0.2–0.48 m/s. A sophisticated heat transfer system was used to investigate locally and instantly how a bundle of vertical heat-exchanging tubes affects the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in a gas solid fluidized bed. The experiments were conducted on 0.13 m inner diameter Plexiglas fluidized bed reactor by using silica sand as particles with size of 600 µm and fixed packing height 35 cm. The heating element consists of solid brass shell, a heater and flux sensor. The heat transfer probe dimensions 12 mm diameter and 8 cm length. The thermocouples were 10 cm above distributer. The local heat transfer coefficient (LHTC) increase with increasing fluidizing velocity. There is a different behavior of HTC at various local position of tube heater in comparison with other different tubes position. When there are vertical internals present in the center, the HTC increases by 31% for different gas velocities. A comparison of local heat transfer coefficient with internal tube and without internal tube gives a reasonable result.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124010146
Rana Rasool Jalil, Ihab Sami Hassan
Abstract
Core samples extraction is one of the main processes before routine core analyses. This process consumes time and chemical solvent so, it is necessary to find new techniques and materials to increase the efficiency of extraction method with less time and chemical consumption. The objective of this research project is to use the microwave and nanoparticle-assisted technologies in the extraction of oil in rock samples. The samples of carbonate reservoir rocks used in this research. Microwave heating can be a powerful tool for thermal treatments because many benefits can be achieved as proven by previous research. However, an increase in the efficiency of the nanoparticles assisted microwaves has been demonstrated in the extraction by adding the nano silica with different weight ratios to the solvent used in the experiments and exposing samples to the microwave effect under different powers then comparing the results with that of samples treated with microwave only. The experiments showed that the adding 0.1 wt % of nano silica reduced cleaning time to approximately 70% less than cleaning by using the microwave technique without nano silica; that can refer to the high efficiency of nano silica assistance in rock extraction; Furthermore, the application of multicriteria analysis has been used in the real case and shows that the most important criteria for cleaning efficiency were process control, rock properties and chemical consumption respectively. Also, it was found that the assisted microwave extractor using the toluene solvent—nano silica as a cleaning agent has priority over the other technique for cleaning plug samples.
{"title":"Combination of Nanoparticles and Microwave Technologies for Extraction of Oil from Carbonate Rock","authors":"Rana Rasool Jalil, Ihab Sami Hassan","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124010146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124010146","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Core samples extraction is one of the main processes before routine core analyses. This process consumes time and chemical solvent so, it is necessary to find new techniques and materials to increase the efficiency of extraction method with less time and chemical consumption. The objective of this research project is to use the microwave and nanoparticle-assisted technologies in the extraction of oil in rock samples. The samples of carbonate reservoir rocks used in this research. Microwave heating can be a powerful tool for thermal treatments because many benefits can be achieved as proven by previous research. However, an increase in the efficiency of the nanoparticles assisted microwaves has been demonstrated in the extraction by adding the nano silica with different weight ratios to the solvent used in the experiments and exposing samples to the microwave effect under different powers then comparing the results with that of samples treated with microwave only. The experiments showed that the adding 0.1 wt % of nano silica reduced cleaning time to approximately 70% less than cleaning by using the microwave technique without nano silica; that can refer to the high efficiency of nano silica assistance in rock extraction; Furthermore, the application of multicriteria analysis has been used in the real case and shows that the most important criteria for cleaning efficiency were process control, rock properties and chemical consumption respectively. Also, it was found that the assisted microwave extractor using the toluene solvent—nano silica as a cleaning agent has priority over the other technique for cleaning plug samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020099
Rand Q. Al-Khafaji, Duha Khalid, Muthana K. Al-Zaidi
Abstract
The prediction of catalytic naphtha reforming products is one of the main challenges issues in oil sector. Investigating continues catalytic reforming (CCR) C5+, C1, C2, C3, and C4 are achieved by using response surface methodology (RSM). The process can be described in terms of several controllable variables which are research octane number (RON), naphthenes and aromatics. In present work, a quadratic polynomial equation for Naphtha C5+, SCFB H2 has been obtained by utilizing RSM and the results were tested by design of experiment (DOE) and ANOVA analysis. The experimental results show good agreement with the predicted model with a yield of C5+ ranging from 77.27 to 109 when the RON is in the range of 68 to 95, naphthenes (vol %) is in the range of 15 to 25 and aromatics (vol %) is in the range of 10 to 30. H2 yield varying from 0 to 1.37 is significantly affected by increasing C5+ and reduced by decreasing RON. The yield of other products is calculated by multiple regression analysis depending on C5+ conversion range 77–100. The yields of other products of reformer (C1, C2, C3, C4) can be calculated from correlation that developed using multiple regression analysis. This case study indicates that the statistical model is useful of CCR.
{"title":"Challenges for Selective Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Products Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)","authors":"Rand Q. Al-Khafaji, Duha Khalid, Muthana K. Al-Zaidi","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020099","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The prediction of catalytic naphtha reforming products is one of the main challenges issues in oil sector. Investigating continues catalytic reforming (CCR) C<sub>5+</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>, and C<sub>4</sub> are achieved by using response surface methodology (RSM). The process can be described in terms of several controllable variables which are research octane number (RON), naphthenes and aromatics. In present work, a quadratic polynomial equation for Naphtha C<sub>5+</sub>, SCFB H<sub>2</sub> has been obtained by utilizing RSM and the results were tested by design of experiment (DOE) and ANOVA analysis. The experimental results show good agreement with the predicted model with a yield of C<sub>5+</sub> ranging from 77.27 to 109 when the RON is in the range of 68 to 95, naphthenes (vol %) is in the range of 15 to 25 and aromatics (vol %) is in the range of 10 to 30. H<sub>2</sub> yield varying from 0 to 1.37 is significantly affected by increasing C<sub>5+</sub> and reduced by decreasing RON. The yield of other products is calculated by multiple regression analysis depending on C<sub>5+</sub> conversion range 77–100. The yields of other products of reformer (C<sub>1</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>) can be calculated from correlation that developed using multiple regression analysis. This case study indicates that the statistical model is useful of CCR.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124010195
Wasan S. Mowea, Raheek I. Ibrahim, Manal K. Oudah
Abstract
Water in oil emulsion is considered as a serious problem in petroleum sector, it impacts both production costs and environmental restrictions. The presence of emulsions in crude oil will lower the quality of the crude itself, increase operating costs due to emulsions separation, cause corrosion to the transport system, and contaminate catalyst used in the refining process. Emulsions formation in the pipeline is undesirable because emulsions will cause negative impact or quandaries to the field. The most common techniques for water—oil separation is using of an electric field with inorganic salts in a demulsification process. In the present work, a new green technique depends on electromagnetic waves of microwave irradiation was accomplished to achieve the separation without using any chemicals. The experimental part utilized a microwave reactor the emulsions were prepared in a concentration of water to oil was 40 vol % two operating variables were utilized as follow: power 200–1000 W and time 40–200 s. The experiments were designed by using central composite rotatable design method with two variables. A Statistical software was utilized to achieve the optimization process to obtain the optimum conditions. The results showed that the optimum separation was produced at 800–900 W power and 150–200 s of treatment time. It was proved that microwave technique is considered as cost effective and environmental friendly technique. And it shows the capability of microwave technology for enhance the demulsification of water-oil emulsion in a short time.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Heating for the Separation of Water-Oil Emulsion","authors":"Wasan S. Mowea, Raheek I. Ibrahim, Manal K. Oudah","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124010195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124010195","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Water in oil emulsion is considered as a serious problem in petroleum sector, it impacts both production costs and environmental restrictions. The presence of emulsions in crude oil will lower the quality of the crude itself, increase operating costs due to emulsions separation, cause corrosion to the transport system, and contaminate catalyst used in the refining process. Emulsions formation in the pipeline is undesirable because emulsions will cause negative impact or quandaries to the field. The most common techniques for water—oil separation is using of an electric field with inorganic salts in a demulsification process. In the present work, a new green technique depends on electromagnetic waves of microwave irradiation was accomplished to achieve the separation without using any chemicals. The experimental part utilized a microwave reactor the emulsions were prepared in a concentration of water to oil was 40 vol % two operating variables were utilized as follow: power 200–1000 W and time 40–200 s. The experiments were designed by using central composite rotatable design method with two variables. A Statistical software was utilized to achieve the optimization process to obtain the optimum conditions. The results showed that the optimum separation was produced at 800–900 W power and 150–200 s of treatment time. It was proved that microwave technique is considered as cost effective and environmental friendly technique. And it shows the capability of microwave technology for enhance the demulsification of water-oil emulsion in a short time.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s096554412402004x
Hassan Mansour Raheem, Ibraheem Altayer, Hayder Shareef Mohamed, Mohammed H. Al-maamori
Abstract
In this study, metallurgical failure analysis of leak observed in SS304 pipe of 355.6 mm out side diameter and 4.78 mm wall thickness is invistigated. The pipe was hydrostatic pressure tested, and the leakage was observed on the pipe after priod of time. Visual test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out on the samples. Heat tint and griding marks were observed during visual inspection. In addition, scanning electron microscopy reveales many pinholes, tunnel-types in the leaked area. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy also shows that a multifactorial corrosion process due to stagnant water conditions, bacterial activity, corrosive elements contribte to the leak in the pipe. The results show that the leak damage essentially due to stagnancy of water—improper dry-out of the pipe after hydro test leading to chloride pitting attack and eventually causing leakage. The decomposition of the passive oxide layer due to the high concentration of chlorine and accumulation of microbial byproducts played an important role in examining the SS304 pipe. Preventive measures such as proper inspection, proper welding practices, sanitation, disinfection, and water management are important for corrosion prevention.
摘要 本研究对外径 355.6 毫米、壁厚 4.78 毫米的 SS304 管材中观察到的泄漏进行了冶金失效分析。对管道进行了静水压力测试，并在一段时间后观察到管道出现泄漏。对样品进行了目测、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDS）和能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDS）分析。在目测过程中观察到了热色调和栅格痕迹。此外，扫描电子显微镜还在泄漏区域发现了许多针孔和隧道类型。能量色散 X 射线光谱分析也显示，积水条件、细菌活动、腐蚀性元素等多因素腐蚀过程导致了管道泄漏。结果表明，泄漏破坏主要是由于积水--水压试验后管道干燥不当导致氯化物点蚀，最终造成泄漏。高浓度氯导致的被动氧化层分解和微生物副产物的积累在 SS304 管道的检测中发挥了重要作用。正确的检查、正确的焊接方法、卫生、消毒和水管理等预防措施对于防止腐蚀非常重要。
{"title":"Metallurgical Failure Analysis: A Case Study of Observing a Leak in a Stainless Steel SS304 Pipe","authors":"Hassan Mansour Raheem, Ibraheem Altayer, Hayder Shareef Mohamed, Mohammed H. Al-maamori","doi":"10.1134/s096554412402004x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s096554412402004x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>In this study, metallurgical failure analysis of leak observed in SS304 pipe of 355.6 mm out side diameter and 4.78 mm wall thickness is invistigated. The pipe was hydrostatic pressure tested, and the leakage was observed on the pipe after priod of time. Visual test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out on the samples. Heat tint and griding marks were observed during visual inspection. In addition, scanning electron microscopy reveales many pinholes, tunnel-types in the leaked area. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy also shows that a multifactorial corrosion process due to stagnant water conditions, bacterial activity, corrosive elements contribte to the leak in the pipe. The results show that the leak damage essentially due to stagnancy of water—improper dry-out of the pipe after hydro test leading to chloride pitting attack and eventually causing leakage. The decomposition of the passive oxide layer due to the high concentration of chlorine and accumulation of microbial byproducts played an important role in examining the SS304 pipe. Preventive measures such as proper inspection, proper welding practices, sanitation, disinfection, and water management are important for corrosion prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124010080
Fadhl H. Faraj, Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Khalid M. Sadeq
Abstract
This work studied heat transfer enhancement in gas-solid fluidized beds by applying copper oxide nanocoating to glass beads. A fluidized bed column with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 150 cm was used, A heat element placed in the center of the column at a height of 10 cm from the air distributor. The experimental methodology involves coating glass beads (200 and 400 μm) with nano copper oxide using settling deposition method, a characterization using XRD, TEM, BET, SEM, and EDX techniques for the coated beads. A fluidized bed experiment for the coated glass beads showed a significant increase in fluidized bed performance by 23% demonstrating the potential of nanocoating in improving the efficiency of fluidized bed systems for industrial applications. The research also includes conducting analysis using Minitab’s Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for studying the remaining parameter on the fluidized bed performance.
{"title":"The Impact of Nano Copper Oxide Coating on Glass Beads for Enhancing Heat Transfer in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds","authors":"Fadhl H. Faraj, Jamal M. Ali, Abbas J. Sultan, Khalid M. Sadeq","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124010080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124010080","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This work studied heat transfer enhancement in gas-solid fluidized beds by applying copper oxide nanocoating to glass beads. A fluidized bed column with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 150 cm was used, A heat element placed in the center of the column at a height of 10 cm from the air distributor. The experimental methodology involves coating glass beads (200 and 400 μm) with nano copper oxide using settling deposition method, a characterization using XRD, TEM, BET, SEM, and EDX techniques for the coated beads. A fluidized bed experiment for the coated glass beads showed a significant increase in fluidized bed performance by 23% demonstrating the potential of nanocoating in improving the efficiency of fluidized bed systems for industrial applications. The research also includes conducting analysis using Minitab’s Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for studying the remaining parameter on the fluidized bed performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020105
Dalia S. Makki, Hasan Sh. Majdi, Amer A. Abdulrahman, Abbas J. Sultan, Bashar J. Kadhim, Zahraa W. Hasan
Abstract
To improve the design and scale-up processes of bubble column reactors (BCRs), it is necessary to characterize the hydrodynamics by means of flow regime behavior. This study examines the impact of industrial heat exchangers and superficial gas velocities on flow regimes, pressure drop, and gas holdup in BC and SBC. A simulated Fischer–Tropsch bubble column is constructed. The experimental study utilized a Perspex column with a diameter of 0.14 m. Moreover, 18 copper tubes with a 0.16 m diameter are fitted into the bubble column. The selection of tubes in SBC was carried out in accordance with TEMA recommendations to ensure optimal heat dissipation. These tubes were made to resemble the industrial Fischer–Tropsch reactor by covering 25% of the bubble column’s cross-sectional area. In order to enhance the measurement and comprehension of the hydrodynamics within the reactor, this study employs a method measured the total gas hold-up and detected pressure fluctuations using three differential pressure transducers (Keller type PA 21Y/4). The column was equipped with a perforated plate air distributor, and glass beads were used as the solid phase. The gas distributor is constructed of porous polyethylene with pore sizes of 0.5 mm and plate thicknesses of 3 mm. To comprehend and assess the impact of tube configuration on the pressure drop; gas holdup; and regime transition velocities, the experimental data were recorded across a broad range of superficial gas velocities (i.e., 0.036–0.27 m/s). The findings suggest that higher superficial gas velocities result in amplified pressure fluctuations, with a recorded increase of 0.108 to 0.15 bar in pressure drop at a gas velocity of 0.27 m/s in the air-water system. Equipping the bubble/slurry bubble column with an industrial heat exchanger to the bubble/slurry bubble column resulted in a modest increase in pressure drop of around 0.042 bar, which disrupted the uniform flow and delayed regime transitions. Furthermore, the inclusion of solids leads to a 10% decrease in gas holdup, while the heat exchanger only slightly improves it by 5%. Drift flux analysis is a helpful tool for determining transition points. In the case of U-shaped heat exchanger tubes, the transition velocities can be altered by 1.7 m/s in BC. The results of this investigation will offer an exhaustive understanding of fluid dynamics as well as guidance in the design of reactors for extremely exothermic processes.
摘要 为了改进气泡塔反应器（BCR）的设计和放大过程，有必要通过流态行为来描述流体动力学特征。本研究探讨了工业热交换器和表面气体速度对 BC 和 SBC 中的流态、压降和气体截留的影响。构建了一个模拟费托气泡塔。此外，气泡塔中还安装了 18 根直径为 0.16 米的铜管。SBC 中铜管的选择是根据 TEMA 建议进行的，以确保最佳散热效果。这些管子覆盖了气泡塔横截面积的 25%，与工业费托反应器相似。为了加强对反应器内流体力学的测量和理解，本研究采用了一种测量总气体截留的方法，并使用三个压差传感器（凯勒 PA 21Y/4 型）检测压力波动。色谱柱配备了一个穿孔板空气分配器，并使用玻璃珠作为固相。气体分配器由多孔聚乙烯制成，孔径为 0.5 毫米，板厚为 3 毫米。为了理解和评估管道配置对压降、气体滞留和制度转换速度的影响，实验数据记录了广泛的表层气体速度范围（即 0.036-0.27 m/s）。研究结果表明，表层气体速度越高，压力波动越大，在空气-水系统中，气体速度为 0.27 米/秒时，压降增加了 0.108 至 0.15 巴。在气泡/浆液气泡塔中配备一个工业热交换器，会使压力降略微增加约 0.042 巴，从而破坏均匀流动并延迟体系转换。此外，固体的加入导致气体滞留率降低了 10%，而热交换器仅略微改善了 5%。漂移通量分析是确定过渡点的有用工具。在 U 型换热管的情况下，过渡速度在 BC 值上可改变 1.7 m/s。这项研究的结果将有助于全面了解流体动力学，并为设计用于极端放热过程的反应器提供指导。
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Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1134/s0965544124020142
Hind A. Sami, Raheek I. Ibrahim, Manal K. Oudah, Basim Sh. Naeem
Abstract
Programmable logic controllers (PLC) is a microcontroller system suitable for many industrial processes. The current project aims to enhance performance and energy efficiency of steam boiler through adjusting the ph value and total dissolved solids (TDS) in boiler water by designing and implementing a PLC system. This system contributes to protect the boiler tubes from fouling and under deposit corrosion, in addition to reduce and control the blow down water and energy saving. The experimental result showed that the suggested controller is able to control the amount of TDS through adjusting the conductivity value as 3900 μs/cm with total TDS values as 20 ppm. Fouling control is achieved by maintaining the pН within the requirements of the global operation framework of steam boiler as 10.3–10.5. Also, the automatic blow-down saves about 9.532% and the difference between system automatic and the manual process is 81.8% involved achieving an annual saving in fuel cost of 1230720 $/year.
{"title":"Fouling and Corrosion Control of Steam Boiler Tube Using PLC system","authors":"Hind A. Sami, Raheek I. Ibrahim, Manal K. Oudah, Basim Sh. Naeem","doi":"10.1134/s0965544124020142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544124020142","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Programmable logic controllers (PLC) is a microcontroller system suitable for many industrial processes. The current project aims to enhance performance and energy efficiency of steam boiler through adjusting the ph value and total dissolved solids (TDS) in boiler water by designing and implementing a PLC system. This system contributes to protect the boiler tubes from fouling and under deposit corrosion, in addition to reduce and control the blow down water and energy saving. The experimental result showed that the suggested controller is able to control the amount of TDS through adjusting the conductivity value as 3900 μs/cm with total TDS values as 20 ppm. Fouling control is achieved by maintaining the pН within the requirements of the global operation framework of steam boiler as 10.3–10.5. Also, the automatic blow-down saves about 9.532% and the difference between system automatic and the manual process is 81.8% involved achieving an annual saving in fuel cost of 1230720 $/year.</p>","PeriodicalId":725,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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