Pub Date : 2015-11-09DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.10000100
A. Lerner, ra Neidhöfer, T. Matthias
Tissue transglutaminase is a multifunctional enzyme, exerting intra and extracellular, enzymatic and nonenzymatic, Ca2+ dependent and independent functions. Its specific autoantibody, the anti transglutaminase2 autoantibody is multifunctional, affecting many of the enzyme activities. Most of them are due to loss of function, the minority being gain of function of the enzyme. No beneficial protective effects, but only pathogenic ones, were assigned to those celiac disease associated anti TG2 autoantibodies. Taken together, celiac antibodies could collectively promote small bowel intestinal or extraintestinal damage. Yet, most of the transglutaminase2 autoantibody activities where explored in vitro and ex-vivo, very few in animal model but none in vivo, in human. The celiac disease serum contains numerous antibodies, IgA-transglutaminase2 is only one of them and up till now, its differential role in celiac disease induction and maintenance is far from being unraveled. Unraveling them might open some new therapeutic strategies for celiac disease.
{"title":"Transglutaminase 2 and Anti Transglutaminase 2 Autoantibodies in Celiac Disease and Beyond: Anti- Transglutaminase 2 Autoantibodies: Friends or Enemies","authors":"A. Lerner, ra Neidhöfer, T. Matthias","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.10000100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.10000100","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue transglutaminase is a multifunctional enzyme, exerting intra and extracellular, enzymatic and nonenzymatic, Ca2+ dependent and independent functions. Its specific autoantibody, the anti transglutaminase2 autoantibody is multifunctional, affecting many of the enzyme activities. Most of them are due to loss of function, the minority being gain of function of the enzyme. No beneficial protective effects, but only pathogenic ones, were assigned to those celiac disease associated anti TG2 autoantibodies. Taken together, celiac antibodies could collectively promote small bowel intestinal or extraintestinal damage. Yet, most of the transglutaminase2 autoantibody activities where explored in vitro and ex-vivo, very few in animal model but none in vivo, in human. The celiac disease serum contains numerous antibodies, IgA-transglutaminase2 is only one of them and up till now, its differential role in celiac disease induction and maintenance is far from being unraveled. Unraveling them might open some new therapeutic strategies for celiac disease.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70935519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-09DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.10000101
A. Lerner, ra Neidhöfer, T. Matthias
Transglutaminase2 is a pleiotropic enzyme expressed ubiquitously and abundantly. It has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes, such as growth, differentiation, migration, signaling, cytoprotection, cell death and survival, wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy. It operates intracellularly in multiple organelles, extracellularly and on cell surface. Apart from catalyzing post-translational modifications of proteins, by deamidation and cross-linking, it exercises G-protein, isomerase and kinase activities and non-enzymatic biological functions. Aberrant activation or deregulation of its functions is involved in numerous human disease. The most known one is celiac disease, but the present review will expand on extraintestinal entities. It plays a role in inflammatory, degenerative-age related, neurodegenerative, malignant, metabolic and hormonal, autoimmune and genetic conditions. Increased knowledge of its structure, functions and regulation in homeostatic phase, open the opportunity to design new therapeutic strategies to inhibit its malfunction in pathological situations.
{"title":"Transglutaminase 2 and Anti Transglutaminase 2 Autoantibodies in Celiac Disease and Beyond: TG2 Double-Edged Sword: Gut and Extraintestinal Involvement","authors":"A. Lerner, ra Neidhöfer, T. Matthias","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.10000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.10000101","url":null,"abstract":"Transglutaminase2 is a pleiotropic enzyme expressed ubiquitously and abundantly. It has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes, such as growth, differentiation, migration, signaling, cytoprotection, cell death and survival, wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy. It operates intracellularly in multiple organelles, extracellularly and on cell surface. Apart from catalyzing post-translational modifications of proteins, by deamidation and cross-linking, it exercises G-protein, isomerase and kinase activities and non-enzymatic biological functions. Aberrant activation or deregulation of its functions is involved in numerous human disease. The most known one is celiac disease, but the present review will expand on extraintestinal entities. It plays a role in inflammatory, degenerative-age related, neurodegenerative, malignant, metabolic and hormonal, autoimmune and genetic conditions. Increased knowledge of its structure, functions and regulation in homeostatic phase, open the opportunity to design new therapeutic strategies to inhibit its malfunction in pathological situations.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70935988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-09DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.10000102
Neziri-Ahmetaj Luljeta, Bakir MehiÄ, R. Gojak, Zhjeqi Valbona, N. Arber
Allergen immunotherapy significantly reduced asthma symptoms and medications requirements. Treated patients were significantly less likely to report symptomatic deterioration and less likely to require increased medication. This immunotherapy showed no consistent effect on lung function. The aim of study: In this study, we have determined the difference in the frequency and intensity of bronchial hyper-reactivity in patients with allergic asthma on immunotherapy compared to the patients with allergic asthma receiving only anti-asthmatic pharmacotherapy during one year period of time. Methods: 60 patients were included with allergic asthma, where genders were subsequently divided into two treatment groups. The study group included 30 patients who had received immunotherapy (immunotherapy group) and control group of 30 patients treated with standard pharmacotherapy, but not with immunotherapy (GINA proposal). Each patient in the immunotherapy group was treated with subcutaneous specific immunotherapy (SCIT). The criteria for the inclusion of the patients were clinical diagnosis of allergic asthma, age between 15 and 30 years, and both sexes. The criteria for the exclusion of the patients were the presence of other acute and chronic diseases of respiratory airways, other allergic diseases (skin allergies, nutritive allergies etc.), and acute and chronic diseases of other organic systems. Results: During the 1st trimester, the median FEV1 values in control group of patients was 60.5% (46.7-78.25%) and following bronchodilators therapy, it was 81% (56-82.2%), which was a significant (p=0.005). In the immunotherapy group, median FEV1 value was 74% (66.0-77.0%) and following bronchodilator therapy it was 84% (76-89.5%), which was a significant increase (p=0.005). During the 2nd trimester, the median FEV1 value in control group of patients was 75% (50-79.5%) and following bronchodilators therapy it increased up to 84% (66-88.5%) but the difference was not significantly different (p=0.08). In immunotherapy group, median FEV1 value was 78% (75.5-79.0%) and following bronchodilator therapy, it increased to 82% (79.5-83.75%) but the difference was not significant (p=0.066). During the 3rd trimester, the median FEV1 value in control group of patients was 70% (43-75%) and not significantly increased following bronchodilators therapy up to 84% (51-85%) (p=0.08). In experimental (immunotherapy) group, median FEV1 value was 77% (70-79%) and following bronchodilator therapy, it did not significantly change 76% (68-85%) (p=0.273). During the 4th trimester, the median FEV1 value in control group of patients was 65% (54-75%) and significantly increased following bronchodilators therapy to 79% (55-83%) (p=0.018). In immunotherapy group, median FEV1 value was 79% (68-79.5%) and did not change significantly following bronchodilator therapy 90% (67.5-95.75%)) (p=0.18). Conclusion: In this study, the frequency of bronchial hyper reactivity was not significantly differ
{"title":"The Frequency and Intensity of Bronchial Hyper-Reactivity in Patients withAllergic Asthma on Immunotherapy","authors":"Neziri-Ahmetaj Luljeta, Bakir MehiÄ, R. Gojak, Zhjeqi Valbona, N. Arber","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.10000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.10000102","url":null,"abstract":"Allergen immunotherapy significantly reduced asthma symptoms and medications requirements. Treated patients were significantly less likely to report symptomatic deterioration and less likely to require increased medication. This immunotherapy showed no consistent effect on lung function. \u0000The aim of study: In this study, we have determined the difference in the frequency and intensity of bronchial hyper-reactivity in patients with allergic asthma on immunotherapy compared to the patients with allergic asthma receiving only anti-asthmatic pharmacotherapy during one year period of time. \u0000Methods: 60 patients were included with allergic asthma, where genders were subsequently divided into two treatment groups. The study group included 30 patients who had received immunotherapy (immunotherapy group) and control group of 30 patients treated with standard pharmacotherapy, but not with immunotherapy (GINA proposal). Each patient in the immunotherapy group was treated with subcutaneous specific immunotherapy (SCIT). The criteria for the inclusion of the patients were clinical diagnosis of allergic asthma, age between 15 and 30 years, and both sexes. The criteria for the exclusion of the patients were the presence of other acute and chronic diseases of respiratory airways, other allergic diseases (skin allergies, nutritive allergies etc.), and acute and chronic diseases of other organic systems. \u0000Results: During the 1st trimester, the median FEV1 values in control group of patients was 60.5% (46.7-78.25%) and following bronchodilators therapy, it was 81% (56-82.2%), which was a significant (p=0.005). In the immunotherapy group, median FEV1 value was 74% (66.0-77.0%) and following bronchodilator therapy it was 84% (76-89.5%), which was a significant increase (p=0.005). During the 2nd trimester, the median FEV1 value in control group of patients was 75% (50-79.5%) and following bronchodilators therapy it increased up to 84% (66-88.5%) but the difference was not significantly different (p=0.08). In immunotherapy group, median FEV1 value was 78% (75.5-79.0%) and following bronchodilator therapy, it increased to 82% (79.5-83.75%) but the difference was not significant (p=0.066). During the 3rd trimester, the median FEV1 value in control group of patients was 70% (43-75%) and not significantly increased following bronchodilators therapy up to 84% (51-85%) (p=0.08). In experimental (immunotherapy) group, median FEV1 value was 77% (70-79%) and following bronchodilator therapy, it did not significantly change 76% (68-85%) (p=0.273). During the 4th trimester, the median FEV1 value in control group of patients was 65% (54-75%) and significantly increased following bronchodilators therapy to 79% (55-83%) (p=0.018). In immunotherapy group, median FEV1 value was 79% (68-79.5%) and did not change significantly following bronchodilator therapy 90% (67.5-95.75%)) (p=0.18). \u0000Conclusion: In this study, the frequency of bronchial hyper reactivity was not significantly differ","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70936192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-15DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.S1.002
Lijuan Zhang
{"title":"Agrarian residents in China are at increased risk of vector born rickettsioses, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis","authors":"Lijuan Zhang","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.S1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.S1.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70942303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-09DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.S1.001
T. Sesardic
{"title":"Neutralizing antibodies directed against Botulinum A and B toxin heavy and light chains","authors":"T. Sesardic","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.S1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.S1.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70942381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-31DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000099
A. Bazsó, Á. Szappanos, G. Poór, Y. Shoenfeld, E. Kiss
Glucocorticoids have been belonged to the most widely and commonly used immune modulatory drugs in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The anti-inflammatory and immune suppressant mechanisms have been described. However, the glucocorticoids have paracrine and autocrine manner, acting at local tissue level and that is called as “tissue-specific” glucocorticoids. Those have a significant role in the development of inflammation. The glucocorticoid receptors, the sensitivity for glucocorticoids and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are associated strongly in the development, treatment and outcome of the inflammatory diseases. Dysregulation of the immune system and the endogenous glucocorticoid system may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
{"title":"The Influence of Tissue-Specific Glucocorticoid System on the Inflammatory Microenviroment: A Mini-Review","authors":"A. Bazsó, Á. Szappanos, G. Poór, Y. Shoenfeld, E. Kiss","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000099","url":null,"abstract":"Glucocorticoids have been belonged to the most widely and commonly used immune modulatory drugs in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The anti-inflammatory and immune suppressant mechanisms have been described. However, the glucocorticoids have paracrine and autocrine manner, acting at local tissue level and that is called as “tissue-specific” glucocorticoids. Those have a significant role in the development of inflammation. The glucocorticoid receptors, the sensitivity for glucocorticoids and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are associated strongly in the development, treatment and outcome of the inflammatory diseases. Dysregulation of the immune system and the endogenous glucocorticoid system may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-24DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000098
Wanqiang Sheng, C. Png, J. Reynolds, Yongliang Zhang
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is produced by a variety of cells and plays an important role in the inflammatory response in infection as well as in autoimmunity. Recent progress has indicated that CD4+ T cell-derived GM-CSF has a prominent and non-redundant function in mediating autoimmune neuroinflammation. Thus, there is increased interest on studying the regulation of GM-CSF production by T helper cells, which could translate to the development of novel therapeutics for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. This review focuses on our current understanding of the regulation and function of T cell-derived GM-CSF.
{"title":"T Cell-Derived GM-CSF, Regulation of Expression and Function","authors":"Wanqiang Sheng, C. Png, J. Reynolds, Yongliang Zhang","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000098","url":null,"abstract":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is produced by a variety of cells and plays an important role in the inflammatory response in infection as well as in autoimmunity. Recent progress has indicated that CD4+ T cell-derived GM-CSF has a prominent and non-redundant function in mediating autoimmune neuroinflammation. Thus, there is increased interest on studying the regulation of GM-CSF production by T helper cells, which could translate to the development of novel therapeutics for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. This review focuses on our current understanding of the regulation and function of T cell-derived GM-CSF.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-17DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000097
T. Hiwasa, T. Machida, Xiao-meng Zhang, R. Kimura, Hao Wang, K. Iwase, H. Ashino, Akiko Taira, E. Arita, S. Mine, Mikiko Ohno, Po-min Chen, E. Nishi, K. Kitamura, Rika Yamazoe, H. Takizawa, K. Kashiwado, I. Kamitsukasa, T. Wada, A. Aotsuka, E. Kobayashi, T. Matsutani, Y. Iwadate, N. Saeki, M. Mori, A. Uzawa, M. Muto, K. Sugimoto, S. Kuwabara, Y. Iwata, T. Nakayama, J. Harada, Yoshio Kobayashi, M. Takemoto, Kazuki Kobayashi, H. Kawamura, Ryoichi Ishibashi, K. Sakurai, Masaki Fujimoto, K. Yokote, K. Goto, R. Matsumura, T. Sugiyama, H. Hayashi, R. Hasegawa, H. Shimada, Masaaki Ito, T. Kudo, H. Doi, Rika Nakamura, Go Tomiyoshi, Natsuko Shinmen, Hideyuki Kuroda
Background: Atherosclerosis-related life-style diseases such as cerebral infarction (CI), cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a serious problem in the recently aging society. The development of novel and sensitive diagnostic markers is necessary and expected for the early treatment. Methods and Results: Through the first screening by phage expression cloning, we identified ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 4 (ATP2B4) and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) as antigens recognized by IgG antibodies in the sera of patients with atherosclerosis. The presence of autoantibodies against these antigens in serum specimens was confirmed by Western blotting. We then compared serum antibody levels against recombinant ATP2B4 and BMP-1 proteins between healthy donors (HD) and patients with atherosclerotic diseases, such as CI, transient ischemic attack (TIA), CVD, DM, or CKD, by the Alpha (amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay)-LISA method. The results revealed that both antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with these diseases than in HD and exhibited most prominent differences in CKD vs. HD. Correlation analysis showed that both antibody levels were well correlated with the degree of artery stenosis, such as maximum intima-media thickness with some different patterns, i.e., anti-ATP2B4 antibody levels were related to hypertension, whereas anti-BMP-1 antibodies were related to smoking habits. Conclusions: The serum antibody levels against ATP2B4 and BMP-1 can be useful diagnostic markers for atherosclerosis and its related diseases caused by hypertension and smoking habits, respectively.
{"title":"Elevated Levels of Autoantibodies against ATP2B4 and BMP-1 in Sera of Patients with Atherosclerosis-related Diseases","authors":"T. Hiwasa, T. Machida, Xiao-meng Zhang, R. Kimura, Hao Wang, K. Iwase, H. Ashino, Akiko Taira, E. Arita, S. Mine, Mikiko Ohno, Po-min Chen, E. Nishi, K. Kitamura, Rika Yamazoe, H. Takizawa, K. Kashiwado, I. Kamitsukasa, T. Wada, A. Aotsuka, E. Kobayashi, T. Matsutani, Y. Iwadate, N. Saeki, M. Mori, A. Uzawa, M. Muto, K. Sugimoto, S. Kuwabara, Y. Iwata, T. Nakayama, J. Harada, Yoshio Kobayashi, M. Takemoto, Kazuki Kobayashi, H. Kawamura, Ryoichi Ishibashi, K. Sakurai, Masaki Fujimoto, K. Yokote, K. Goto, R. Matsumura, T. Sugiyama, H. Hayashi, R. Hasegawa, H. Shimada, Masaaki Ito, T. Kudo, H. Doi, Rika Nakamura, Go Tomiyoshi, Natsuko Shinmen, Hideyuki Kuroda","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000097","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Atherosclerosis-related life-style diseases such as cerebral infarction (CI), cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a serious problem in the recently aging society. The development of novel and sensitive diagnostic markers is necessary and expected for the early treatment. \u0000Methods and Results: Through the first screening by phage expression cloning, we identified ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 4 (ATP2B4) and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) as antigens recognized by IgG antibodies in the sera of patients with atherosclerosis. The presence of autoantibodies against these antigens in serum specimens was confirmed by Western blotting. We then compared serum antibody levels against recombinant ATP2B4 and BMP-1 proteins between healthy donors (HD) and patients with atherosclerotic diseases, such as CI, transient ischemic attack (TIA), CVD, DM, or CKD, by the Alpha (amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay)-LISA method. The results revealed that both antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with these diseases than in HD and exhibited most prominent differences in CKD vs. HD. Correlation analysis showed that both antibody levels were well correlated with the degree of artery stenosis, such as maximum intima-media thickness with some different patterns, i.e., anti-ATP2B4 antibody levels were related to hypertension, whereas anti-BMP-1 antibodies were related to smoking habits. \u0000Conclusions: The serum antibody levels against ATP2B4 and BMP-1 can be useful diagnostic markers for atherosclerosis and its related diseases caused by hypertension and smoking habits, respectively.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-10DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000096
S. Singh, K. Prasad
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by the larva of Taenia solium, when it is lodged in the central nervous system (CNS). NCC is identified as the major cause of community acquired epilepsy, especially in the developing countries. It is also increasingly being reported in the developed world due to human migration from the disease endemic countries. However, some individuals with similar NCC lesions may remain asymptomatic and the reason for this asymptomatic status largely remains unknown. However, studies from our center suggest that cytokines play important role in disease pathogenesis. In the present review, we have discussed the role of different cytokines in the pathogenesis of NCC in human.
{"title":"Immunopathogenesis of Neurocysticercosis: Role of Cytokines","authors":"S. Singh, K. Prasad","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000096","url":null,"abstract":"Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by the larva of Taenia solium, when it is lodged in the central nervous system (CNS). NCC is identified as the major cause of community acquired epilepsy, especially in the developing countries. It is also increasingly being reported in the developed world due to human migration from the disease endemic countries. However, some individuals with similar NCC lesions may remain asymptomatic and the reason for this asymptomatic status largely remains unknown. However, studies from our center suggest that cytokines play important role in disease pathogenesis. In the present review, we have discussed the role of different cytokines in the pathogenesis of NCC in human.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-30DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000094
Ivan Fern, Ez, M. Tonietti, M. C. Camberos, I. Bergadá, A. Schenone, M. Szlago, M. Tellechea, Gustavo Fretchtel, L. Trifone, J. Cresto
In the first part, this article review the accepted knowledge of type 1 diabetes, its physiopathology, the importance of cytokines and the induction of apoptosis and necrosis during its evolution. Throughout this work we describe in more detail the inhibition of this mechanism of cell destruction by acetyl-L-carnitine and nicotinamide. We also explain the complementary action of their association which gave support to the treatment. In the second part, we present the complete evolution of 8 children treated with the oral medication of 50 mg/Kg of acetyl-L-carnitine plus 25 mg/Kg of nicotinamide during 5 years. We published the first 2 years of evolution under treatment in these children (JPEM 26: 347, 2013). The children had positive auto-antibodies and were consanguineous of type 1 diabetic patients. The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) showed a first phase of insulin release minor of 48 μU to enter in the protocol, and the same test was used for children evolution. Seven out eight children stopped the treatment because they normalized the metabolic parameters and no one became diabetic. All children increased the insulin response to IVGTT (between 1.44 to 5.69 times). Along the treatment, seven of these eight children turned their positive auto-antibodies into negatives.
{"title":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine and Nicotinamide for Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes. I-Literature Review which Gave Support to the Treatment. II-Case Report, Evaluation of Five Years Treatment","authors":"Ivan Fern, Ez, M. Tonietti, M. C. Camberos, I. Bergadá, A. Schenone, M. Szlago, M. Tellechea, Gustavo Fretchtel, L. Trifone, J. Cresto","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000094","url":null,"abstract":"In the first part, this article review the accepted knowledge of type 1 diabetes, its physiopathology, the importance of cytokines and the induction of apoptosis and necrosis during its evolution. Throughout this work we describe in more detail the inhibition of this mechanism of cell destruction by acetyl-L-carnitine and nicotinamide. We also explain the complementary action of their association which gave support to the treatment. In the second part, we present the complete evolution of 8 children treated with the oral medication of 50 mg/Kg of acetyl-L-carnitine plus 25 mg/Kg of nicotinamide during 5 years. We published the first 2 years of evolution under treatment in these children (JPEM 26: 347, 2013). The children had positive auto-antibodies and were consanguineous of type 1 diabetic patients. The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) showed a first phase of insulin release minor of 48 μU to enter in the protocol, and the same test was used for children evolution. Seven out eight children stopped the treatment because they normalized the metabolic parameters and no one became diabetic. All children increased the insulin response to IVGTT (between 1.44 to 5.69 times). Along the treatment, seven of these eight children turned their positive auto-antibodies into negatives.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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