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Microbial gut dysbiosis induced by xenobiotics in model organisms and the relevance of experimental criteria: a minireview 模式生物中由异种生物诱导的微生物肠道失调和实验标准的相关性:综述

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.3

Beatriz Ibarra-Mendoza, B. Gómez‐Gil, M. Betancourt-Lozano, L. Raggi, B. Yáñez-Rivera

Abstract The gut microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem involved in multiple physiological processes that affect host health. Several factors affect intestinal microbial communities including dietary exposure to xenobiotics, which is highly concerning due to their widespread distribution. Current knowledge of this topic comes from culture-dependent methods, 16S rRNA amplicon fingerprinting, and metagenomics, but a standardised procedures framework remains lacking. This minireview integrates 45 studies from a systematic search using terms related to gut microbiota and its disruption. Only publications encompassing dietary-oral exposure and experimental gut microbiota assessments were included. The results were divided and described according to the biological model used and the disruption observed in the gut microbiota. An overall dysbiotic effect was unclear due to the variety of contaminants and hosts evaluated and the experimental gaps between publications. More standardised experimental designs, including WGS and physiological tests, are needed to establish how a particular xenobiotic can alter the gut microbiota and how the results can be extrapolated.

摘要肠道微生物群是一个动态生态系统，涉及影响宿主健康的多种生理过程。有几个因素影响肠道微生物群落，包括膳食中外源性物质的暴露，由于其广泛分布，这一点备受关注。目前对这一主题的了解来自培养依赖性方法、16S rRNA扩增子指纹图谱和宏基因组学，但仍缺乏标准化的程序框架。这篇小型综述综合了45项系统搜索的研究，这些研究使用了与肠道微生物群及其破坏有关的术语。仅包括饮食口腔暴露和实验性肠道微生物群评估的出版物。根据所使用的生物学模型和在肠道微生物群中观察到的破坏情况，对结果进行了划分和描述。由于所评估的污染物和宿主的多样性以及出版物之间的实验差距，总体的失调效应尚不清楚。需要更标准化的实验设计，包括WGS和生理测试，以确定特定的异生物如何改变肠道微生物群，以及如何推断结果。

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引用次数: 0

Microbiota and probiotics: chances and challenges – a symposium report 微生物群和益生菌:机遇和挑战-研讨会报告

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.4

C. Ruxton, Chiyuki Kajita, P. Rocca, B. Pot

Abstract The 10th International Yakult Symposium was held in Milan, Italy, on 13–14 October 2022. Two keynote lectures covered the crewed journey to space and its implications for the human microbiome, and how current regulatory systems can be adapted and updated to ensure the safety of microorganisms used as probiotics or food processing ingredients. The remaining lectures were split into sections entitled “Chances” and “Challenges.” The “Chances” section explored opportunities for the science of probiotics and fermented foods to contribute to diverse areas of health such as irritable bowel syndrome, major depression, Parkinson’s disease, immune dysfunction, infant colic, intensive care, respiratory infections, and promoting healthy longevity. The “Challenges” section included selecting appropriate clinical trial participants and methodologies to minimise heterogeneity in responses, how to view probiotics in the context of One Health, adapting regulatory frameworks, and understanding how substances of bacterial origin can cross the blood–brain barrier. The symposium provided evidence from cutting-edge research that gut eubiosis is vital for human health and, like space, the microbiota deserves further exploration of its vast potential.

第十届养乐多国际研讨会于2022年10月13日至14日在意大利米兰举行。两场主题演讲涵盖了载人太空之旅及其对人类微生物组的影响，以及如何调整和更新当前的监管系统，以确保用作益生菌或食品加工成分的微生物的安全。剩下的讲座分为“机遇”和“挑战”两部分。“机遇”部分探讨了益生菌和发酵食品科学在肠易激综合征、重度抑郁症、帕金森病、免疫功能障碍、婴儿绞痛、重症监护、呼吸道感染和促进健康长寿等不同健康领域的机遇。“挑战”部分包括选择适当的临床试验参与者和方法，以尽量减少反应的异质性，如何在“同一个健康”的背景下看待益生菌，调整监管框架，以及了解细菌来源的物质如何穿过血脑屏障。研讨会提供了来自前沿研究的证据，表明肠道益生菌对人类健康至关重要，并且与太空一样，微生物群值得进一步探索其巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 1

Toxin-linked mobile genetic elements in major enteric bacterial pathogens 主要肠道细菌病原体中毒素相关的可移动遗传因子

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.2

Shruti Panwar, Shashi Kumari, J. Verma, Susmita Bakshi, L. Narendrakumar, D. Paul, B. Das

Abstract One of the fascinating outcomes of human microbiome studies adopting multi-omics technology is its ability to decipher millions of microbial encoded functions in the most complex and crowded microbial ecosystem, including the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract without cultivating the microbes. It is well established that several functions that modulate the human metabolism, nutrient assimilation, immunity, infections, disease severity and therapeutic efficacy of drugs are mostly of microbial origins. In addition, these microbial functions are dynamic and can disseminate between microbial taxa residing in the same ecosystem or other microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer. For clinicians and researchers alike, understanding the toxins, virulence factors and drug resistance traits encoded by the microbes associated with the human body is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, when such traits are genetically linked with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that make them transmissible, it creates an additional burden to public health. This review mainly focuses on the functions of gut commensals and the dynamics and crosstalk between commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut. Also, the review summarises the plethora of MGEs linked with virulence genes present in the genomes of various enteric bacterial pathogens, which are transmissible among other pathogens and commensals.

采用多组学技术研究人类微生物组的一个引人入胜的成果是，它能够在不培养微生物的情况下，在最复杂和拥挤的微生物生态系统(包括人类胃肠道)中破译数百万种微生物编码功能。众所周知，调节人体代谢、营养吸收、免疫、感染、疾病严重程度和药物治疗效果的几种功能大多来自微生物。此外，这些微生物功能是动态的，可以通过水平基因转移在同一生态系统或其他微生物生态系统中的微生物类群之间传播。对于临床医生和研究人员来说，了解与人体相关的微生物编码的毒素、毒力因子和耐药性特征是至关重要的。然而，当这些性状在遗传上与使其具有传染性的移动遗传因子(MGEs)相关联时，就会对公共卫生造成额外负担。本文主要综述了肠道共生菌的功能以及肠道共生菌与致病菌之间的动力学和相互作用。此外，该综述总结了与各种肠道细菌病原体基因组中存在的毒力基因相关的大量MGEs，这些基因在其他病原体和共生体中传播。

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引用次数: 0

The gut microbiota is an emerging target for improving brain health during ageing. 肠道微生物群是改善老年期大脑健康的一个新兴目标。

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2022.11

Marcus Boehme, Katherine Elizabeth Guzzetta, Caroline Wasén, Laura Michelle Cox

The gut microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining the health and homeostasis of its host throughout lifespan, including through its ability to impact brain function and regulate behaviour during ageing. Studies have shown that there are disparate rates of biologic ageing despite equivalencies in chronologic age, including in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, which suggests that environmental factors may play an important role in determining health outcomes in ageing. Recent evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota may be a potential novel target to ameliorate symptoms of brain ageing and promote healthy cognition. This review highlights the current knowledge around the relationships between the gut microbiota and host brain ageing, including potential contributions to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we assess key areas for which gut microbiota-based strategies may present as opportunities for intervention.

肠道微生物群在维持宿主整个生命周期的健康和平衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用，包括通过其在衰老过程中影响大脑功能和调节行为的能力。研究表明，尽管实际年龄相同，但生物老化的速度却有差异，包括神经退行性疾病的发病率，这表明环境因素可能在决定老化过程中的健康结果方面发挥着重要作用。最近的证据表明，肠道微生物群可能是改善脑老化症状和促进健康认知的潜在新目标。本综述重点介绍了目前有关肠道微生物群与宿主大脑老化之间关系的知识，包括对与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病的潜在贡献。此外，我们还评估了基于肠道微生物群的策略可能提供干预机会的关键领域。

引用次数: 0

Association of Habitual Intake of Probiotic Supplements and Yogurt with Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study. 多民族肥胖表型研究中益生菌补充剂和酸奶的习惯性摄入与肠道微生物组特征的关系

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.10

Weiwen Chai, Gertraud Maskarinec, Unhee Lim, Carol J Boushey, Lynne R Wilkens, V Wendy Setiawan, Loïc Le Marchand, Timothy W Randolph, Isaac C Jenkins, Johanna W Lampe, Meredith A J Hullar

Consumption of probiotics and/or yogurt could be a solution for restoring the balance of the gut microbiota. This study examined associations of regular intake of probiotic supplements or yogurt with the gut microbiota among a diverse population of older adults (N=1,861; 60-72 years). Fecal microbial composition was obtained from 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3 region). General Linear Models were used to estimate the associations of probiotic supplement or yogurt intake with microbiome measures adjusting for covariates. Compared to non-yogurt consumers (N=1,023), regular yogurt consumers (≥once/week, N=818) had greater Streptococcus (β=0.29, P=0.0003) and lower Odoribacter (β=-0.33, P<0.0001) abundance. The directions of the above associations were consistent across the five ethnic groups but stronger among Japanese Americans (Streptococcus: β=0.56, P=0.0009; Odoribacter: β=-0.62, P=0.0005). Regular intake of probiotic supplements (N=175) was not associated with microbial characteristics (i.e., alpha diversity and the abundance of 152 bacteria genera). Streptococcus is one of the predominant bacteria genera in yogurt products, which may explain the positive association between yogurt consumption and Streptococcus abundance. Our analyses suggest that changes in Odoribacter were independent of changes in Streptococcus abundance. Future studies may investigate whether these microbial genera and their sub-level species mediate potential pathways between yogurt consumption and health.

摘要食用益生菌和/或酸奶可能是恢复肠道微生物群平衡的解决方案。这项研究调查了不同年龄段老年人（N=1861；60-72岁）定期摄入益生菌补充剂或酸奶与肠道微生物群的关系。粪便微生物组成通过16S rRNA基因测序获得（V1–V3区域）。使用一般线性模型来估计益生菌补充剂或酸奶摄入量与调整协变量的微生物组测量的相关性。与非酸奶消费者（N=1023）相比，普通酸奶消费者（≥1次/周，N=818）的链球菌丰度较高（β=0.29，P=0.0003），气味杆菌丰度较低（β=-0.33，P<0.0001）。上述关联的方向在五个种族中是一致的，但在日裔美国人中更强（链球菌：β=0.56，P=0.0009；气味杆菌：β=-0.62，P=0.0005）。经常摄入益生菌补充剂（N=175）与微生物特征（即α多样性和152个细菌属的丰度）无关。链球菌是酸奶产品中的主要细菌属之一，这可以解释酸奶消费量与链球菌丰度之间的正相关关系。我们的分析表明，气味杆菌的变化与链球菌丰度的变化无关。未来的研究可能会调查这些微生物属及其次级物种是否介导酸奶消费和健康之间的潜在途径。

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引用次数: 0

The gut microbiome in children with mood, anxiety, and neurodevelopmental disorders: An umbrella review 患有情绪、焦虑和神经发育障碍儿童的肠道微生物群:综述

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.16

Kaitlin Romano, Ashka N Shah, Anett Schumacher, Clare Zasowski, Tianyi Zhang, Glyneva Bradley-Ridout, Kaitlyn Merriman, John Parkinson, Peter Szatmari, Susan C Campisi, Daphne J Korczak

Abstract Research on the gut microbiome and mental health among children and adolescents is growing. This umbrella review provides a high-level overview of current evidence syntheses to amalgamate current research and inform future directions. Searches were conducted across seven databases for peer-reviewed pediatric (<18 years) review literature. Studies reporting gut microbiome composition and/or biotic supplementation on depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were included. Deduplication and screening took place in Covidence. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the degree of primary study overlap. Among the 39 included review studies, 23 (59%) were observational and 16 (41%) were interventional. Most reviews (92%) focused on ASD. Over half (56%) of the observational and interventional reviews scored low or critically low for methodological quality. A higher abundance of Clostridium clusters and a lower abundance of Bifidobacterium were consistently observed in ASD studies. Biotic supplementation was associated with ASD symptom improvement. Gut microbiome-mental health evidence syntheses in child and youth depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and OCD are lacking. Preliminary evidence suggests an association between specific microbiota and ASD symptoms, with some evidence supporting a role for probiotic supplementation ASD therapy.

儿童和青少年肠道微生物群与心理健康的研究越来越多。这一总括性综述提供了当前证据综合的高水平概述，以合并当前的研究并告知未来的方向。在7个数据库中检索了同行评议的儿科(18年)综述文献。研究报告了肠道微生物组组成和/或生物补充剂对抑郁症、双相情感障碍、焦虑、注意缺陷多动障碍、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)或强迫症(OCD)的影响。在疫情期间进行了重复数据删除和筛选。进行敏感性分析以评估主要研究重叠的程度。在纳入的39项综述研究中，23项(59%)为观察性研究，16项(41%)为干预性研究。大多数评论(92%)集中在ASD上。超过一半(56%)的观察性和干预性评价在方法学质量上得分较低或极低。在ASD研究中一致观察到较高丰度的梭菌群和较低丰度的双歧杆菌。生物补充剂与ASD症状改善相关。儿童和青少年抑郁症、焦虑症、双相情感障碍和强迫症的肠道微生物群-心理健康综合证据缺乏。初步证据表明，特定微生物群与ASD症状之间存在关联，一些证据支持益生菌补充ASD治疗的作用。

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引用次数: 0

MetaFunc: Taxonomic and Functional Analyses of High Throughput Sequencing for Microbiomes MetaFunc:微生物组高通量测序的分类和功能分析

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2022.12

Arielle Kae Sulit, Tyler Kolisnik, Frank A Frizelle, Rachel Purcell, Sebastian Schmeier

Abstract The identification of functional processes taking place in microbiome communities augment traditional microbiome taxonomic studies, giving a more complete picture of interactions taking place within the community. While there are applications that perform functional annotation on metagenomes or metatranscriptomes, very few of these are able to link taxonomic identity to function or are limited by their input types or databases used. Here we present MetaFunc, a workflow which takes RNA sequences as input reads, and from these (1) identifies species present in the microbiome sample and (2) provides gene ontology annotations associated with the species identified. In addition, MetaFunc allows for host gene analysis, mapping the reads to a host genome, and separating these reads, prior to microbiome analyses. Differential abundance analysis for microbe taxonomies, and differential gene expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis may then be carried out through the pipeline. A final correlation analysis between microbial species and host genes can also be performed. Finally, MetaFunc builds an R shiny application that allows users to view and interact with the microbiome results. In this paper, we showed how MetaFunc can be applied to metatranscriptomic datasets of colorectal cancer.

微生物群落中发生的功能过程的鉴定增强了传统的微生物群落分类学研究，为群落内发生的相互作用提供了更完整的图景。虽然有一些应用程序可以对宏基因组或元转录组进行功能性注释，但这些应用程序很少能够将分类身份与功能联系起来，或者受到输入类型或使用的数据库的限制。在这里，我们提出了MetaFunc，这是一个以RNA序列作为输入读取的工作流程，并从中(1)识别微生物组样本中存在的物种，(2)提供与所识别物种相关的基因本体注释。此外，MetaFunc允许宿主基因分析，绘制宿主基因组的reads，并在微生物组分析之前分离这些reads。微生物分类的差异丰度分析、差异基因表达分析和基因集富集分析可以通过管道进行。微生物种类和宿主基因之间的最终相关性分析也可以进行。最后，MetaFunc构建了一个R shiny应用程序，允许用户查看微生物组结果并与之交互。在本文中，我们展示了MetaFunc如何应用于结直肠癌的亚转录组数据集。

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引用次数: 2

Towards the characterization of sustainable diet’s gut microbiota composition and functions 可持续饮食肠道菌群组成及功能的研究

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2023.13

Mariana Lares-Michel, Zyanya Reyes-Castillo, Fatima Ezzahra Housni

Abstract The gut microbiome is a key element for health preservation and disease prevention. Nevertheless, defining a healthy gut microbiome is complex since it is modulated by several factors, such as host genetics, sex, age, geographical zone, drug use, and, especially, diet. Although a healthy diet has proven to increase microbial alpha and beta diversity and to promote the proliferation of health-related bacteria, considering the current environmental and nutritional crisis, such as climate change, water shortage, loss of diversity, and the obesity pandemic, it should be highlighted that a healthy diet is not always sustainable. Sustainable diets are dietary patterns that promote all dimensions of people’s health and well-being while exerting low pressure on the environment, and being accessible, affordable, safe, equitable, and culturally acceptable. Examples of diets that tend to be sustainable are the Planetary Health Diet of the EAT-Lancet Commission or territorial diets such as the Mediterranean and the Traditional Mexican diet (milpa diet), adapted to specific contexts. These diets are principally plant-based but include small or moderate amounts of animal-based foods. Characterising the effects of sustainable diets on gut microbiota is urgent to ensure that the benefits for human health are aligned with environmental preservation and respect the sociocultural aspects of individuals.

肠道微生物群是保持健康和预防疾病的关键因素。然而，定义一个健康的肠道微生物群是复杂的，因为它受到几个因素的调节，如宿主遗传、性别、年龄、地理区域、药物使用，尤其是饮食。虽然健康的饮食已被证明可以增加微生物α和β的多样性，并促进与健康有关的细菌的增殖，但考虑到当前的环境和营养危机，如气候变化、水资源短缺、多样性丧失和肥胖大流行，应该强调的是，健康的饮食并不总是可持续的。可持续饮食是一种饮食模式，可促进人们健康和福祉的各个方面，同时对环境施加的压力较小，并且可获得、负担得起、安全、公平且在文化上可接受。可持续性饮食的例子有EAT-Lancet委员会的全球健康饮食，或适合具体情况的地域饮食，如地中海饮食和传统墨西哥饮食(milpa饮食)。这些饮食主要是植物性的，但也包括少量或适量的动物性食物。迫切需要描述可持续饮食对肠道微生物群的影响，以确保对人类健康的益处与环境保护相一致，并尊重个人的社会文化方面。

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引用次数: 0

Determining the metabolic fate of human milk oligosaccharides: It may just be more complex than you think? 确定母乳低聚糖的代谢命运：它可能比你想象的更复杂？

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2022.8

P. Jackson, A. Wijeyesekera, R. Rastall

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a class of structurally diverse and complex unconjugated glycans present in breast milk, which act as selective substrates for several genera of select microbes and inhibit the colonisation of pathogenic bacteria. Yet, not all infants are breastfed, instead being fed with formula milks which may or may not contain HMOs. Currently, formula milks only possess two HMOs: 2 0 -fucosyllactose (2 ’ FL) and lacto- N -neotetraose (LNnT), which have been suggested to be similarly effective as human breast milk in supporting age-related growth. However, the in vivo evidence regarding their ability to beneficially reduce respiratory infections along with altering the composition of an infant ’ s microbiota is limited at best. Thus, this review will explore the concept of HMOs and their metabolic fate, and summarise previous in vitro and in vivo clinical data regarding HMOs, with specific regard to 2 ’ FL and LNnT. Fuc and sialic acid moiety with B. longum bv. infantis ATCC 15697 of Bifidobacterium tested, B. breve ATCC 1570 only able to achieve intermediate levels of growth with only moderate Fuc usage and B. adolescentis and B. bifidum ATCC 15696 exhibiting no growth on either Fuc or sialic acids. These are similar to those recorded by Garrido et al. (2015), who infant formula (Berger et al., 2020). Results were analysed against a breastfed reference group with changes in microbial community types being analysed at 3 and 12 months via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results indicated that, compared with the breastfed reference group, the HMO-containing formula stimulated increases in Bifidobacterium , albeit to a lower degree than the reference breastfed group. Levels of Escherichia were, however, significantly lower in the HMO-containing formula group compared with the control group and were similar to those in the breastfed the Bifidobacteriaceae relative abundance, as well as resulting in higher log ratios of Bacteroidaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae relative to Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae amplicon sequencing variant P These results help to explain the large variability in the presence and levels of HMOs detected in the faecal samples of infants, even when secretor status is considered, with virtually no HMOs being detected potential The opinions/views contained those of

母乳低聚糖（HMO）是母乳中存在的一类结构多样且复杂的非偶联聚糖，它是几个属的特定微生物的选择性底物，并抑制病原菌的定植。然而，并不是所有的婴儿都是母乳喂养的，而是用可能含有或不含有HMO的配方奶喂养的。目前，配方奶只含有两种HMO：2 0-岩藻糖基乳糖（2’FL）和乳糖-N-新三糖（LNnT），它们被认为在支持与年龄相关的生长方面与母乳一样有效。然而，关于它们在改变婴儿微生物群组成的同时有益地减少呼吸道感染的能力的体内证据充其量是有限的。因此，本综述将探讨HMO的概念及其代谢命运，并总结先前关于HMO的体外和体内临床数据，特别是关于2'FL和LNnT的数据。Fuc和唾液酸部分与所测试的双歧杆菌的B.longum bv.infantis ATCC 15697，B.breve ATCC 1570仅能在适度使用Fuc的情况下实现中等水平的生长，而B.youdescentis和B.bifidum ATCC 15696在Fuc或唾液酸上均未表现出生长。这些与Garrido等人（2015）、世卫组织婴儿配方奶粉（Berger等人，2020）的记录相似。对照母乳喂养的参考组分析结果，通过16S rRNA基因测序分析3个月和12个月时微生物群落类型的变化。结果表明，与母乳喂养的参考组相比，含HMO的配方奶粉刺激了双歧杆菌的增加，尽管程度低于母乳喂养的对照组。然而，与对照组相比，含HMO配方奶粉组的大肠杆菌水平显著降低，并且与母乳喂养的双歧杆菌科的大肠杆菌相对丰度相似，以及导致拟杆菌科和双歧杆菌科相对于Lachnospiraceae和Ruminococceae扩增子测序变体P的对数比更高。这些结果有助于解释在婴儿粪便样本中检测到的HMO的存在和水平的巨大可变性，即使考虑到分泌状态，几乎没有发现潜在的HMO。意见/观点包括

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引用次数: 4

Modulating the gut microenvironment as a treatment strategy for irritable bowel syndrome: a narrative review 调节肠道微环境作为肠易激综合征的治疗策略:叙述性回顾

Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England)

Pub Date : 2022-08-25 DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2022.6

C. Iribarren, Lujain Maasfeh, L. Öhman, M. Simrén

Abstract Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of gut–brain interaction with a complex pathophysiology. Growing evidence suggests that alterations of the gut microenvironment, including microbiota composition and function, may be involved in symptom generation. Therefore, attempts to modulate the gut microenvironment have provided promising results as an indirect approach for IBS management. Antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, food and faecal microbiota transplantation are the main strategies for alleviating IBS symptom severity by modulating gut microbiota composition and function (eg. metabolism), gut barrier integrity and immune activity, although with varying efficacy. In this narrative review, we aim to provide an overview of the current approaches targeting the gut microenvironment in order to indirectly manage IBS symptoms.

摘要肠易激综合征（IBS）是一种具有复杂病理生理学的肠脑相互作用障碍。越来越多的证据表明，肠道微环境的改变，包括微生物群的组成和功能，可能与症状的产生有关。因此，调节肠道微环境的尝试作为IBS管理的间接方法提供了有希望的结果。抗生素、益生菌、益生元、食物和粪便微生物群移植是通过调节肠道微生物群组成和功能（如代谢）、肠道屏障完整性和免疫活性来缓解IBS症状严重程度的主要策略，尽管疗效各不相同。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们旨在概述目前针对肠道微环境的方法，以间接管理IBS症状。

引用次数: 0