Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-199-2023
N. Nortier, Michel Paardekooper, Chris Lucas, Anne Blankert, A. van der Neut, Stefan Luxembourg, Agnes Mewe, W. V. van Sark
Abstract. Alongside a transition from steerable and centralized traditional electricity generation to intermittent and more decentralized renewable electricity generation from solar panels and wind turbines, Dutch energy transition scenarios project a widespread deployment of heat pumps and electric vehicles towards 2050. While clearly contributing to the decarbonization of the Dutch energy system, these developments impose challenges regarding electricity supply-demand mismatch and grid congestion. Spatially resolved electricity demand and supply profiles are required to gain a better insight into where and when such problems are likely to occur within the different scenarios. The present paper focuses on Dutch solar energy supply and features the construction of geodatabases of scenario-specific, spatially resolved electricity generation profiles for building, land and water-bound PV. Country-level PV capacities are geographically distributed based on spatial variance in roof PV potential and availability of suitable land and water use areas. Corresponding electricity generation profiles are constructed using historical meteorological measurements, a diffuse fraction model and a anisotropic transposition model. Empirically found performance ratio profiles are applied to account for a multitude of performance loss factors, including shading, dust and inverter efficiency. In 2050, building-bound capacity is projected to show only limited overlap with both land-bound and water-bound PV capacity. On the other hand, regions with considerable water-bound PV capacity also tend to show considerable land-bound PV capacity. Compared to the present-day situation, yearly country-level PV electricity generation is projected to be a factor 18.5, 15.7, or 7.7 higher in 2050 when respectively following the Regional, National or International Steering scenarios.
{"title":"Spatially resolved generation profiles for building, land and water-bound PV: a case study of four Dutch energy transition scenarios","authors":"N. Nortier, Michel Paardekooper, Chris Lucas, Anne Blankert, A. van der Neut, Stefan Luxembourg, Agnes Mewe, W. V. van Sark","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-199-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-199-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Alongside a transition from steerable and centralized traditional electricity generation to intermittent and more decentralized renewable electricity generation from solar panels and wind turbines, Dutch energy transition scenarios project a widespread deployment of heat pumps and electric vehicles towards 2050. While clearly contributing to the decarbonization of the Dutch energy system, these developments impose challenges regarding electricity supply-demand mismatch and grid congestion. Spatially resolved electricity demand and supply profiles are required to gain a better insight into where and when such problems are likely to occur within the different scenarios. The present paper focuses on Dutch solar energy supply and features the construction of geodatabases of scenario-specific, spatially resolved electricity generation profiles for building, land and water-bound PV. Country-level PV capacities are geographically distributed based on spatial variance in roof PV potential and availability of suitable land and water use areas. Corresponding electricity generation profiles are constructed using historical meteorological measurements, a diffuse fraction model and a anisotropic transposition model. Empirically found performance ratio profiles are applied to account for a multitude of performance loss factors, including shading, dust and inverter efficiency. In 2050, building-bound capacity is projected to show only limited overlap with both land-bound and water-bound PV capacity. On the other hand, regions with considerable water-bound PV capacity also tend to show considerable land-bound PV capacity. Compared to the present-day situation, yearly country-level PV electricity generation is projected to be a factor 18.5, 15.7, or 7.7 higher in 2050 when respectively following the Regional, National or International Steering scenarios.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80742004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Flood damage assessment is a critical aspect in any decision-making process on flood risk management. For this reason, reliable tools for flood damage estimation are required for all the categories of exposed elements. Despite infrastructures can suffer high economic losses in case of flood, compared to other exposed sectors, their flood damage modelling is still a challenging task. This is due, on the one hand, to the structural and dynamic complexity of infrastructure networks, and, on the other hand, to the lack of knowledge and data to investigate damage mechanisms and to calibrate and validate damage models. Grounding on the investigation of the state-of-the-art, this paper presents a conceptualization of flood damage to power grids and reviews the methodologies in the field for an in-depth understanding of the existing modelling approaches, challenges, and limitations. The conceptual model highlights: (i) the different kinds of damage (i.e., direct, indirect, and systemic) the network can suffer, (ii) the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability parameters on which they depend, (iii) the spatial and temporal scales required for their assessment, (iv) the interconnections among power grids and economic activities, and (v) the different recipients of economic losses. The development of the model stresses the importance of dividing the damage assessment into two steps: the estimation of damage in physical units and the consequent economic losses in monetary terms. The variety of damage mechanisms and cascading effects shaping the final damage figure arises, asking for an interdisciplinary and multi-scale evaluation approach. The ultimate objective of the conceptual model is to be an operative tool in support of more comprehensive and reliable flood damage assessments to power grids.
{"title":"A conceptual model for the estimation of flood damage to power grids","authors":"Panagiotis Asaridis, Daniela Molinari","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-61-1-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-61-1-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Flood damage assessment is a critical aspect in any decision-making process on flood risk management. For this reason, reliable tools for flood damage estimation are required for all the categories of exposed elements. Despite infrastructures can suffer high economic losses in case of flood, compared to other exposed sectors, their flood damage modelling is still a challenging task. This is due, on the one hand, to the structural and dynamic complexity of infrastructure networks, and, on the other hand, to the lack of knowledge and data to investigate damage mechanisms and to calibrate and validate damage models. Grounding on the investigation of the state-of-the-art, this paper presents a conceptualization of flood damage to power grids and reviews the methodologies in the field for an in-depth understanding of the existing modelling approaches, challenges, and limitations. The conceptual model highlights: (i) the different kinds of damage (i.e., direct, indirect, and systemic) the network can suffer, (ii) the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability parameters on which they depend, (iii) the spatial and temporal scales required for their assessment, (iv) the interconnections among power grids and economic activities, and (v) the different recipients of economic losses. The development of the model stresses the importance of dividing the damage assessment into two steps: the estimation of damage in physical units and the consequent economic losses in monetary terms. The variety of damage mechanisms and cascading effects shaping the final damage figure arises, asking for an interdisciplinary and multi-scale evaluation approach. The ultimate objective of the conceptual model is to be an operative tool in support of more comprehensive and reliable flood damage assessments to power grids.","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135409946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-189-2023
A. Dietmaier, T. Baumann
Abstract. Geothermal waters provide a great resource to generate clean energy, however, there is a notorious lack of high quality data on these waters. The scarcity of deep geothermal aquifer information is largely due to inaccessibility and high analysis costs. However, multiple operators use geothermal wells in Lower Bavaria and Upper Austria for balneological (medical and wellness) applications as well as for heat mining purposes. The state of the art sampling strategy budgets for a sampling frequency of 1 year. Previous studies have shown that robust groundwater data requires sampling intervals of 1–3 months, however, these studies are based on shallow aquifers which are more likely to be influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological conditions. This study set out to assess whether yearly sampling adequately represents sub-yearly hydrochemical fluctuations in the aquifer by comparing yearly with quasi-continuous hydrochemical data at two wells in southeast Germany by assessing mean, trend and seasonality detection among the high and low temporal resolution data sets. Furthermore, the ability to produce reliable forecasts based on yearly data was examined. In order to test the applicability of virtual sensors to elevate the information content of yearly data, correlations between the individual parameters were assessed. The results of this study show that seasonal hydrochemical variations take place in deep aquifers, and are not adequately represented by yearly data points, as they are typically gathered at similar production states of the well and do not show varying states throughout the year. Forecasting on the basis of yearly data does not represent the data range of currently measured continuous data. The limited data availability did not allow for strong correlations to be determined. We found that annual measurements, if taken at regular intervals and roughly the same production rates, represent only a snapshot of the possible hydrochemical compositions. Neither mean values, trends nor seasonality was accurately captured by yearly data. This could lead to a violation of stability criteria for mineral water, or to problems in the geothermal operation (scalings, degassing). We thus recommend a new testing regime of at least 3 samples a year. While not a replacement for the detailed analyses, under the right circumstances, and when trained with more substantial data sets, viertual sensors provide a robust method in this setting to trigger further actions.
{"title":"Forecasting changes of the flow regime at deep geothermal wells based on high resolution sensor data and low resolution chemical analyses","authors":"A. Dietmaier, T. Baumann","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-189-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-189-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Geothermal waters provide a great resource to generate clean energy,\u0000however, there is a notorious lack of high quality data on these\u0000waters. The scarcity of deep geothermal aquifer information is\u0000largely due to inaccessibility and high analysis costs.\u0000However, multiple operators use geothermal wells in Lower Bavaria and Upper\u0000Austria for balneological (medical and wellness) applications as well\u0000as for heat mining purposes.\u0000The state of the art sampling strategy budgets for a sampling frequency\u0000of 1 year. Previous studies have shown that robust groundwater data\u0000requires sampling intervals of 1–3 months, however, these\u0000studies are based on shallow aquifers which are more likely to be\u0000influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological conditions.\u0000This study set out to assess whether yearly sampling adequately\u0000represents sub-yearly hydrochemical fluctuations in the aquifer by\u0000comparing yearly with quasi-continuous hydrochemical data\u0000at two wells in southeast Germany by assessing mean, trend and\u0000seasonality detection among the high and low temporal resolution\u0000data sets. Furthermore, the ability to produce reliable forecasts\u0000based on yearly data was examined. In order to test the applicability\u0000of virtual sensors to elevate the information content of yearly data,\u0000correlations between the individual parameters were assessed.\u0000The results of this study show that seasonal hydrochemical\u0000variations take place in deep aquifers, and are not adequately\u0000represented by yearly data points, as they are typically gathered\u0000at similar production states of the well and do not show varying\u0000states throughout the year. Forecasting on the basis of\u0000yearly data does not represent the data range of currently\u0000measured continuous data. The limited data availability did not\u0000allow for strong correlations to be determined.\u0000We found that annual measurements, if taken at regular intervals and\u0000roughly the same production rates, represent only a snapshot of the\u0000possible hydrochemical compositions. Neither mean values, trends nor\u0000seasonality was accurately captured by yearly data. This could lead to a violation of stability criteria for mineral water, or to problems in the geothermal operation (scalings, degassing). We thus recommend\u0000a new testing regime of at least 3 samples a year. While not a replacement for the detailed analyses, under the right circumstances, and when trained with more substantial data sets, viertual sensors provide a robust method in this setting to trigger further actions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85871747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-59-69-2023
M. Teixidó, Diego Schmidlin, Jiaqi Xu, L. Scheiber, Maria José Chesa, E. Vázquez-Suñé
Abstract. Today's cities face simultaneous challenges due to rapidly growing populations, urban sprawl, climate change, and environmental pollution which pose a pressure on our traditional urban drinking water supplies. In this context, stormwater could augment our over-drafted urban groundwater resources. However, urban stormwater runoff carries a myriad of dissolved contaminants (e.g., organics, metals, nutrients), which pose a serious risk to the environmental and public health. Moreover, dissolved contaminants of urban origin – such as trace metals and organic compounds of emerging concern – may not be adequately removed by conventional stormwater treatments. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to fully understand stormwater contaminant presence, transport, and fate in the built environment to design novel or improve conventional treatment systems. To address this knowledge gap, we have conducted 7 field sampling campaigns during storm events at different Barcelona locations (within 3 districts) to investigate contaminant presence in different urban compartments (e.g., roofs, conventional streets with automobile traffic, pedestrian streets, and green infrastructure outlets). Preliminary results have confirmed presence of toxic metals in Barcelona urban rain and stormwater runoff along with significant differences depending on the catchment areas. After a storm event, trace metal concentrations followed the order: roof rain < pedestrian street runoff < conventional street runoff. Additionally, blue-green infrastructures (bioretention systems) had lower mean metal concentrations at the effluent (outlet) than the influents (inlet). Our initial results on metal occurrence in stormwater collected in the city of Barcelona will provide stormwater quality foundation for water agencies, municipalities, and companies in other water-stressed regions with Mediterranean climate.
{"title":"Contaminants in Urban Stormwater: Barcelona case study","authors":"M. Teixidó, Diego Schmidlin, Jiaqi Xu, L. Scheiber, Maria José Chesa, E. Vázquez-Suñé","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-59-69-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-59-69-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Today's cities face simultaneous challenges due to rapidly growing\u0000populations, urban sprawl, climate change, and environmental pollution which\u0000pose a pressure on our traditional urban drinking water supplies. In this\u0000context, stormwater could augment our over-drafted urban groundwater\u0000resources. However, urban stormwater runoff carries a myriad of dissolved\u0000contaminants (e.g., organics, metals, nutrients), which pose a serious risk\u0000to the environmental and public health. Moreover, dissolved contaminants of\u0000urban origin – such as trace metals and organic compounds of emerging\u0000concern – may not be adequately removed by conventional stormwater\u0000treatments. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to fully understand\u0000stormwater contaminant presence, transport, and fate in the built\u0000environment to design novel or improve conventional treatment systems. To\u0000address this knowledge gap, we have conducted 7 field sampling campaigns\u0000during storm events at different Barcelona locations (within 3 districts) to\u0000investigate contaminant presence in different urban compartments (e.g.,\u0000roofs, conventional streets with automobile traffic, pedestrian streets, and\u0000green infrastructure outlets). Preliminary results have confirmed presence\u0000of toxic metals in Barcelona urban rain and stormwater runoff along with\u0000significant differences depending on the catchment areas. After a storm\u0000event, trace metal concentrations followed the order: roof rain <\u0000pedestrian street runoff < conventional street runoff. Additionally,\u0000blue-green infrastructures (bioretention systems) had lower mean metal\u0000concentrations at the effluent (outlet) than the influents (inlet). Our\u0000initial results on metal occurrence in stormwater collected in the city of\u0000Barcelona will provide stormwater quality foundation for water agencies,\u0000municipalities, and companies in other water-stressed regions with\u0000Mediterranean climate.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80652176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-177-2023
Audrey Bonnelye, Pierre Dick, Marco Bohnhoff, Fabrice Cotton, Rüdiger Giese, Jan Henninges, Damien Jougnot, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Stefan Lüth
Abstract. The understanding of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of fault zones or in naturally fractured reservoirs is essential both for fundamental and applied sciences and in particular for the safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal facilities. The overall objective of the CHENILLE project is to better understand the physical processes resulting from thermal and hydraulic loading in a small fault zone in a highly consolidated shale formation. Consequently, a thermally controlled in-situ fluid injection experiment is intended to be performed on a strike-slip fault zone outcropping at the Tournemire/France Underground Research Laboratory (URL). A heating system has been installed around the injection area to enable a precise and controlled incremental increase of the thermal load. Different monitoring systems are designed to measure the seismic and aseismic deformation induced either by thermal and/or by hydraulic loading. The seismic monitoring system is composed of Acoustic Emission (AE) and broadband seismic sensors enabling monitoring of seismic fracturing processes down to sub-decimetre scale as well as slow deformation processes. Furthermore, we are about to install an injection chamber allowing to perform a controlled gaz injection test. The injection borehole will also be partly equipped with fiber optics in order to measure temperature in a distributed manner in the borehole. Time-lapse active seismic surveys are scheduled for before and after the experiment to image the structural network but also to detect the appearance of new structures triggered from the hydro-thermal pressurization of the fault as well as eventual changes in the velocity field.
{"title":"CHENILLE: Coupled Behavior Understanding of Faults: from the Laboratory to the Field","authors":"Audrey Bonnelye, Pierre Dick, Marco Bohnhoff, Fabrice Cotton, Rüdiger Giese, Jan Henninges, Damien Jougnot, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Stefan Lüth","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-177-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-177-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The understanding of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of fault zones or in naturally fractured reservoirs is essential both for fundamental and applied sciences and in particular for the safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal facilities. The overall objective of the CHENILLE project is to better understand the physical processes resulting from thermal and hydraulic loading in a small fault zone in a highly consolidated shale formation. Consequently, a thermally controlled in-situ fluid injection experiment is intended to be performed on a strike-slip fault zone outcropping at the Tournemire/France Underground Research Laboratory (URL). A heating system has been installed around the injection area to enable a precise and controlled incremental increase of the thermal load. Different monitoring systems are designed to measure the seismic and aseismic deformation induced either by thermal and/or by hydraulic loading. The seismic monitoring system is composed of Acoustic Emission (AE) and broadband seismic sensors enabling monitoring of seismic fracturing processes down to sub-decimetre scale as well as slow deformation processes. Furthermore, we are about to install an injection chamber allowing to perform a controlled gaz injection test. The injection borehole will also be partly equipped with fiber optics in order to measure temperature in a distributed manner in the borehole. Time-lapse active seismic surveys are scheduled for before and after the experiment to image the structural network but also to detect the appearance of new structures triggered from the hydro-thermal pressurization of the fault as well as eventual changes in the velocity field.","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134939259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-14DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-157-2023
P. Choidis, Guilherme B. A. Coelho, D. Kraniotis
Abstract. Historic masonry buildings are an integral part of human cultural heritage, and they need to be preserved for future generations. Brick is susceptible to frost damage which is common in regions with cold and humid climates. The frost damage on the masonry walls is accumulated over the years becoming more and more critical for the integrity of the historic buildings and it is also affected by climate change (CC). In the current research, the focus was placed on a coastal region in southern Norway with a significant number of historic masonry buildings. The frost damage risk of the masonry walls was assessed by using data from a climate reanalysis for the present conditions and from a climate model under past, present, and future conditions. Two climate-based (CB) indices accounting for the air temperature and one material response-based (MRB) index considering the temperature and moisture content inside a simulated masonry wall were used for the frost damage risk assessment. The inputs for the MRB index were calculated by heat, air, and moisture (HAM) transfer simulations. Within the HAM simulations, the indoor climate was in one case representative of an unconditioned building with air leakages and many openings, while in the second case it was representative of a small, conditioned room. The overall impact of CC was a decrease in the frost damage risk of the masonry walls. However, an increased frost damage risk was observed from the present to the future conditions according to the MRB index for the walls of small, conditioned rooms with higher driving rain load and lower solar radiation gains. The (i) number of freeze-thaw events, (ii) periods during which freeze-thaw events occur, and (iii) CC-related trends varied based on the considered index with the most explicit risk assessment being the MRB one. Moreover, the freeze-thaw events experienced by the masonry walls of unconditioned, leaky buildings were 20 times more than the ones for the small, conditioned rooms. Significant differences were observed between the results from the climate model and the climate reanalysis which were mainly linked to the underestimation of the air temperature and the overestimation of the precipitation by the climate model. The outputs of the MRB index were translated into certain damage categories while suggestions on improving the limitations of the current research were made.
{"title":"Assessment of frost damage risk in a historic masonry wall due to climate change","authors":"P. Choidis, Guilherme B. A. Coelho, D. Kraniotis","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-157-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-157-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Historic masonry buildings are an integral part of human\u0000cultural heritage, and they need to be preserved for future generations.\u0000Brick is susceptible to frost damage which is common in regions with cold\u0000and humid climates. The frost damage on the masonry walls is accumulated\u0000over the years becoming more and more critical for the integrity of the\u0000historic buildings and it is also affected by climate change (CC). In the current research, the focus was placed on a coastal region in\u0000southern Norway with a significant number of historic masonry buildings. The\u0000frost damage risk of the masonry walls was assessed by using data from a\u0000climate reanalysis for the present conditions and from a climate model under\u0000past, present, and future conditions. Two climate-based (CB) indices\u0000accounting for the air temperature and one material response-based (MRB)\u0000index considering the temperature and moisture content inside a simulated\u0000masonry wall were used for the frost damage risk assessment. The inputs for\u0000the MRB index were calculated by heat, air, and moisture (HAM) transfer\u0000simulations. Within the HAM simulations, the indoor climate was in one case\u0000representative of an unconditioned building with air leakages and many\u0000openings, while in the second case it was representative of a small,\u0000conditioned room. The overall impact of CC was a decrease in the frost damage risk of the\u0000masonry walls. However, an increased frost damage risk was observed from the\u0000present to the future conditions according to the MRB index for the walls of\u0000small, conditioned rooms with higher driving rain load and lower solar\u0000radiation gains. The (i) number of freeze-thaw events, (ii) periods during\u0000which freeze-thaw events occur, and (iii) CC-related trends varied based on\u0000the considered index with the most explicit risk assessment being the MRB\u0000one. Moreover, the freeze-thaw events experienced by the masonry walls of\u0000unconditioned, leaky buildings were 20 times more than the ones for the\u0000small, conditioned rooms. Significant differences were observed between the\u0000results from the climate model and the climate reanalysis which were mainly\u0000linked to the underestimation of the air temperature and the overestimation\u0000of the precipitation by the climate model. The outputs of the MRB index were\u0000translated into certain damage categories while suggestions on improving the\u0000limitations of the current research were made.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80090685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-27DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-149-2023
Sophie van Roosmale, T. De Kock, J. Blom
Abstract. Geopolymers are inorganic and versatile alternative binder. They exist in a wide range, varying from a material which behaves like mortars to a material with properties like ceramics. This makes them a potentially innovative alternative to repair mortars. In this research the activation of metakaolin-based geopolymers is explored in the context of stone conservation. A set of reactivity tests are performed to evaluate activators and compatibility with a lime-based binder. The physico-chemical properties of the binder are investigated, in combination with low proportions of standardized aggregates of marl powder, limestone powder and quartz sand. The most promising mixtures absorb water relatively slowly due to the relative small pore sizes. The samples have a high open porosity and therefore a lower density when compared to results found in literature from geopolymers with aggregate, but the results are comparable to geopolymers without aggregates. The compressive strength is comparable to currently used repair mortars. This study shows that metakaolin with lime-based binders could be investigated in the future as alternative binder in stone repair mortars.
{"title":"Metakaolin-based geopolymers for stone conservation: preliminary results on alkaline activation","authors":"Sophie van Roosmale, T. De Kock, J. Blom","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-149-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-149-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Geopolymers are inorganic and versatile alternative binder. They\u0000exist in a wide range, varying from a material which behaves like mortars to\u0000a material with properties like ceramics. This makes them a potentially\u0000innovative alternative to repair mortars. In this research the activation of\u0000metakaolin-based geopolymers is explored in the context of stone\u0000conservation. A set of reactivity tests are performed to evaluate activators\u0000and compatibility with a lime-based binder. The physico-chemical properties\u0000of the binder are investigated, in combination with low proportions of\u0000standardized aggregates of marl powder, limestone powder and quartz sand.\u0000The most promising mixtures absorb water relatively slowly due to the\u0000relative small pore sizes. The samples have a high open porosity and\u0000therefore a lower density when compared to results found in literature from\u0000geopolymers with aggregate, but the results are comparable to geopolymers\u0000without aggregates. The compressive strength is comparable to currently used\u0000repair mortars. This study shows that metakaolin with lime-based binders\u0000could be investigated in the future as alternative binder in stone repair\u0000mortars.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"292 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81294863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-135-2023
A. Kettle
Abstract. January 2007 was a stormy period in Europe with impacts on societal infrastructure and implications for energy meteorology. A series of cyclones tracked across the North Atlantic and into Europe during the two week period 8–22 January 2007. For many parts of Europe, Storm Kyrill on 18 January 2007 was the most important of these for the infrastructure damage that it caused. It had the highest European storm-related insurance losses in recent history. The storm spawned a high intensity derecho that started in Germany and travelled across eastern Europe into the Black Sea region. It was associated with severe convection, lightning, several tornadoes, and strong wind gusts. The storm caused over 50 fatalities, widespread disruption of transport and power networks, and a lot of forest damage. The highest coastal water levels for the month at many tide gauge stations in northwest Europe (and also for the year, in some cases) were registered during Storm Kyrill. This contribution presents a literature review of the storm characteristics and its impacts. This is followed by an analysis of the North Sea tide gauge data to assess the storm surge, tidal variation, and short-period seiche component around the North Sea. The water level information is compared with shipping accidents and offshore incidents to assess possible links. Unusually large waves had been registered at the FINO1 offshore wind energy research platform and off the northern coast of the Netherlands only a couple of months previously on 1 November 2006. While Storm Kyrill caused a lot of societal damage on land areas, there was comparatively little coastal damage around the North Sea and few reports of offshore infrastructure damage linked to wave strikes.
{"title":"Storm Kyrill and the storms of mid-January 2007: Societal and Energy Impacts in Europe","authors":"A. Kettle","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-135-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-135-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. January 2007 was a stormy period in Europe with impacts on\u0000societal infrastructure and implications for energy meteorology. A series of\u0000cyclones tracked across the North Atlantic and into Europe during the two\u0000week period 8–22 January 2007. For many parts of Europe, Storm Kyrill on 18 January 2007 was the most important of these for the infrastructure damage\u0000that it caused. It had the highest European storm-related insurance losses\u0000in recent history. The storm spawned a high intensity derecho that started\u0000in Germany and travelled across eastern Europe into the Black Sea region. It\u0000was associated with severe convection, lightning, several tornadoes, and\u0000strong wind gusts. The storm caused over 50 fatalities, widespread\u0000disruption of transport and power networks, and a lot of forest damage. The\u0000highest coastal water levels for the month at many tide gauge stations in\u0000northwest Europe (and also for the year, in some cases) were registered\u0000during Storm Kyrill. This contribution presents a literature review of the\u0000storm characteristics and its impacts. This is followed by an analysis of\u0000the North Sea tide gauge data to assess the storm surge, tidal variation,\u0000and short-period seiche component around the North Sea. The water level\u0000information is compared with shipping accidents and offshore incidents to\u0000assess possible links. Unusually large waves had been registered at the\u0000FINO1 offshore wind energy research platform and off the northern coast of\u0000the Netherlands only a couple of months previously on 1 November 2006. While\u0000Storm Kyrill caused a lot of societal damage on land areas, there was\u0000comparatively little coastal damage around the North Sea and few reports of\u0000offshore infrastructure damage linked to wave strikes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82117631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-121-2023
A. Jüstel, Olga Knaub, F. Strozyk, Gregor Bussmann, F. Wellmann, P. Kukla
Abstract. The provision of climate-neutral, sustainable, and independent heat sources is an essential part of the ongoing transformation of heating systems in Germany. The city of Minden, located at the junction of the river Weser and the Middleland Canal, with its strong industrial sector, faces a massive transition of how heat and energy will be provided for industrial processes as well as heating in the commercial and residential sectors. In our study, we evaluate the structural requirements for the exploitation and utilization of deep geothermal energy from regional Mesozoic rocks, which are known to source thermal springs in the greater Minden area, and geothermal projects in other parts of the North German Basin. The compilation of geological data, seismic data, and rock properties from wells is used to construct a regional structural model as well as temperature distributions based on depth uncertainties of the respective stratigraphic units. Our investigations indicate several stratigraphic units ranging from the Middle Jurassic, Keuper, and Muschelkalk to the Middle Bunter at depths greater than 4100 m below mean sea level with suitable temperatures greater than 150 ∘C. Seismic data reveal the presence of faults, which may act as a conduit for thermal waters in the northern part of Minden. Our study also provides a basis for further geothermal exploration and exploitation south of Minden, where an operating geothermal system has already been established in the city of Osnabrück and further north, where the potential reservoirs are located at greater depths as shown by hydrocarbon exploration data. First estimations of the geothermal power output for two selected reservoir horizons yield up to 11.3 and 14.3 MW (10 % probability to yield these or higher values), respectively. We conclude that the subsurface of the inverted part of the Lower Saxony Basin principally fulfills the requirements (formation temperatures) for deep geothermal production not only for residential and commercial use but also for industrial processes. However, future detailed reservoir analyses and thermo-hydraulic investigations on a regional scale require additional exploration work like newly acquired seismic surveys and deep exploration wells.
{"title":"Spatial distribution of Mesozoic deposits and their temperature ranges within the Weser-Wiehengebirge Syncline of the inverted Lower Saxony Basin, Minden area, Germany","authors":"A. Jüstel, Olga Knaub, F. Strozyk, Gregor Bussmann, F. Wellmann, P. Kukla","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-121-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-121-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The provision of climate-neutral, sustainable, and independent heat sources is an essential part of the ongoing transformation of heating systems in Germany. The city of Minden, located at the junction of the river Weser and the Middleland Canal, with its strong industrial sector, faces a massive transition of how heat and energy will be provided for industrial processes as well as heating in the commercial and residential sectors. In our study, we evaluate the structural requirements for the exploitation and utilization of deep geothermal energy from regional Mesozoic rocks, which are known to source thermal springs in the greater Minden area, and geothermal projects in other parts of the North German Basin. The compilation of geological data, seismic data, and rock properties from wells is used to construct a regional structural model as well as temperature distributions based on depth uncertainties of the respective stratigraphic units. Our investigations indicate several stratigraphic units ranging from the Middle Jurassic, Keuper, and Muschelkalk to the Middle Bunter at depths greater than 4100 m below mean sea level with suitable temperatures greater than 150 ∘C. Seismic data reveal the presence of faults, which may act as a conduit for thermal waters in the northern part of Minden. Our study also provides a basis for further geothermal exploration and exploitation south of Minden, where an operating geothermal system has already been established in the city of Osnabrück and further north, where the potential reservoirs are located at greater depths as shown by hydrocarbon exploration data. First estimations of the geothermal power output for two selected reservoir horizons yield up to 11.3 and 14.3 MW (10 % probability to yield these or higher values), respectively. We conclude that the subsurface of the inverted part of the Lower Saxony Basin principally fulfills the requirements (formation temperatures) for deep geothermal production not only for residential and commercial use but also for industrial processes. However, future detailed reservoir analyses and thermo-hydraulic investigations on a regional scale require additional exploration work like newly acquired seismic surveys and deep exploration wells.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85040394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-18DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-58-109-2023
C. Behrens, E. Luijendijk, P. Kreye, F. Panitz, Merle Bjorge, M. Gelleszun, A. Renz, S. Miro, W. Rühaak
Abstract. The German site selection procedure for a high-level nuclear waste repository is entering a stage in which preliminary safety assessments have to be conducted and the release of radionuclides has to be estimated for a large number of potential sites. Here, we present TransPyREnd, a 1D finite-differences code for modeling the transport of radionuclides in the subsurface at geological timescales. The code simulates the processes advection, diffusion, equilibrium sorption, decay of radionuclides, and the build-up of daughter nuclides. We summarize the modeled physical processes, their mathematical description and our numerical approach to solve the governing equations. Finally, two simple tests are shown, one considering diffusion, sorption, and radioactive decay, the other involving diffusion and a radioactive decay chain. In both tests, the code shows good agreement with the reference solutions. Caveats of the model and future additions are discussed.
{"title":"TransPyREnd: a code for modelling the transport of radionuclides on geological timescales","authors":"C. Behrens, E. Luijendijk, P. Kreye, F. Panitz, Merle Bjorge, M. Gelleszun, A. Renz, S. Miro, W. Rühaak","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-58-109-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-109-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The German site selection procedure for a high-level nuclear waste repository is entering a stage in which preliminary safety assessments have to be conducted and the release of radionuclides has to be estimated for a large number of potential sites. Here, we present TransPyREnd, a 1D finite-differences code for modeling the transport of radionuclides in the subsurface at geological timescales. The code simulates the processes advection, diffusion, equilibrium sorption, decay of radionuclides, and the build-up of daughter nuclides. We summarize the modeled physical processes, their mathematical description and our numerical approach to solve the governing equations. Finally, two simple tests are shown, one considering diffusion, sorption, and radioactive decay, the other involving diffusion and a radioactive decay chain. In both tests, the code shows good agreement with the reference solutions. Caveats of the model and future additions are discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7329,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Geosciences","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80645549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：