Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000164
S. O. Albagi, Safaa Hag Ahmed, Thana Eljozoli Mohamme, E. A. Adam, Mohammed A Hassan
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen, causing infections of orofacial mucosal surfaces (HSV-1) and genital mucosal surfaces (HSV-2). Productive infection results in the formation of vesicular lesions in the mucosal epithelia, followed by spread of the virus to sensory neurons and establishment of a latent infection that may remain for the life of the host. Material and method: All sequences of glycoprotein E [Human herpes virus 3] were obtained from NCBI and these sequences were subjected to IEDB predicted tools, including B cell and T cell examination, with B cell having multiple tests such as epitopes prediction, surface accessibility and antigenicity prediction; T cell included MHC I and MHC II predicted tools. Finally we used population coverage to select a highest percent of peptides related with different alleles. Result: We obtained some candidate peptides as vaccine derived peptides from B cell test which had a highest score in Emini surface accessibility (“DEDKLDTNSVYEPYYHSDHAESSWVNRGESSRKAYDHNSPYIWPRNDYDGF”) of 21.807, and “LKFVDTPESL" with score 1.061 for Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity test, in another hand we got a highest affinity of peptides that interacted with major coverage of different alleles in MHC I (“KAYDHNSPY”) and in MHC II (“MWNYHSHVF”). Conclusion: The efficiency and safety degree in predicted candidate epitopes by computational examination methods are required to be estimated through studies of animal model, to check whether they are able to induce a good defending immune response or not with previous mentioned properties, and we considered this study as first promising peptide based vaccine of [Human herpes virus 3] glycoprotein E in comparison to the previous studies.
{"title":"Immunoinformatics Approach-Multiple Peptides Vaccine Design from Glycoprotein E of Herpes Simplex Virus-3","authors":"S. O. Albagi, Safaa Hag Ahmed, Thana Eljozoli Mohamme, E. A. Adam, Mohammed A Hassan","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000164","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen, causing infections of orofacial mucosal surfaces (HSV-1) and genital mucosal surfaces (HSV-2). Productive infection results in the formation of vesicular lesions in the mucosal epithelia, followed by spread of the virus to sensory neurons and establishment of a latent infection that may remain for the life of the host. Material and method: All sequences of glycoprotein E [Human herpes virus 3] were obtained from NCBI and these sequences were subjected to IEDB predicted tools, including B cell and T cell examination, with B cell having multiple tests such as epitopes prediction, surface accessibility and antigenicity prediction; T cell included MHC I and MHC II predicted tools. Finally we used population coverage to select a highest percent of peptides related with different alleles. Result: We obtained some candidate peptides as vaccine derived peptides from B cell test which had a highest score in Emini surface accessibility (“DEDKLDTNSVYEPYYHSDHAESSWVNRGESSRKAYDHNSPYIWPRNDYDGF”) of 21.807, and “LKFVDTPESL\" with score 1.061 for Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity test, in another hand we got a highest affinity of peptides that interacted with major coverage of different alleles in MHC I (“KAYDHNSPY”) and in MHC II (“MWNYHSHVF”). Conclusion: The efficiency and safety degree in predicted candidate epitopes by computational examination methods are required to be estimated through studies of animal model, to check whether they are able to induce a good defending immune response or not with previous mentioned properties, and we considered this study as first promising peptide based vaccine of [Human herpes virus 3] glycoprotein E in comparison to the previous studies.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70941210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000154
Idris St, S. Salih, M. Basheir, A. Elhadi, S. Kamel, Abd-elrahman Ka, A. Hamdi, Mohammed A Hassan
Fowlpox virus (FPV) is double stranded DNA virus and a member of Poxviridae family which transmitted via aerosols and insect bite and causes cutaneous and diphtheritic infection in poultry population. This study aimed to design peptide vaccine by selecting all possible epitopes after analyzing of all FPV140 protein sequence reported in NCBI database using in silico approaches. After alignment of retrieved sequence the conserved region applied into IEDB analysis tool to predict B and T cell epitopes, then testing the affinity of predicted epitopes to bind to (BF2*2101) (BF2*0401) chicken receptor for MHC1 molecule, peptides low energy when docked against receptor were suggested as epitopes based vaccine. Peptides (50 PPSPKP 55, 51 PSPKPL 56, 52 SPKPLP 57, 53 PKPLPK 58, 54 KPLPKS 59, 55 PLPKSK 60, 56 LPKSKQ 61 and 18 RPSSTV 23) were most potential B cell epitopes while (110 YIMDNAEKL 118, 274 FYHRMYYPL 282, 278 MYYPLFSVF 286 231 YVVDNDRYV 239 and 317 LLSGVFLAY 325) docked epitopes suggested to be T cell epitopes because of their good binding affinity especially this overlapped one 110 YIMDNAEKL 118. This study concluded that those predicted epitopes might use to produce good vaccine against FPV after in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate its efficiency.
{"title":"In silico Prediction of Peptide based Vaccine against Fowlpox Virus (FPV)","authors":"Idris St, S. Salih, M. Basheir, A. Elhadi, S. Kamel, Abd-elrahman Ka, A. Hamdi, Mohammed A Hassan","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000154","url":null,"abstract":"Fowlpox virus (FPV) is double stranded DNA virus and a member of Poxviridae family which transmitted via aerosols and insect bite and causes cutaneous and diphtheritic infection in poultry population. This study aimed to design peptide vaccine by selecting all possible epitopes after analyzing of all FPV140 protein sequence reported in NCBI database using in silico approaches. After alignment of retrieved sequence the conserved region applied into IEDB analysis tool to predict B and T cell epitopes, then testing the affinity of predicted epitopes to bind to (BF2*2101) (BF2*0401) chicken receptor for MHC1 molecule, peptides low energy when docked against receptor were suggested as epitopes based vaccine. Peptides (50 PPSPKP 55, 51 PSPKPL 56, 52 SPKPLP 57, 53 PKPLPK 58, 54 KPLPKS 59, 55 PLPKSK 60, 56 LPKSKQ 61 and 18 RPSSTV 23) were most potential B cell epitopes while (110 YIMDNAEKL 118, 274 FYHRMYYPL 282, 278 MYYPLFSVF 286 231 YVVDNDRYV 239 and 317 LLSGVFLAY 325) docked epitopes suggested to be T cell epitopes because of their good binding affinity especially this overlapped one 110 YIMDNAEKL 118. This study concluded that those predicted epitopes might use to produce good vaccine against FPV after in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate its efficiency.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000165
Kana Sakaguchi, Y. Shirai, T. Itoh, M. Mizuno
It has been reported that lentinan, β-1,3; 1,6-glucan derived from Lentinula edodes, suppresses intestinal inflammation and ameliorates symptoms of colitis. However, the mechanism of intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of lentinan and how it is recognized by intestinal epithelial cells remains largely unclear. The receptor for lentinan on intestinal epithelial cells was identified using an in vitro gut inflammation model consisting of Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells. Colitis was induced in 7 to 8 week-old wild-type (WT) or knockout (KO) mice by the free intake of water containing 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. Lentinan was administered daily via intragastric administration. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-GFP complex was constructed to monitor its movement in Caco-2 cells using confocal and total internal fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that lentinan suppressed DSS-induced body weight loss, shortening of colon length, histological score, and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the inflamed tissues of WT mice, whereas these suppressive effects of lentinan were not observed in Dectin-1 KO mice. Furthermore, lentinan reduced TNFR1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells of WT mice but not those from Dectin-1 KO mice. Using TNFR1-GFP constructs, it was confirmed that lentinan reduced TNFR1 expression on Caco-2 cell membranes through Dectin-1 ligation. Our study revealed that lentinan suppressed intestinal inflammation by Dectin-1-mediated regulation of TNFR1 transfer to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells.
{"title":"Lentinan Exerts its Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Suppressing TNFR1 Transfer to the Surface of Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Dectin-1 in an in vitro and mice model","authors":"Kana Sakaguchi, Y. Shirai, T. Itoh, M. Mizuno","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"It has been reported that lentinan, β-1,3; 1,6-glucan derived from Lentinula edodes, suppresses intestinal inflammation and ameliorates symptoms of colitis. However, the mechanism of intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of lentinan and how it is recognized by intestinal epithelial cells remains largely unclear. The receptor for lentinan on intestinal epithelial cells was identified using an in vitro gut inflammation model consisting of Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells. Colitis was induced in 7 to 8 week-old wild-type (WT) or knockout (KO) mice by the free intake of water containing 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. Lentinan was administered daily via intragastric administration. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-GFP complex was constructed to monitor its movement in Caco-2 cells using confocal and total internal fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that lentinan suppressed DSS-induced body weight loss, shortening of colon length, histological score, and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the inflamed tissues of WT mice, whereas these suppressive effects of lentinan were not observed in Dectin-1 KO mice. Furthermore, lentinan reduced TNFR1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells of WT mice but not those from Dectin-1 KO mice. Using TNFR1-GFP constructs, it was confirmed that lentinan reduced TNFR1 expression on Caco-2 cell membranes through Dectin-1 ligation. Our study revealed that lentinan suppressed intestinal inflammation by Dectin-1-mediated regulation of TNFR1 transfer to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000152
Bedasa Woldemichael, D. Bekele, Adem Esmael
Background: Despite of long history of Expand program of immunization service delivery and most countries in the world achieved immunization coverage of around 90% for DPT3 in 2010, still there is child mortality attributed to vaccine preventable disease which accounts 29% of world-wide. This problem is attributed to reduced vaccine potency due to failure in cold chain monitoring system. Cold chain monitoring is still a major challenge in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess cold chain status and knowledge of vaccine providers at primary health care units.Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study design employed among 183 randomly selected primary health care units of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia in November 2015. Data were collected by using observational checklist and interviewer administered questionnaire for vaccine providers. The data were entered into Epi-data 3.1 versions and transferred to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was used.Results: Among 189 health facilities selected, 183 (96.83%) health facilities were visited during the period of data collection of which majority 146 (79.8%) were health posts. Only 56 (30.6%) health facilities had refrigerator. During data collection, out of 35 functional refrigerators, 20 (57.1%) had national cold chain monitoring guideline and only 14 (40%) were properly store vaccines. In 29 (82.86%) refrigerators thermometer showed temperature readings within the standard range (2-8°C). About 124 (67.8%) vaccine providers were responded correctly the recommended range of temperature for storage vaccine.Conclusions: In general the study indicated that there were gap in maintaining cold chain system and improper storage of vaccine were observed at study area, which compromise the potency of the vaccines and quality of the immunization services. Hence, regular supportive supervision, training and distribution of at least one refrigerator per health facility with adequate kerosene provided with the concerned body to maintain the system.
{"title":"Cold Chain Status and Knowledge of Vaccine Providers at Primary Health Care of Units Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Bedasa Woldemichael, D. Bekele, Adem Esmael","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000152","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite of long history of Expand program of immunization service delivery and most countries in the world achieved immunization coverage of around 90% for DPT3 in 2010, still there is child mortality attributed to vaccine preventable disease which accounts 29% of world-wide. This problem is attributed to reduced vaccine potency due to failure in cold chain monitoring system. Cold chain monitoring is still a major challenge in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess cold chain status and knowledge of vaccine providers at primary health care units.Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study design employed among 183 randomly selected primary health care units of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia in November 2015. Data were collected by using observational checklist and interviewer administered questionnaire for vaccine providers. The data were entered into Epi-data 3.1 versions and transferred to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was used.Results: Among 189 health facilities selected, 183 (96.83%) health facilities were visited during the period of data collection of which majority 146 (79.8%) were health posts. Only 56 (30.6%) health facilities had refrigerator. During data collection, out of 35 functional refrigerators, 20 (57.1%) had national cold chain monitoring guideline and only 14 (40%) were properly store vaccines. In 29 (82.86%) refrigerators thermometer showed temperature readings within the standard range (2-8°C). About 124 (67.8%) vaccine providers were responded correctly the recommended range of temperature for storage vaccine.Conclusions: In general the study indicated that there were gap in maintaining cold chain system and improper storage of vaccine were observed at study area, which compromise the potency of the vaccines and quality of the immunization services. Hence, regular supportive supervision, training and distribution of at least one refrigerator per health facility with adequate kerosene provided with the concerned body to maintain the system.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000153
J. Ajduković
Inflammasomes activated by different stimuli in colorectal cancer show dual effect on cancer’s destiny. Activation of caspase-1 results in maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. IL-1β suppresses NK and T cells activity against tumor, induces expression of metastatic genes and stimulates the production of proinflammatory leukines, but it also enhances NK cell–mediated death of colon carcinoma cells. IL-18 promoter polymorphisms in humans increase risk for colorectal cancers. One variant of NLRP3 gene in human is connected with increased susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Expression levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 were significantly reduced in human CRC compared with healthy controls. Nlrp3 −/−mice exhibited increased colorectal cancer and metastasis in liver. NLRP3 have an important role in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of colorectal cancer cells, which is necessary for migration and invasion. Absence of NLRP3 in colorectal carcinoma cells diminishes tumor cells migration and invasion.
{"title":"Colorectal Cancer and NLRP-Current Knowledge","authors":"J. Ajduković","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000153","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammasomes activated by different stimuli in colorectal cancer show dual effect on cancer’s destiny. Activation of caspase-1 results in maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. IL-1β suppresses NK and T cells activity against tumor, induces expression of metastatic genes and stimulates the production of proinflammatory leukines, but it also enhances NK cell–mediated death of colon carcinoma cells. IL-18 promoter polymorphisms in humans increase risk for colorectal cancers. One variant of NLRP3 gene in human is connected with increased susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Expression levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 were significantly reduced in human CRC compared with healthy controls. Nlrp3 −/−mice exhibited increased colorectal cancer and metastasis in liver. NLRP3 have an important role in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of colorectal cancer cells, which is necessary for migration and invasion. Absence of NLRP3 in colorectal carcinoma cells diminishes tumor cells migration and invasion.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000147
K. Tsung, J. Norton
Surgery is the oldest and still is the most effective way to eradicate solid tumors. Yet the actual mechanisms behind successful or failed surgery in cancer management remain obscure. Two seemingly identical cases subjected to similar surgery procedure may turn out with totally opposite outcomes with one cured and the other ended with explosive recurrence and rapid death. Such are scenarios in the past that prevented surgeons from even attempting to treat tumors of late stage cancers. Are there any hidden explanations or it is just the unpredictable nature of cancer? This article attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis on this issue from immunological point of view. The explanations and the hypothesis behind remain to be tested, but first we need to recognize the need to do so.
{"title":"The Effect of Immunology on Surgical Outcome: an Observational Hypothesis","authors":"K. Tsung, J. Norton","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000147","url":null,"abstract":"Surgery is the oldest and still is the most effective way to eradicate solid tumors. Yet the actual mechanisms behind successful or failed surgery in cancer management remain obscure. Two seemingly identical cases subjected to similar surgery procedure may turn out with totally opposite outcomes with one cured and the other ended with explosive recurrence and rapid death. Such are scenarios in the past that prevented surgeons from even attempting to treat tumors of late stage cancers. Are there any hidden explanations or it is just the unpredictable nature of cancer? This article attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis on this issue from immunological point of view. The explanations and the hypothesis behind remain to be tested, but first we need to recognize the need to do so.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000156
Israel Bekele, Ibrahim Yimam, Gashaw Akele
Background: Adherence to infection prevention and control guidelines is critical to improving the quality of hospital care based on their efficacy in reducing the occurrence of infections that compromise patients’ outcome. Nurses are front line of protecting themselves and clients from infectious disease. Nurses perform clinical procedures or other activities that can generate waste and expose themselves and clients to potentially infectious disease. This put nurses to be at higher risk for acquiring blood borne pathogens at health care facilities.Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and practice on adherence of infection prevention and its associated factors among nurses in Jimma University medical center.Method: Cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 1 to 10, 2016 and systematic sampling technique was used to select a total of 231 study subjects and data were collected using self-administered questionnaire and entered to Epi data manager and client analyzed using SPSS version 20 software and the analyzed data was presented using graphs, charts and tables were used to summarize and present major findings.Result: The overall knowledge of nurses is 83.08%. Majority of the respondents 215 (83.08%) was knowledgeable regarding infection prevention and 16 (16.02%) was less knowledgeable. The overall practice of respondents were 61.08% and 148 (64.06%) of nurses has good practice but 83 (35.09%) has less practice.Conclusion and recommendation: Majority of the respondents were knowledgeable regarding infection prevention principles. Although there were some gaps regarding infection prevention practice like washing hands in between patients, wearing of gloves when giving patient care, wearing of masks and goggles, recapping of used needles. The nurses were not strictly adhered to infection prevention practices due to insufficient supply of resources, working experience, negligence and shortage of time.
{"title":"Adherence to Infection Prevention and Factors among Nurses in Jimma University Medical Center","authors":"Israel Bekele, Ibrahim Yimam, Gashaw Akele","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000156","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adherence to infection prevention and control guidelines is critical to improving the quality of hospital care based on their efficacy in reducing the occurrence of infections that compromise patients’ outcome. Nurses are front line of protecting themselves and clients from infectious disease. Nurses perform clinical procedures or other activities that can generate waste and expose themselves and clients to potentially infectious disease. This put nurses to be at higher risk for acquiring blood borne pathogens at health care facilities.Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and practice on adherence of infection prevention and its associated factors among nurses in Jimma University medical center.Method: Cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 1 to 10, 2016 and systematic sampling technique was used to select a total of 231 study subjects and data were collected using self-administered questionnaire and entered to Epi data manager and client analyzed using SPSS version 20 software and the analyzed data was presented using graphs, charts and tables were used to summarize and present major findings.Result: The overall knowledge of nurses is 83.08%. Majority of the respondents 215 (83.08%) was knowledgeable regarding infection prevention and 16 (16.02%) was less knowledgeable. The overall practice of respondents were 61.08% and 148 (64.06%) of nurses has good practice but 83 (35.09%) has less practice.Conclusion and recommendation: Majority of the respondents were knowledgeable regarding infection prevention principles. Although there were some gaps regarding infection prevention practice like washing hands in between patients, wearing of gloves when giving patient care, wearing of masks and goggles, recapping of used needles. The nurses were not strictly adhered to infection prevention practices due to insufficient supply of resources, working experience, negligence and shortage of time.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/1745-7580.1000156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000151
A. Osman, M. Amin, H. Salah, O. Abdelaziz, M. Ibrahim
Background: Asthma is a complex disorder with heterogeneous phenotypes attributed to the interactions of many genes and the environment. Numerous genetic studies have mapped asthma susceptibility genes to a region on chromosome 5q31-q33. This study aimed to determine the association of 10 candidate polymorphisms in IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 and IL-4R genes in 5q31-q33 region with susceptibility to asthma in Sudanese families.Method: Fifty two multi cases families consisting of 141 known cases of asthma and 129 healthy individuals from Khartoum state were genotyped for seven SNPs on 5q31-33 region located in four candidate genes; IL4, IL5 IL13, IL9 and three SNPs in IL4Rα on chromosome 16p using multiplex PCR with Mass ARRAY system. Multiple logistic regression was used to test for association of asthma. P-value needed to achieve statistical significance taking multiple testing into account is P=0.005 (=0.05/10 (number of SNPs genotyped)). However, since SNPs within genes showed some degree of linkage disequilibrium and SNPs were selected as major SNPs for association with Asthma in other populations. Therefore, P £ 0.01 (=0.05/5 genes) can used as the P-value required to achieve correction for multiple testing.Result: Genotype and allelic frequencies of all SNPs were similar in both asthmatics and healthy subjects. Stepwise logistic regression demonstrated that SNP IL-13 rs2069743 was markedly associated with Asthma (P=0.008) and same SNP added significant main effects to IL-4 rs2070874 or IL-9 rs31563, whereas the reverse was not true, indicating that the main effect for association with asthma in this population is most strongly tagged by SNP IL-13 rs2069743.Conclusion: There is strong genetic association of SNPs in 5q31-q33 and 16p11 region and asthma.
{"title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Asthma and Genetic Interactions in the 5q31-q33 and 16p11 Regions in Sudanese Families","authors":"A. Osman, M. Amin, H. Salah, O. Abdelaziz, M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000151","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asthma is a complex disorder with heterogeneous phenotypes attributed to the interactions of many genes and the environment. Numerous genetic studies have mapped asthma susceptibility genes to a region on chromosome 5q31-q33. This study aimed to determine the association of 10 candidate polymorphisms in IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 and IL-4R genes in 5q31-q33 region with susceptibility to asthma in Sudanese families.Method: Fifty two multi cases families consisting of 141 known cases of asthma and 129 healthy individuals from Khartoum state were genotyped for seven SNPs on 5q31-33 region located in four candidate genes; IL4, IL5 IL13, IL9 and three SNPs in IL4Rα on chromosome 16p using multiplex PCR with Mass ARRAY system. Multiple logistic regression was used to test for association of asthma. P-value needed to achieve statistical significance taking multiple testing into account is P=0.005 (=0.05/10 (number of SNPs genotyped)). However, since SNPs within genes showed some degree of linkage disequilibrium and SNPs were selected as major SNPs for association with Asthma in other populations. Therefore, P £ 0.01 (=0.05/5 genes) can used as the P-value required to achieve correction for multiple testing.Result: Genotype and allelic frequencies of all SNPs were similar in both asthmatics and healthy subjects. Stepwise logistic regression demonstrated that SNP IL-13 rs2069743 was markedly associated with Asthma (P=0.008) and same SNP added significant main effects to IL-4 rs2070874 or IL-9 rs31563, whereas the reverse was not true, indicating that the main effect for association with asthma in this population is most strongly tagged by SNP IL-13 rs2069743.Conclusion: There is strong genetic association of SNPs in 5q31-q33 and 16p11 region and asthma.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000161
T. Lejeune, P. Roncontrati, P. Lefebvre, P. Delvenne, A. El-Shazly
Background: CX3CR1 is involved in promotion of inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells to the inflamed tissue. However, no reports studied their expression by neutrophils infiltrating the nasal tissue in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with or without associated airways allergy. Objectives: Our objectives were to evaluate the expression of CX3CR1 by neutrophil infiltrating the inflamed nasal tissue in patients suffering from CRS, and to study the receptor gene induction in activated human neutrophils. Methods: Immunohistochemistry were conducted to evaluate CX3CR1 expression by neutrophil cells infiltrating the middle turbinate from patients operated for endoscopic sinus surgery. The gene expression and the receptor surface expression in resting versus activated neurophils by IL-8 were studied by Q-PCR and flow cytometry (FACS). Results: It is shown that CX3CR1 was significantly expressed by nasal infiltrating leukocytes when compared to control group. This expression was higher in patients with CRS and airway allergy than those with CRS and no airway allergy. Neutrophils contributed largely to the sub-epithelial layer inflammatory cells expressing CX3CR1. Both the gene and the surface expression of CX3CR1 were significantly induced in activated neutrophils by IL-8. Conclusion: CX3CR1 expression by neutrophils is expressed in CRS and the receptor’s gene expression is induced in activated neutrophils by IL-8. These results further highlights and identifies an importance role for CX3CR1 in nasal inflammation.
{"title":"CX3CR1 Contributes to Nasal Neutrophilia in Airways Allergy: Novel Rolefor IL-8 in Inducing CX3CR1Expression by Neutrophils","authors":"T. Lejeune, P. Roncontrati, P. Lefebvre, P. Delvenne, A. El-Shazly","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"Background: CX3CR1 is involved in promotion of inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells to the inflamed tissue. However, no reports studied their expression by neutrophils infiltrating the nasal tissue in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with or without associated airways allergy. Objectives: Our objectives were to evaluate the expression of CX3CR1 by neutrophil infiltrating the inflamed nasal tissue in patients suffering from CRS, and to study the receptor gene induction in activated human neutrophils. Methods: Immunohistochemistry were conducted to evaluate CX3CR1 expression by neutrophil cells infiltrating the middle turbinate from patients operated for endoscopic sinus surgery. The gene expression and the receptor surface expression in resting versus activated neurophils by IL-8 were studied by Q-PCR and flow cytometry (FACS). Results: It is shown that CX3CR1 was significantly expressed by nasal infiltrating leukocytes when compared to control group. This expression was higher in patients with CRS and airway allergy than those with CRS and no airway allergy. Neutrophils contributed largely to the sub-epithelial layer inflammatory cells expressing CX3CR1. Both the gene and the surface expression of CX3CR1 were significantly induced in activated neutrophils by IL-8. Conclusion: CX3CR1 expression by neutrophils is expressed in CRS and the receptor’s gene expression is induced in activated neutrophils by IL-8. These results further highlights and identifies an importance role for CX3CR1 in nasal inflammation.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000148
A. Natsume, C. Pendleton
The field of adoptive cellular therapy, using autologous T-cells modified ex vivo to specifically target tumor cells prior to being reintroduced to the patient, has become a new focus of research endeavors searching for a novel and efficacious treatment for oncologic disease, including glioblastoma. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T-cells consist of a single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody coupled with extant T-cell intracellular signaling cascade systems using a viral vector ex vivo. This provides the advantage of targeting tumor specific surface markers, while minimizing off-target effects and potential toxicity. Additionally, the CAR T-cells bypass the need for MHC-restricted presentation, a system which is frequently down-regulated in tumor cells. Among the surface antigens described as targets for CAR T-cell therapy for GBMs, Epidermal growth factor variant III (EGFRvIII), HER2 (HER2/neu, ERBB2), interleukin-13 receptor α2 subunit (IL-13Rα2), and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A2 (EphA2) are the leading options for tumor specific surface antigens to target with CAR-T cells. This article reviews history and advantages of CAR-T cell therapies, and discuss future directions.
{"title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapeutic Strategies: The Future of Glioblastoma Management","authors":"A. Natsume, C. Pendleton","doi":"10.4172/1745-7580.1000148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.1000148","url":null,"abstract":"The field of adoptive cellular therapy, using autologous T-cells modified ex vivo to specifically target tumor cells prior to being reintroduced to the patient, has become a new focus of research endeavors searching for a novel and efficacious treatment for oncologic disease, including glioblastoma. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T-cells consist of a single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody coupled with extant T-cell intracellular signaling cascade systems using a viral vector ex vivo. This provides the advantage of targeting tumor specific surface markers, while minimizing off-target effects and potential toxicity. Additionally, the CAR T-cells bypass the need for MHC-restricted presentation, a system which is frequently down-regulated in tumor cells. Among the surface antigens described as targets for CAR T-cell therapy for GBMs, Epidermal growth factor variant III (EGFRvIII), HER2 (HER2/neu, ERBB2), interleukin-13 receptor α2 subunit (IL-13Rα2), and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A2 (EphA2) are the leading options for tumor specific surface antigens to target with CAR-T cells. This article reviews history and advantages of CAR-T cell therapies, and discuss future directions.","PeriodicalId":73347,"journal":{"name":"Immunome research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70940125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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