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Regular consumption of lacto-fermented vegetables has greater effects on the gut metabolome compared with the microbiome. 与微生物组相比,经常食用乳酸发酵蔬菜对肠道代谢组的影响更大
Pub Date : 2023-06-29 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.9
Kylene Guse, Ashok Sharma, Emily Weyenberg, Sam Davison, Yiwei Ma, Yuni Choi, Abigail J Johnson, Chi Chen, Andres Gomez

The industrialisation of Western food systems has reduced the regular consumption of lacto-fermented vegetables (LFV). Consuming LFV may exert health benefits through the alteration of the gut microbiome, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. To start understanding the possible benefits of LFV, we compared faecal microbial diversity and composition, as well as dietary habits between individuals who regularly consume LFV (n = 23) and those who do not (n = 24). We utilised microbial DNA amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA and ITS2) and untargeted metabolomics (LC-MS) to analyse stool samples. Study participants also provided three consecutive days of dietary data. Results show minor effects on microbiome composition; with the enrichment of a few microorganisms potentially associated with vegetable ferments, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (P < 0.05), in LFV consumers. However, LFV consumption had greater effects on the faecal metabolome, with higher abundances of butyrate, acetate, and valerate (P < 0.05) and significantly greater metabolome diversity (P < 0.001). Overall, the observations of minor changes in the faecal microbiome and greater effects on the faecal metabolome from LFV consumption warrant further investigations on the health significance of LFV as regular components of the daily diet in humans.

摘要西方食品体系的工业化减少了乳发酵蔬菜(LFV)的常规消费。食用LFV可能通过改变肠道微生物组对健康有益,但其机制尚不清楚。为了开始了解LFV的可能益处,我们比较了经常食用LFV(n=23)和不食用LFV的个体(n=24)的粪便微生物多样性和组成以及饮食习惯。我们利用微生物DNA扩增子测序(16S rRNA和ITS2)和非靶向代谢组学(LC–MS)来分析粪便样本。研究参与者还提供了连续三天的饮食数据。结果显示对微生物组组成的影响较小;LFV消费者中富集了一些可能与蔬菜发酵物有关的微生物,如间质明串珠菌和粘液红酵母(P<0.05)。然而,LFV的消耗对粪便代谢组的影响更大,丁酸、乙酸和戊酸的丰度更高(P<0.05),代谢组多样性显著更大(P<0.001)。总体而言,观察到LFV消费对粪便微生物组的微小变化和对粪便代谢组的更大影响,有必要对LFV作为人类日常饮食的常规成分的健康意义进行进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
The intestinal microbiota as an ally in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. 肠道菌群在治疗阿尔茨海默病中的作用
Pub Date : 2023-06-19 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.8
Sabrina Sehn Hilgert, Daniel Penteado Martins Dias

The evolution of the understanding of the intestinal microbiota and its influence on our organism leverages it as a potential protagonist in therapies aimed at diseases that affect not only the intestine but also neural pathways and the central nervous system itself. This study, developed from a thorough systematic review, sought to demonstrate the influence of the intervention on the intestinal microbiota in subjects with Alzheimer's disease. Clinical trials using different classes of probiotics have depicted noteworthy remission of symptoms, whose measurement was performed based on screenings and scores applied before, during, and after the period of probiotics use, allowing the observation of changes in functionality and symptomatology of patients. On the other hand, faecal microbiota transplantation requires further validation through clinical trials, even though it has already been reported in case studies as promising from the symptomatology point of view. The current compilation of studies made it possible to demonstrate the potential influence of the intestinal microbiota on Alzheimer's pathology. However, new clinical studies with a larger number of participants are needed to obtain further clarification on pathophysiological correlations.

对肠道微生物群及其对我们机体影响的理解的演变使其成为针对不仅影响肠道而且影响神经通路和中枢神经系统本身的疾病的治疗的潜在主角。这项研究,从一个彻底的系统回顾发展,试图证明干预对阿尔茨海默病患者肠道微生物群的影响。使用不同种类益生菌的临床试验描述了显著的症状缓解,其测量是基于使用益生菌之前,期间和之后的筛选和评分,允许观察患者功能和症状的变化。另一方面,粪便微生物群移植需要通过临床试验进一步验证,尽管从症状学的角度来看,它已经在案例研究中被报道为有希望的。目前的研究汇编使证明肠道微生物群对阿尔茨海默病病理的潜在影响成为可能。然而,需要更多参与者的新临床研究来进一步阐明病理生理相关性。
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引用次数: 0
The gut microbiota-neuroimmune crosstalk and neuropathic pain: a scoping review. 肠道微生物群-神经免疫串扰和神经性疼痛:范围综述
Pub Date : 2023-06-19 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.7
Gayani Nawarathna, Kausar S Fakhruddin, Ali I S A Shorbagi, Lakshman P Samaranayake

Environmental stressors can disrupt the gut-brain relationship and alter the gut microbial composition, potentially leading to chronic pain, including neuropathic pain (NP). To understand this complex relationship, we conducted a systematic scoping review to examine the gut microbial-neuroimmune connection to NP and the potential therapeutic targets. The review includes English-language manuscripts in databases such as MEDLINE, Cochrane, and DOAJ between January 2000 and April 2022. Out of the 48 full texts examined, only 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. These included a randomised controlled trial involving 327 individuals, an in vitro, and 13 animal model studies. The findings suggest that the gut flora plays a role in the immunological, neurological, and metabolic signalling pathways associated with NP. Animal studies have been the primary focus in this area, indicating that an imbalanced-gut microbiome and subsequent activation of biochemical and neuro-immunologic pathways may influence the development of NP. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the gut microbiome-immune-NP axis and identifies potential therapeutic targets. However, since most of the evidence comes from animal studies, future research should include clinical trials to gain a better understanding of the role of gut microbiota in NP and discover new therapeutic strategies.

摘要环境压力源会破坏肠脑关系并改变肠道微生物组成,可能导致慢性疼痛,包括神经性疼痛(NP)。为了理解这种复杂的关系,我们进行了一项系统的范围界定审查,以检查肠道微生物神经免疫与NP的联系以及潜在的治疗靶点。该综述包括2000年1月至2022年4月期间MEDLINE、Cochrane和DOAJ等数据库中的英文手稿。在审查的48篇全文中,只有15篇符合纳入标准。其中包括一项涉及327名个体的随机对照试验、一项体外试验和13项动物模型研究。研究结果表明,肠道菌群在与NP相关的免疫、神经和代谢信号通路中发挥作用。动物研究一直是这一领域的主要焦点,表明肠道微生物组失衡以及随后生物化学和神经免疫通路的激活可能会影响NP的发展。这篇综述对肠道微生物组免疫NP轴进行了全面总结,并确定了潜在的治疗靶点。然而,由于大多数证据来自动物研究,未来的研究应包括临床试验,以更好地了解肠道微生物群在NP中的作用,并发现新的治疗策略。
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引用次数: 0
Modulation of gut microbiota by diet and probiotics: potential approaches to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus. 饮食和益生菌对肠道微生物群的调节:预防妊娠期糖尿病的潜在途径
Pub Date : 2023-06-13 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.6
Marisa Carreira Cruz, Sarah Azinheiro, Sónia Gonçalves Pereira

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a rising global health problem that affects approximately 6% of pregnant women. Lifestyle interventions, particularly diet, and exercise are the first-line treatment, followed by pharmacotherapy, but with associated side effects to both mother and offspring. Modulation of gut microbiota may help prevent or manage GDM. Some gut bacterial groups associated with GDM are also associated with inflammatory biomarkers and gut dysbiosis. Available literature reports that low-glycaemic index diet reduces maternal fasting and 2-hour postprandial glucose and maintains a beneficial gut bacterial composition. Pre- and probiotics can aid GDM therapy by modulating gut microbiota to eubiotic status and improving glucose metabolism. Probiotics as adjuvant GDM therapy should consider bacterial strains, dosage, and treatment duration. Limitations in their use require further studies to develop specific probiotic-based GDM supplement therapy that impacts glycaemic control and inflammatory status by reducing fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance, and improving lipid profiles of pregnant women.

摘要妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是一个日益严重的全球健康问题,约有6%的孕妇受到影响。生活方式干预,特别是饮食和锻炼是一线治疗,其次是药物治疗,但对母亲和后代都有相关的副作用。肠道微生物群的调节可能有助于预防或管理GDM。一些与GDM相关的肠道细菌群也与炎症生物标志物和肠道微生态失调有关。现有文献报道,低血糖指数饮食可降低产妇禁食和餐后2小时血糖,并保持有益的肠道细菌组成。益生素和益生菌可以通过调节肠道微生物群达到共生状态和改善葡萄糖代谢来帮助GDM治疗。益生菌作为GDM的辅助治疗应考虑菌株、剂量和治疗时间。其使用的局限性需要进一步研究,以开发特定的基于益生菌的GDM补充剂疗法,通过降低空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗和改善孕妇的脂质状况来影响血糖控制和炎症状态。
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引用次数: 0
White kidney bean extract as a nutraceutical: effects on gut microbiota, alpha-amylase inhibition, and user experiences. 白芸豆提取物作为营养品:对肠道微生物群、α-淀粉酶抑制和用户体验的影响
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.5
David Houghton, Oliver M Shannon, Peter I Chater, Matthew D Wilcox, Jeffrey P Pearson, Kyle Stanforth, Cara Jordan, Leah Avery, Alasdair P Blain, Abraham Joel, Ruth Jeffers, Ruth Nolan, Andrew Nelson, Christopher J Stewart, Fiona C Malcomson

White kidney bean extract (WKBE) is a nutraceutical often advocated as an anti-obesity agent. The main proposed mechanism for these effects is alpha-amylase inhibition, thereby slowing carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Thus, it is possible that WKBE could impact the gut microbiota and modulate gut health. We investigated the effects of supplementing 20 healthy adults with WKBE for 1 week in a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial on the composition of the gut microbiota, gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation (faecal calprotectin), GI symptoms, and stool habits. We conducted in vitro experiments and used a gut model system to explore potential inhibition of alpha-amylase. We gained qualitative insight into participant experiences of using WKBE via focus groups. WKBE supplementation decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased that of Firmicutes, however, there were no significant differences in post-intervention gut microbiota measurements between the WKBE and control. There were no significant effects on GI inflammation or symptoms related to constipation, or stool consistency or frequency. Our in vitro and gut model system analyses showed no effects of WKBE on alpha-amylase activity. Our findings suggest that WKBE may modulate the gut microbiota in healthy adults, however, the underlying mechanism is unlikely due to active site inhibition of alpha-amylase.

摘要白芸豆提取物(WKBE)是一种经常被提倡作为抗肥胖剂的营养品。这些作用的主要机制是抑制α-淀粉酶,从而减缓碳水化合物的消化和吸收。因此,WKBE可能会影响肠道微生物群并调节肠道健康。在一项随机、安慰剂对照的交叉试验中,我们研究了20名健康成年人补充WKBE 1周对肠道微生物群组成、胃肠道炎症(粪便钙卫蛋白)、胃肠道症状和排便习惯的影响。我们进行了体外实验,并使用肠道模型系统来探索对α-淀粉酶的潜在抑制作用。我们通过焦点小组获得了对参与者使用WKBE体验的定性见解。补充WKBE降低了拟杆菌门的相对丰度,增加了厚壁菌门的相对丰富度,然而,干预后的肠道微生物群测量结果在WKBE和对照组之间没有显著差异。对胃肠道炎症或与便秘有关的症状、粪便稠度或频率没有显著影响。我们的体外和肠道模型系统分析显示WKBE对α-淀粉酶活性没有影响。我们的研究结果表明,WKBE可能调节健康成年人的肠道微生物群,然而,由于α-淀粉酶的活性位点抑制,其潜在机制不太可能。
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引用次数: 0
Microbial gut dysbiosis induced by xenobiotics in model organisms and the relevance of experimental criteria: a minireview. 模式生物中由异种生物诱导的微生物肠道失调和实验标准的相关性:综述
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.3
Beatriz Ibarra-Mendoza, Bruno Gomez-Gil, Miguel Betancourt-Lozano, Luciana Raggi, Beatriz Yáñez-Rivera

The gut microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem involved in multiple physiological processes that affect host health. Several factors affect intestinal microbial communities including dietary exposure to xenobiotics, which is highly concerning due to their widespread distribution. Current knowledge of this topic comes from culture-dependent methods, 16S rRNA amplicon fingerprinting, and metagenomics, but a standardised procedures framework remains lacking. This minireview integrates 45 studies from a systematic search using terms related to gut microbiota and its disruption. Only publications encompassing dietary-oral exposure and experimental gut microbiota assessments were included. The results were divided and described according to the biological model used and the disruption observed in the gut microbiota. An overall dysbiotic effect was unclear due to the variety of contaminants and hosts evaluated and the experimental gaps between publications. More standardised experimental designs, including WGS and physiological tests, are needed to establish how a particular xenobiotic can alter the gut microbiota and how the results can be extrapolated.

摘要肠道微生物群是一个动态生态系统,涉及影响宿主健康的多种生理过程。有几个因素影响肠道微生物群落,包括膳食中外源性物质的暴露,由于其广泛分布,这一点备受关注。目前对这一主题的了解来自培养依赖性方法、16S rRNA扩增子指纹图谱和宏基因组学,但仍缺乏标准化的程序框架。这篇小型综述综合了45项系统搜索的研究,这些研究使用了与肠道微生物群及其破坏有关的术语。仅包括饮食口腔暴露和实验性肠道微生物群评估的出版物。根据所使用的生物学模型和在肠道微生物群中观察到的破坏情况,对结果进行了划分和描述。由于所评估的污染物和宿主的多样性以及出版物之间的实验差距,总体的失调效应尚不清楚。需要更标准化的实验设计,包括WGS和生理测试,以确定特定的异生物如何改变肠道微生物群,以及如何推断结果。
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引用次数: 0
Microbiota and probiotics: chances and challenges - a symposium report. 微生物群和益生菌:机遇和挑战-研讨会报告
Pub Date : 2023-03-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.4
Carrie Helen Stevenson Ruxton, Chiyuki Kajita, Paola Rocca, Bruno Pot

The 10th International Yakult Symposium was held in Milan, Italy, on 13-14 October 2022. Two keynote lectures covered the crewed journey to space and its implications for the human microbiome, and how current regulatory systems can be adapted and updated to ensure the safety of microorganisms used as probiotics or food processing ingredients. The remaining lectures were split into sections entitled "Chances" and "Challenges." The "Chances" section explored opportunities for the science of probiotics and fermented foods to contribute to diverse areas of health such as irritable bowel syndrome, major depression, Parkinson's disease, immune dysfunction, infant colic, intensive care, respiratory infections, and promoting healthy longevity. The "Challenges" section included selecting appropriate clinical trial participants and methodologies to minimise heterogeneity in responses, how to view probiotics in the context of One Health, adapting regulatory frameworks, and understanding how substances of bacterial origin can cross the blood-brain barrier. The symposium provided evidence from cutting-edge research that gut eubiosis is vital for human health and, like space, the microbiota deserves further exploration of its vast potential.

第十届养乐多国际研讨会于2022年10月13日至14日在意大利米兰举行。两场主题演讲涵盖了载人太空之旅及其对人类微生物组的影响,以及如何调整和更新当前的监管系统,以确保用作益生菌或食品加工成分的微生物的安全。剩下的讲座分为“机遇”和“挑战”两部分。“机遇”部分探讨了益生菌和发酵食品科学在肠易激综合征、重度抑郁症、帕金森病、免疫功能障碍、婴儿绞痛、重症监护、呼吸道感染和促进健康长寿等不同健康领域的机遇。“挑战”部分包括选择适当的临床试验参与者和方法,以尽量减少反应的异质性,如何在“同一个健康”的背景下看待益生菌,调整监管框架,以及了解细菌来源的物质如何穿过血脑屏障。研讨会提供了来自前沿研究的证据,表明肠道益生菌对人类健康至关重要,并且与太空一样,微生物群值得进一步探索其巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The gut microbiota is an emerging target for improving brain health during ageing. 肠道微生物群是改善老年期大脑健康的一个新兴目标。
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2022.11
Marcus Boehme, Katherine Elizabeth Guzzetta, Caroline Wasén, Laura Michelle Cox

The gut microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining the health and homeostasis of its host throughout lifespan, including through its ability to impact brain function and regulate behaviour during ageing. Studies have shown that there are disparate rates of biologic ageing despite equivalencies in chronologic age, including in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, which suggests that environmental factors may play an important role in determining health outcomes in ageing. Recent evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota may be a potential novel target to ameliorate symptoms of brain ageing and promote healthy cognition. This review highlights the current knowledge around the relationships between the gut microbiota and host brain ageing, including potential contributions to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we assess key areas for which gut microbiota-based strategies may present as opportunities for intervention.

肠道微生物群在维持宿主整个生命周期的健康和平衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用,包括通过其在衰老过程中影响大脑功能和调节行为的能力。研究表明,尽管实际年龄相同,但生物老化的速度却有差异,包括神经退行性疾病的发病率,这表明环境因素可能在决定老化过程中的健康结果方面发挥着重要作用。最近的证据表明,肠道微生物群可能是改善脑老化症状和促进健康认知的潜在新目标。本综述重点介绍了目前有关肠道微生物群与宿主大脑老化之间关系的知识,包括对与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病的潜在贡献。此外,我们还评估了基于肠道微生物群的策略可能提供干预机会的关键领域。
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引用次数: 0
Association of Habitual Intake of Probiotic Supplements and Yogurt with Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study. 多民族肥胖表型研究中益生菌补充剂和酸奶的习惯性摄入与肠道微生物组特征的关系
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.10
Weiwen Chai, Gertraud Maskarinec, Unhee Lim, Carol J Boushey, Lynne R Wilkens, V Wendy Setiawan, Loïc Le Marchand, Timothy W Randolph, Isaac C Jenkins, Johanna W Lampe, Meredith A J Hullar

Consumption of probiotics and/or yogurt could be a solution for restoring the balance of the gut microbiota. This study examined associations of regular intake of probiotic supplements or yogurt with the gut microbiota among a diverse population of older adults (N=1,861; 60-72 years). Fecal microbial composition was obtained from 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3 region). General Linear Models were used to estimate the associations of probiotic supplement or yogurt intake with microbiome measures adjusting for covariates. Compared to non-yogurt consumers (N=1,023), regular yogurt consumers (≥once/week, N=818) had greater Streptococcus (β=0.29, P=0.0003) and lower Odoribacter (β=-0.33, P<0.0001) abundance. The directions of the above associations were consistent across the five ethnic groups but stronger among Japanese Americans (Streptococcus: β=0.56, P=0.0009; Odoribacter: β=-0.62, P=0.0005). Regular intake of probiotic supplements (N=175) was not associated with microbial characteristics (i.e., alpha diversity and the abundance of 152 bacteria genera). Streptococcus is one of the predominant bacteria genera in yogurt products, which may explain the positive association between yogurt consumption and Streptococcus abundance. Our analyses suggest that changes in Odoribacter were independent of changes in Streptococcus abundance. Future studies may investigate whether these microbial genera and their sub-level species mediate potential pathways between yogurt consumption and health.

摘要食用益生菌和/或酸奶可能是恢复肠道微生物群平衡的解决方案。这项研究调查了不同年龄段老年人(N=1861;60-72岁)定期摄入益生菌补充剂或酸奶与肠道微生物群的关系。粪便微生物组成通过16S rRNA基因测序获得(V1–V3区域)。使用一般线性模型来估计益生菌补充剂或酸奶摄入量与调整协变量的微生物组测量的相关性。与非酸奶消费者(N=1023)相比,普通酸奶消费者(≥1次/周,N=818)的链球菌丰度较高(β=0.29,P=0.0003),气味杆菌丰度较低(β=-0.33,P<0.0001)。上述关联的方向在五个种族中是一致的,但在日裔美国人中更强(链球菌:β=0.56,P=0.0009;气味杆菌:β=-0.62,P=0.0005)。经常摄入益生菌补充剂(N=175)与微生物特征(即α多样性和152个细菌属的丰度)无关。链球菌是酸奶产品中的主要细菌属之一,这可以解释酸奶消费量与链球菌丰度之间的正相关关系。我们的分析表明,气味杆菌的变化与链球菌丰度的变化无关。未来的研究可能会调查这些微生物属及其次级物种是否介导酸奶消费和健康之间的潜在途径。
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引用次数: 0
The gut microbiome in children with mood, anxiety, and neurodevelopmental disorders: An umbrella review 患有情绪、焦虑和神经发育障碍儿童的肠道微生物群:综述
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.16
Kaitlin Romano, Ashka N Shah, Anett Schumacher, Clare Zasowski, Tianyi Zhang, Glyneva Bradley-Ridout, Kaitlyn Merriman, John Parkinson, Peter Szatmari, Susan C Campisi, Daphne J Korczak
Abstract Research on the gut microbiome and mental health among children and adolescents is growing. This umbrella review provides a high-level overview of current evidence syntheses to amalgamate current research and inform future directions. Searches were conducted across seven databases for peer-reviewed pediatric (<18 years) review literature. Studies reporting gut microbiome composition and/or biotic supplementation on depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were included. Deduplication and screening took place in Covidence. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the degree of primary study overlap. Among the 39 included review studies, 23 (59%) were observational and 16 (41%) were interventional. Most reviews (92%) focused on ASD. Over half (56%) of the observational and interventional reviews scored low or critically low for methodological quality. A higher abundance of Clostridium clusters and a lower abundance of Bifidobacterium were consistently observed in ASD studies. Biotic supplementation was associated with ASD symptom improvement. Gut microbiome-mental health evidence syntheses in child and youth depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and OCD are lacking. Preliminary evidence suggests an association between specific microbiota and ASD symptoms, with some evidence supporting a role for probiotic supplementation ASD therapy.
儿童和青少年肠道微生物群与心理健康的研究越来越多。这一总括性综述提供了当前证据综合的高水平概述,以合并当前的研究并告知未来的方向。在7个数据库中检索了同行评议的儿科(18年)综述文献。研究报告了肠道微生物组组成和/或生物补充剂对抑郁症、双相情感障碍、焦虑、注意缺陷多动障碍、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)或强迫症(OCD)的影响。在疫情期间进行了重复数据删除和筛选。进行敏感性分析以评估主要研究重叠的程度。在纳入的39项综述研究中,23项(59%)为观察性研究,16项(41%)为干预性研究。大多数评论(92%)集中在ASD上。超过一半(56%)的观察性和干预性评价在方法学质量上得分较低或极低。在ASD研究中一致观察到较高丰度的梭菌群和较低丰度的双歧杆菌。生物补充剂与ASD症状改善相关。儿童和青少年抑郁症、焦虑症、双相情感障碍和强迫症的肠道微生物群-心理健康综合证据缺乏。初步证据表明,特定微生物群与ASD症状之间存在关联,一些证据支持益生菌补充ASD治疗的作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)
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