Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.8088
Justin Jose
The progression in science gives novel and deeper understandings of human beings organisms. The Human Genome Project uncovered about 20,500 human genes. More recently, non-coding RNAs saw the light and gained researchers interest. Among the different subsets of these non-coding RNAs, microRNAs were identified as 18-25 nucleotides long and have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in a wide range of cellular processes. Emerging studies highlighted the importance of miRNAs in health and in disease. Ten years ago, the role of miRNAs in cutaneous system has been established from skin formation in early life to skin homeostasis maintenance. In addition, a deregulated miRNAs profile was shown to cause major skin disorders. Herein, in this review, a global discussion and findings of the different aspects of miRNAs biology will be covered with a focus on the role of miRNAs in skin biology.
{"title":"MicroRNAs skin disorders","authors":"Justin Jose","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.8088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.8088","url":null,"abstract":"The progression in science gives novel and deeper understandings of human beings organisms. The Human Genome Project uncovered about 20,500 human genes. More recently, non-coding RNAs saw the light and gained researchers interest. Among the different subsets of these non-coding RNAs, microRNAs were identified as 18-25 nucleotides long and have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in a wide range of cellular processes. Emerging studies highlighted the importance of miRNAs in health and in disease. Ten years ago, the role of miRNAs in cutaneous system has been established from skin formation in early life to skin homeostasis maintenance. In addition, a deregulated miRNAs profile was shown to cause major skin disorders. Herein, in this review, a global discussion and findings of the different aspects of miRNAs biology will be covered with a focus on the role of miRNAs in skin biology.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69965172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7391
Mirabelle Ruyer-Thompson, A. Gurin, Vnia Borba, J. Haik, M. Harats, Hector Enrique Quiros-Lim, Y. Shoenfeld
Silicone has been widely used over the last two decades, mainly for aesthetic purposes. Growing data show that local free/liquid silicone injections, used as body filler, are possibly related to the onset of adverse effects, with autoimmune and inflammatory features. Several reactions have been described, some of which can be classified as ASIA-Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants. Clinical presentations range from local inflammatory reactions to full-blown systemic autoimmune diseases. These cases share the similar chronological, clinical and histopathological features, as well as treatment rationale. The link between silicone breast implants and autoimmune disorders are still under debate, but local liquid silicone injections adverse effects are sporadically reported. The aim of this review is to identify common features of autoimmune and inflammatory adverse effects of local liquid silicone injections.
{"title":"The Downside of Beauty: ASIA Syndrome Associated with Local Silicone Injections: A Literature Review","authors":"Mirabelle Ruyer-Thompson, A. Gurin, Vnia Borba, J. Haik, M. Harats, Hector Enrique Quiros-Lim, Y. Shoenfeld","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7391","url":null,"abstract":"Silicone has been widely used over the last two decades, mainly for aesthetic purposes. Growing data show that local free/liquid silicone injections, used as body filler, are possibly related to the onset of adverse effects, with autoimmune and inflammatory features. Several reactions have been described, some of which can be classified as ASIA-Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants. Clinical presentations range from local inflammatory reactions to full-blown systemic autoimmune diseases. These cases share the similar chronological, clinical and histopathological features, as well as treatment rationale. The link between silicone breast implants and autoimmune disorders are still under debate, but local liquid silicone injections adverse effects are sporadically reported. The aim of this review is to identify common features of autoimmune and inflammatory adverse effects of local liquid silicone injections.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7467
J. Roszkiewicz, Y. Shoenfeld
A mosaic of various inflammatory diseases associated with the administration of vaccines has been reported in the literature. Optic Neuritis (ON), a primary inflammation of the optic nerve, serves as an prominent piece of it, presenting the features of autoimmune phenomena including Treg/Th17 cell imbalance and the abundance of proinflammatory cytokines. A PubMed search revealed 48 cases of vaccination-related ON, from which 32 were reports as isolated ON, 9 occurred as the first symptom of neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases (NMOSD) and 6 were inscribed in clinical course of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). In Vaccine Adverse Effects Reporting System (VAERS) 537 reports of ON were identified, the vast majority of them was isolated (n=284), followed by ON preceding multiple sclerosis (n=99), ADEM (n=30) and NMOSD (n=20). Influenza vaccine was the leading cause of isolated ON, hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) was mostly associated with diseases entailing further demyelination, such as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the time interval between vaccine delivery and symptoms of ON occurrences was shorter in cases of isolated-ON in comparison to ON-MS and ON-NMOSD. This time gap was also considerably longer after vaccines enriched with aluminum adjuvant. This article presents the thorough analysis of vaccination related ON cases and focuses on the possible pathomechanism of this autoimmune interplay, including the impact of adjuvants and the mechanism of molecular mimicry.
{"title":"Vaccines and Optic Neuritis: Consequence or Coincidence?","authors":"J. Roszkiewicz, Y. Shoenfeld","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7467","url":null,"abstract":"A mosaic of various inflammatory diseases associated with the administration of vaccines has been reported in the literature. Optic Neuritis (ON), a primary inflammation of the optic nerve, serves as an prominent piece of it, presenting the features of autoimmune phenomena including Treg/Th17 cell imbalance and the abundance of proinflammatory cytokines. A PubMed search revealed 48 cases of vaccination-related ON, from which 32 were reports as isolated ON, 9 occurred as the first symptom of neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases (NMOSD) and 6 were inscribed in clinical course of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). In Vaccine Adverse Effects Reporting System (VAERS) 537 reports of ON were identified, the vast majority of them was isolated (n=284), followed by ON preceding multiple sclerosis (n=99), ADEM (n=30) and NMOSD (n=20). Influenza vaccine was the leading cause of isolated ON, hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) was mostly associated with diseases entailing further demyelination, such as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the time interval between vaccine delivery and symptoms of ON occurrences was shorter in cases of isolated-ON in comparison to ON-MS and ON-NMOSD. This time gap was also considerably longer after vaccines enriched with aluminum adjuvant. This article presents the thorough analysis of vaccination related ON cases and focuses on the possible pathomechanism of this autoimmune interplay, including the impact of adjuvants and the mechanism of molecular mimicry.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7206
K. Goyal, Parakriti Gupta, Poonam Chauhan, K. Sangeetha, Komal Chikkara, Mini P. Singh
A deadly pneumonia outbreak of unknown etiology emerged in Wuhan, China in December, 2019, which soon gripped whole of the world and was subsequently declared as ‘first ever pandemic caused by any coronavirus till date’ by World Health Organization. The agent responsible for this apocalpse was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the infection was officially named as coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
{"title":"Mirage of Waning Immunity against SARS CoV-2","authors":"K. Goyal, Parakriti Gupta, Poonam Chauhan, K. Sangeetha, Komal Chikkara, Mini P. Singh","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.21.S4.7206","url":null,"abstract":"A deadly pneumonia outbreak of unknown etiology emerged in Wuhan, China in December, 2019, which soon gripped whole of the world and was subsequently declared as ‘first ever pandemic caused by any coronavirus till date’ by World Health Organization. The agent responsible for this apocalpse was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the infection was officially named as coronavirus disease (COVID-19).","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Elhag, Moaaz Mohammed Saadaldin, A. H. Abdelmoneim, T. Taha, F. Abdelrahman, Mohamed A. Hassan
Treponema pallidum is a gram negative bacteria and the main cause of syphilis which is classified as chronic inflammatory discompose antecedent transmitted sexually. Syphilis affects the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system, potentially leading to hearing or visual loss, aortic aneurism, stroke-like syndrome, dementia and paralysis. T. pallidum has the ability to stimulate adaptive immune and corresponding innate procedures in tissue and blood that might set the era for the HIV’s bidirectional transmission. This study expects a real epitope-based vaccine against β-Barrel outer membrane protein of Treponema pallidum designed by immunoinformatics approaches. The sequences were saved from NCBI and a number of prediction tests were undertaken to explore possible epitopes for B-cell, T-cell MHC class I and II. 3D structure of the most hopeful epitopes was illustrated. Two epitopes showed high binding affinity for B-cells, while five epitopes showed high binding affinity for MHCI and MHCII. The results were hopeful to formulate a vaccine with 71.88% world population coverage. We expect that these hopeful epitopes helps as a preventive formula for the disease in the future and recommend further in vitro and in vivo studies
{"title":"Immunoinformatics Approach for Designing an Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine against Treponema pallidum Outer Membrane Beta-Barrel Protein","authors":"Mustafa Elhag, Moaaz Mohammed Saadaldin, A. H. Abdelmoneim, T. Taha, F. Abdelrahman, Mohamed A. Hassan","doi":"10.35248/1745-","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-","url":null,"abstract":"Treponema pallidum is a gram negative bacteria and the main cause of syphilis which is classified as chronic inflammatory discompose antecedent transmitted sexually. Syphilis affects the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system, potentially leading to hearing or visual loss, aortic aneurism, stroke-like syndrome, dementia and paralysis. T. pallidum has the ability to stimulate adaptive immune and corresponding innate procedures in tissue and blood that might set the era for the HIV’s bidirectional transmission. This study expects a real epitope-based vaccine against β-Barrel outer membrane protein of Treponema pallidum designed by immunoinformatics approaches. The sequences were saved from NCBI and a number of prediction tests were undertaken to explore possible epitopes for B-cell, T-cell MHC class I and II. 3D structure of the most hopeful epitopes was illustrated. Two epitopes showed high binding affinity for B-cells, while five epitopes showed high binding affinity for MHCI and MHCII. The results were hopeful to formulate a vaccine with 71.88% world population coverage. We expect that these hopeful epitopes helps as a preventive formula for the disease in the future and recommend further in vitro and in vivo studies","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.174
I. Constantinescu, R. Sfrenț-Cornățeanu
Recent technological advances have allowed researchers to more accurately describe gastrointestinal microbiota composition and its interaction with the host in health and disease. Lifestyle changes, including the large-scale use of antibiotics, alter both the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome, which predisposes the host to gastrointestinal and metabolic disease, as well as immune system dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to highlight some key concepts pertaining to the interaction between the gut microbiome and host, as well as to illustrate how this interaction influences immune system programming, more specifically, its impact on the development of the immune phenotype characteristic for food allergy. The following discussion will be about the role of the gastrointestinal microbiota, as one of the many factors which contribute to immune dysfunction in food allergy pathogenesis.
{"title":"Gastrointestinal Microbiota Impact on the Development of Food Allergy Immune Phenotype","authors":"I. Constantinescu, R. Sfrenț-Cornățeanu","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.174","url":null,"abstract":"Recent technological advances have allowed researchers to more accurately describe gastrointestinal microbiota composition and its interaction with the host in health and disease. Lifestyle changes, including the large-scale use of antibiotics, alter both the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome, which predisposes the host to gastrointestinal and metabolic disease, as well as immune system dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to highlight some key concepts pertaining to the interaction between the gut microbiome and host, as well as to illustrate how this interaction influences immune system programming, more specifically, its impact on the development of the immune phenotype characteristic for food allergy. The following discussion will be about the role of the gastrointestinal microbiota, as one of the many factors which contribute to immune dysfunction in food allergy pathogenesis.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.191
Aniekan Jumbo
I am pleased to inform you that, Immunome Research has released its 15th volume in the year of 2019. As like before years IMR released issues trimonthly i.e, in the months of April, August, and December without any fail in addition, 3 conference proceedings were published Immunome Research has benefits like fast-track peer-review process has advantage with highly eminent. Journal impact factor for IMR is 1.65*. And also IMR is having NLM Id: 101245791 and ISSN: 1745-7580.
{"title":"Evaluation of Immunology","authors":"Aniekan Jumbo","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.191","url":null,"abstract":"I am pleased to inform you that, Immunome Research has released its 15th volume in the year of 2019. As like before years IMR released issues trimonthly i.e, in the months of April, August, and December without any fail in addition, 3 conference proceedings were published Immunome Research has benefits like fast-track peer-review process has advantage with highly eminent. Journal impact factor for IMR is 1.65*. And also IMR is having NLM Id: 101245791 and ISSN: 1745-7580.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.6074
Pranav Vadlamudi, P. Gordon
In 1952, the first immunoglobulin products, made from human plasma, were used to combat infectious diseases such as primary immunodeficiencies during World War II. In addition, during the last 50 years, further research has been conducted to prove whether or not immunoglobulin therapy can truly be effective against primary immunodeficiencies such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia or Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorder through both intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Intravenous administration has been effective in increasing overall Ig serum concentration in the blood for patients with primary or secondary disorders. However, as more research was conducted, scientists had concluded that the overall cost, maintenance, and at times, lack of efficiency, makes intravenous administration a burden. Thus, scientists have looked for an alternative through subcutaneous administration. For patients with primary immunodeficiencies, subcutaneous has been proven effective in increasing immunoglobulin concentration, even more than intravenous has. The benefit of subcutaneous administration at-home, the low cost, and the heightened efficacy make subcutaneous administration far better than intravenous for primary immunodeficiency patients. However for secondary immunodeficiency patients, the efficacy of subcutaneous administration has not been fully proven and the research is scarce and unreliable. Our literary review explores the advent of immunoglobulin therapy and its past research on both intravenous and subcutaneous administration for primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders. We sought out to find potential experimental values researchers can conduct experiments to enhance the research on subcutaneous administration for secondary immunodeficiency patients
{"title":"Efficacy of Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy in Treating Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders","authors":"Pranav Vadlamudi, P. Gordon","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.6074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.6074","url":null,"abstract":"In 1952, the first immunoglobulin products, made from human plasma, were used to combat infectious diseases such as primary immunodeficiencies during World War II. In addition, during the last 50 years, further research has been conducted to prove whether or not immunoglobulin therapy can truly be effective against primary immunodeficiencies such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia or Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorder through both intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Intravenous administration has been effective in increasing overall Ig serum concentration in the blood for patients with primary or secondary disorders. However, as more research was conducted, scientists had concluded that the overall cost, maintenance, and at times, lack of efficiency, makes intravenous administration a burden. Thus, scientists have looked for an alternative through subcutaneous administration. For patients with primary immunodeficiencies, subcutaneous has been proven effective in increasing immunoglobulin concentration, even more than intravenous has. The benefit of subcutaneous administration at-home, the low cost, and the heightened efficacy make subcutaneous administration far better than intravenous for primary immunodeficiency patients. However for secondary immunodeficiency patients, the efficacy of subcutaneous administration has not been fully proven and the research is scarce and unreliable. Our literary review explores the advent of immunoglobulin therapy and its past research on both intravenous and subcutaneous administration for primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders. We sought out to find potential experimental values researchers can conduct experiments to enhance the research on subcutaneous administration for secondary immunodeficiency patients","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.6736
B. Bale, A. Doneen, Thomas Hight, David J. Vigerust
The strength of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the fact that it is a novel virus to humans. Being a neoteric virus yields a significant advantage as the person infected possess no immunity to the pathogen. The most significant protection against a new viral infection is the ancient innate immune system. When the virus invades our cells, receptors in the cytoplasm recognize the foreign intruder and induce innate immune responses to block replication of the virus. A robust response is critical as it takes three to five days to generate the beginnings of an adaptive immune response. The front line innate immune response is often powerful enough to eliminate the virus before the development of more severe late-phase infection, which relies on acquired immunity for resolution. A recent scientific discovery demonstrates a natural, safe, and accessible self-administered procedure that enhances our innate immunity. Non-myeloid epithelial cells are capable of producing the viricidal substance hypochlorous acid (HOCL). The amount of HOCL generated is dependent on the concentration of intracellular chloride that is available. In vitro, saline exposure of epithelial cells infected with coronavirus significantly reduced viral replication. In vivo, hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargle (HSNIG) in patients who had upper respiratory infections (URI) caused by coronavirus significantly reduced the duration and severity of the URI compared to similarly infected patients treated with the standard of care. HSNIG can suppress viral replication of COVID-19 mitigating the spread during the asymptomatic phase and reducing the risk of an asymptomatic or symptomatic case progressing to a severe infection.
{"title":"Enhancement of Innate Immunity to COVID-19 with Natural Measures","authors":"B. Bale, A. Doneen, Thomas Hight, David J. Vigerust","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.6736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.6736","url":null,"abstract":"The strength of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the fact that it is a novel virus to humans. Being a neoteric virus yields a significant advantage as the person infected possess no immunity to the pathogen. The most significant protection against a new viral infection is the ancient innate immune system. When the virus invades our cells, receptors in the cytoplasm recognize the foreign intruder and induce innate immune responses to block replication of the virus. A robust response is critical as it takes three to five days to generate the beginnings of an adaptive immune response. The front line innate immune response is often powerful enough to eliminate the virus before the development of more severe late-phase infection, which relies on acquired immunity for resolution. A recent scientific discovery demonstrates a natural, safe, and accessible self-administered procedure that enhances our innate immunity. Non-myeloid epithelial cells are capable of producing the viricidal substance hypochlorous acid (HOCL). The amount of HOCL generated is dependent on the concentration of intracellular chloride that is available. In vitro, saline exposure of epithelial cells infected with coronavirus significantly reduced viral replication. In vivo, hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargle (HSNIG) in patients who had upper respiratory infections (URI) caused by coronavirus significantly reduced the duration and severity of the URI compared to similarly infected patients treated with the standard of care. HSNIG can suppress viral replication of COVID-19 mitigating the spread during the asymptomatic phase and reducing the risk of an asymptomatic or symptomatic case progressing to a severe infection.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.173
Y. Muhammed
Most of the clinically available monoclonal antibody (mAbs) drugs are Immunoglobulin G's (IgG's). The variability of the IgG subclasses is in the amino acid content of the hinge region which forms the basis of their stability and suitability for therapeutics development. Monoclonal antibody drug development is a tedious and long-term process requiring putting many factors into consideration. The variability in the stability, flexibility, mediation of antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), mediation of cellular dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and C1q protein binding are major factors that determine the suitability of IgG subclasses for the development of therapeutics. It was reviewed that most of the marketed mAbs therapeutics are IgG1 subclass, this is due to its stability and less aggregate formation, triggering of effector function via the action of Fc domain binding to FcyRI, FcyRII, and FcyRIII, resulting to mediation of ADCC, CDC, and C1q cascade of signaling. However, IgG2 is also utilized for the development of therapeutic when neutralization of soluble antigen with reduce effector function is required, with some drugs in late stage development and also approved for commercial use. Also, IgG4 is utilized for the development of therapeutics drugs when the recruitment of the host effector function is not required. But IgG3 utilization for the development of therapeutics requires engineering of the amino acids content of the hinge region, without any commercially available drug that is IgG3. This review examines the suitable IgG subclasses with the capability of ADCC, CDC, and C1q mediation, and also provides future recommendation on the suitability of less stable IgG subclasses in the therapeutic development.
{"title":"The Best IgG Subclass for the Development of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Drugs and their Commercial Production: A Review","authors":"Y. Muhammed","doi":"10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1745-7580.20.16.173","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the clinically available monoclonal antibody (mAbs) drugs are Immunoglobulin G's (IgG's). The variability of the IgG subclasses is in the amino acid content of the hinge region which forms the basis of their stability and suitability for therapeutics development. Monoclonal antibody drug development is a tedious and long-term process requiring putting many factors into consideration. The variability in the stability, flexibility, mediation of antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), mediation of cellular dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and C1q protein binding are major factors that determine the suitability of IgG subclasses for the development of therapeutics. It was reviewed that most of the marketed mAbs therapeutics are IgG1 subclass, this is due to its stability and less aggregate formation, triggering of effector function via the action of Fc domain binding to FcyRI, FcyRII, and FcyRIII, resulting to mediation of ADCC, CDC, and C1q cascade of signaling. However, IgG2 is also utilized for the development of therapeutic when neutralization of soluble antigen with reduce effector function is required, with some drugs in late stage development and also approved for commercial use. Also, IgG4 is utilized for the development of therapeutics drugs when the recruitment of the host effector function is not required. But IgG3 utilization for the development of therapeutics requires engineering of the amino acids content of the hinge region, without any commercially available drug that is IgG3. This review examines the suitable IgG subclasses with the capability of ADCC, CDC, and C1q mediation, and also provides future recommendation on the suitability of less stable IgG subclasses in the therapeutic development.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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