Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1063214
B. Miles, Jennifer F. Arthur, Rodrigo Gomez-Fell
Ice shelves are important because they act as a dam that regulates the amount of land ice that flows into the ocean. This means if Antarctica’s ice shelves were to break up, more ice would be melted into the ocean and global sea level would rise at a much faster rate. Because Antarctic ice shelves float in the ocean, they are not only sensitive to warming air temperatures but also to changes in the Southern Ocean. One such important factor is how ice shelves interact with sea ice. When sea ice attaches to the front of ice shelves, it can act as a glue, preventing ice-shelf break-up and promoting ice-shelf growth. In the open ocean, sea ice can also help protect ice shelves from damaging ocean waves formed during large storms. Sea ice will play an important role in determining the fate of Antarctic ice shelves in the coming decades.
{"title":"The Importance of Sea Ice to Antarctic Ice Shelves","authors":"B. Miles, Jennifer F. Arthur, Rodrigo Gomez-Fell","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1063214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1063214","url":null,"abstract":"Ice shelves are important because they act as a dam that regulates the amount of land ice that flows into the ocean. This means if Antarctica’s ice shelves were to break up, more ice would be melted into the ocean and global sea level would rise at a much faster rate. Because Antarctic ice shelves float in the ocean, they are not only sensitive to warming air temperatures but also to changes in the Southern Ocean. One such important factor is how ice shelves interact with sea ice. When sea ice attaches to the front of ice shelves, it can act as a glue, preventing ice-shelf break-up and promoting ice-shelf growth. In the open ocean, sea ice can also help protect ice shelves from damaging ocean waves formed during large storms. Sea ice will play an important role in determining the fate of Antarctic ice shelves in the coming decades.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140471425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1207354
Nienke Prins, Ben Wielstra
When parents of two different species have babies together, those babies are called hybrids. In nature, hybrids are often born in the region where the ranges of their parent species meet. This region is called a hybrid zone. We know that species change their ranges all the time, and we also know that some species compete with each other for food or living space. This means that, if one of the two parent species manages to expand its range, the other species may be forced to retreat. If that were to happen, the hybrid zone between the two species’ ranges should move, right? Even though researchers used to think that hybrid zone movement was rare, recent studies suggest otherwise. In this article, we will tell you what hybrid zones are, how they form, why their position may shift over time, and what we can learn from this movement.
{"title":"Moving Hybrid Zones; When Two Species Meet, Mate, and Compete","authors":"Nienke Prins, Ben Wielstra","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1207354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1207354","url":null,"abstract":"When parents of two different species have babies together, those babies are called hybrids. In nature, hybrids are often born in the region where the ranges of their parent species meet. This region is called a hybrid zone. We know that species change their ranges all the time, and we also know that some species compete with each other for food or living space. This means that, if one of the two parent species manages to expand its range, the other species may be forced to retreat. If that were to happen, the hybrid zone between the two species’ ranges should move, right? Even though researchers used to think that hybrid zone movement was rare, recent studies suggest otherwise. In this article, we will tell you what hybrid zones are, how they form, why their position may shift over time, and what we can learn from this movement.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140482468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1111437
Eric Maskin
Did you know that math can be used to help improve society? Well, believe it or not, it does so on a daily basis. Math not only helps us develop new technologies and engineering techniques, but also enables us to design modifications of our society that achieve desirable social goals—goals like reducing pollution and allocating resources to the people who value them the most. In this article, I will tell you about a branch of economics called mechanism design which helps economists do exactly that. Using mechanism design, we can reach important social goals that could not be attained without the modifications it points to. Keep reading to join me on a journey describing an economic theory that can help design a brighter future for us all.
{"title":"Can We Use Math to Design a Brighter Future?","authors":"Eric Maskin","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1111437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1111437","url":null,"abstract":"Did you know that math can be used to help improve society? Well, believe it or not, it does so on a daily basis. Math not only helps us develop new technologies and engineering techniques, but also enables us to design modifications of our society that achieve desirable social goals—goals like reducing pollution and allocating resources to the people who value them the most. In this article, I will tell you about a branch of economics called mechanism design which helps economists do exactly that. Using mechanism design, we can reach important social goals that could not be attained without the modifications it points to. Keep reading to join me on a journey describing an economic theory that can help design a brighter future for us all.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1191734
David Julius
Our life experience is shaped by our senses. We see, hear, smell, touch, and taste the things around us, and this is how we get to know the world. In my research, I study receptors—small sensing structures present on cell membranes that react to stimuli from the environment or from within the body. The receptors I tell you about in this article are sensitive to pain and heat, and they respond both to high temperatures and to spicy substances, such as hot chili peppers. We believe that, by studying the structures of these receptors and gaining a better understanding of how they operate, we will be able to develop new drugs to treat long-lasting pain more effectively and safely. Read this article to learn how the chili pepper has opened the door for us to uncover some great mysteries of the sensation of pain, paving the way toward future pain treatments.
{"title":"Hot Chili Peppers Help Uncover the Secrets of Pain","authors":"David Julius","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1191734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1191734","url":null,"abstract":"Our life experience is shaped by our senses. We see, hear, smell, touch, and taste the things around us, and this is how we get to know the world. In my research, I study receptors—small sensing structures present on cell membranes that react to stimuli from the environment or from within the body. The receptors I tell you about in this article are sensitive to pain and heat, and they respond both to high temperatures and to spicy substances, such as hot chili peppers. We believe that, by studying the structures of these receptors and gaining a better understanding of how they operate, we will be able to develop new drugs to treat long-lasting pain more effectively and safely. Read this article to learn how the chili pepper has opened the door for us to uncover some great mysteries of the sensation of pain, paving the way toward future pain treatments.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1151734
E. Moser, Noa Segev
This article is based on an interview between the two authors.Grid cells are special brain cells that play a key role in the brain’s navigation system. Research on these cells is one of the most interesting and rapidly advancing topics in brain science today. Much has changed since my colleagues and I discovered grid cells in 2005, and even since we were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2014. In this article, I will describe the advancements that transformed the field of grid cell research and tell you about the way that we study grid cells today. Finally, I will give you a peek into how we hope to use our understanding of grid cells as a “window” to understanding the brain as a whole.
{"title":"Can Grid Cells Help Us Understand The Brain?","authors":"E. Moser, Noa Segev","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1151734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1151734","url":null,"abstract":"This article is based on an interview between the two authors.Grid cells are special brain cells that play a key role in the brain’s navigation system. Research on these cells is one of the most interesting and rapidly advancing topics in brain science today. Much has changed since my colleagues and I discovered grid cells in 2005, and even since we were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2014. In this article, I will describe the advancements that transformed the field of grid cell research and tell you about the way that we study grid cells today. Finally, I will give you a peek into how we hope to use our understanding of grid cells as a “window” to understanding the brain as a whole.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1145559
Peter Doherty, Noa Segev
This article is based on an interview between the two authors.The human body is like a jungle, with trillions of fascinating things happening inside it every second, most of which occur without our awareness. In this article, we will zoom in on a very interesting part of this jungle of human-body activities—the immune system. The immune system protects the body from intruders with its experts in martial arts, called killer T cells. Killer T cells are responsible for eliminating virus-infected cells so that the virus cannot reproduce itself and spread throughout the body. Join me for an adventurous journey into the immune system, in which we will find out how killer T cells know which cells to attack and which to leave alone.
本文根据两位作者的访谈整理而成。人体就像一座丛林，每分每秒都有数以万计的奇妙活动在体内发生，其中大部分活动都是在我们不知不觉中发生的。在本文中，我们将深入探讨人体活动丛林中非常有趣的一部分--免疫系统。免疫系统用它的武林高手--杀伤性 T 细胞--来保护人体免受入侵者的伤害。杀手 T 细胞负责消灭受病毒感染的细胞，使病毒无法自我繁殖并扩散到全身。加入我的免疫系统探险之旅，我们将发现杀伤性 T 细胞如何知道哪些细胞需要攻击，哪些细胞不需要攻击。
{"title":"Killer T Cells: Immune System Heroes","authors":"Peter Doherty, Noa Segev","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1145559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1145559","url":null,"abstract":"This article is based on an interview between the two authors.The human body is like a jungle, with trillions of fascinating things happening inside it every second, most of which occur without our awareness. In this article, we will zoom in on a very interesting part of this jungle of human-body activities—the immune system. The immune system protects the body from intruders with its experts in martial arts, called killer T cells. Killer T cells are responsible for eliminating virus-infected cells so that the virus cannot reproduce itself and spread throughout the body. Join me for an adventurous journey into the immune system, in which we will find out how killer T cells know which cells to attack and which to leave alone.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140489252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1215124
Robert Aumann
With Yonatan Aumann, Department of Computer Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.Game theory is not about games. It is a scientific field that uses logic to understand how decisions should be made, taking into account the choices of others. Despite its name, it deals with serious real-life situations like business, politics or even war. This article explains what game theory is about, and how it can be used in many real-world settings. I will explain how game theory uncovers the roots of cooperation, and why its study is important for reducing hostility. We will conclude with an elegant game theory method which you can apply in your everyday life.
{"title":"Game Theory—More Than Just Games","authors":"Robert Aumann","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1215124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1215124","url":null,"abstract":"With Yonatan Aumann, Department of Computer Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.Game theory is not about games. It is a scientific field that uses logic to understand how decisions should be made, taking into account the choices of others. Despite its name, it deals with serious real-life situations like business, politics or even war. This article explains what game theory is about, and how it can be used in many real-world settings. I will explain how game theory uncovers the roots of cooperation, and why its study is important for reducing hostility. We will conclude with an elegant game theory method which you can apply in your everyday life.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1147170
Charlotte Ashton, Fiona McNab
Working memory is the ability to hold information in our minds for a short time, often while we work on it. We need it for schoolwork, solving problems, and many aspects of life. Some people can hold more information in mind than others, and as we get older the amount we can hold tends to decline. If we understand what limits working memory and how working memory changes with age, we can figure out ways to improve it. A person’s ability to focus on relevant information and ignore distraction seems to be important. Our research group looked at how well people can ignore different types of distraction, which might limit their working memory. To sample a large number of people with a range of abilities, we used a game played by 29,631 people. The results gave us clues about how our ability to ignore distraction affects our working memory, and we identified a specific type of distraction that seems to particularly affect working memory in older adults.
{"title":"How Games Help Us Research Age-Related Memory Changes","authors":"Charlotte Ashton, Fiona McNab","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1147170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1147170","url":null,"abstract":"Working memory is the ability to hold information in our minds for a short time, often while we work on it. We need it for schoolwork, solving problems, and many aspects of life. Some people can hold more information in mind than others, and as we get older the amount we can hold tends to decline. If we understand what limits working memory and how working memory changes with age, we can figure out ways to improve it. A person’s ability to focus on relevant information and ignore distraction seems to be important. Our research group looked at how well people can ignore different types of distraction, which might limit their working memory. To sample a large number of people with a range of abilities, we used a game played by 29,631 people. The results gave us clues about how our ability to ignore distraction affects our working memory, and we identified a specific type of distraction that seems to particularly affect working memory in older adults.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139593908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1184073
Tricia Light, Emmet Norris, Dongran Zhai, Ruth Varner, Kaycie B. Lanpher, Dante Capone, Natalia G. Erazo, Richard Norris
From our climate to the air we breathe, the ocean influences the world around us. Scientists are always looking for new ways to explore and study the ocean. One way we do this is by going on specially designed ships that allow us to study the deep sea, far from land. On our latest expedition aboard the Research Vessel Sally Ride, we went out 300 miles into the North Pacific Ocean for a week. We used some of the most important ocean science tools to catch tiny marine animals, collect water from some of the deepest depths, uncover mysteries of oceans past, and study how desert dust feeds marine animals today.
{"title":"All Aboard! Behind the Scenes of a Scientific Research Cruise","authors":"Tricia Light, Emmet Norris, Dongran Zhai, Ruth Varner, Kaycie B. Lanpher, Dante Capone, Natalia G. Erazo, Richard Norris","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1184073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1184073","url":null,"abstract":"From our climate to the air we breathe, the ocean influences the world around us. Scientists are always looking for new ways to explore and study the ocean. One way we do this is by going on specially designed ships that allow us to study the deep sea, far from land. On our latest expedition aboard the Research Vessel Sally Ride, we went out 300 miles into the North Pacific Ocean for a week. We used some of the most important ocean science tools to catch tiny marine animals, collect water from some of the deepest depths, uncover mysteries of oceans past, and study how desert dust feeds marine animals today.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139596116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1166415
Pat Hanrahan
Have you ever wondered why the things you see around you look the way they do? A big part of my work as a computer graphics researcher is to answer this question, so that we can simulate real-world objects using computers. This work is important for creating movies and video games that are visually appealing to the audience. However, there are also many other applications of realistic computer graphics, such as training, product design, architecture, and others. In this article, I will tell you how we create realistic images of the world using computers, and how my work improved the way we simulate skin and hair in virtual characters. It will give you a new perspective on the magic and beauty of the visual scenery that we experience in our everyday lives and on the computer-generated images and movies that imitate these natural scenes.
{"title":"The Math Behind the Movies","authors":"Pat Hanrahan","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1166415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1166415","url":null,"abstract":"Have you ever wondered why the things you see around you look the way they do? A big part of my work as a computer graphics researcher is to answer this question, so that we can simulate real-world objects using computers. This work is important for creating movies and video games that are visually appealing to the audience. However, there are also many other applications of realistic computer graphics, such as training, product design, architecture, and others. In this article, I will tell you how we create realistic images of the world using computers, and how my work improved the way we simulate skin and hair in virtual characters. It will give you a new perspective on the magic and beauty of the visual scenery that we experience in our everyday lives and on the computer-generated images and movies that imitate these natural scenes.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139596037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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