S. Maduagwu, G. Sokunbi, Jaiyeola Oa, I. Shuaibu, Bc Maduagwu, A. Ojiakor
Despite the recognition and knowledge of the beneficial effects of exercise on persons living with HIV and AIDS in the developed world, there is global paucity of published studies on knowledge of effect of exercise on HIV infected persons. This study was therefore designed to determine whether physiotherapy students in Nigeria have the basic knowledge on the effect of exercise on HIV infected persons. Simple random sampling was employed to select four out of seven universities in Nigeria that already have existing and established Physiotherapy Departments. The instrument for this study was a validated and reliable 20 item questionnaire on knowledge of effects of exercise on HIV infected persons used in a previous study to investigate knowledge of effect of exercise on HIV infected persons among health care professionals in North eastern Nigeria. This questionnaire was administered to 346 respondents with a response rate of 74%. The mean and age range of the participants were 24.27 ± 2.68 and 20 to 39 years, respectively with majority (97.7%) between the ages of 20 and 31 years. More than one-quarter (29%) of the respondents lacked good knowledge on effect of exercise on HIV infected persons. Overwhelming (80%) Physiotherapy students in Nigeria lacked very good knowledge on effect of exercise on HIV infected persons.
{"title":"Knowledge of effect of exercise on HIV infected persons among physiotherapy students in Nigeria","authors":"S. Maduagwu, G. Sokunbi, Jaiyeola Oa, I. Shuaibu, Bc Maduagwu, A. Ojiakor","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0347","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the recognition and knowledge of the beneficial effects of exercise on persons living with HIV and AIDS in the developed world, there is global paucity of published studies on knowledge of effect of exercise on HIV infected persons. This study was therefore designed to determine whether physiotherapy students in Nigeria have the basic knowledge on the effect of exercise on HIV infected persons. Simple random sampling was employed to select four out of seven universities in Nigeria that already have existing and established Physiotherapy Departments. The instrument for this study was a validated and reliable 20 item questionnaire on knowledge of effects of exercise on HIV infected persons used in a previous study to investigate knowledge of effect of exercise on HIV infected persons among health care professionals in North eastern Nigeria. This questionnaire was administered to 346 respondents with a response rate of 74%. The mean and age range of the participants were 24.27 ± 2.68 and 20 to 39 years, respectively with majority (97.7%) between the ages of 20 and 31 years. More than one-quarter (29%) of the respondents lacked good knowledge on effect of exercise on HIV infected persons. Overwhelming (80%) Physiotherapy students in Nigeria lacked very good knowledge on effect of exercise on HIV infected persons.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"91-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Ethiopia, it was shown that funding levels are far from compatible to the needs for care and support services for people living with human immuno-deficiency virus (PLHIV) and orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC). The aim in this study is to map the relationship between client needs, actors, care and support services provided for PLHIV and OVC in Ethiopia. A case study of the Ethiopian community care program was carried out using multiple methods of data collection as part of a multi-country research of four countries. Three program cases providing care and support services throughout the country were studied. A total of 35 in-depth interviews, 9 focus group discussions, 60 guided interviews, and 3 community mapping exercises were carried out. Analysis was conducted using the thematic framework approach with coding and mapping of the transcripts in the ATLAS.ti version 5.0. The expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the number of bed-ridden PLHIV in need of home based nursing care. Currently, inadequate access to food and lack of income to cover health care and other expenses are the major concerns of PLHIV in Ethiopia. Community Home Based Care (CHBC) in Ethiopia can be categorised into two types; clinical and non-clinical. Non-clinical care (psychosocial, economic, home nursing care, material, food, and other social supports) is mainly provided by non-governmental care-giving organizations. Clinical care was provided mainly by government health facilities which comprised services such as early detection and treatment for opportunistic infections (OIs), ART services and PMTCT. A clear shift of the need of PLHIV from basic nursing care at home to social and material support needs was observed. A coordinated effort from the key players including governmental entities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and faith-based organizations (FBOs), the community, associations of PLHIV and volunteers is required to meet the current needs of PLHIV and OVC in the country. Key words: Caregiver, community home based care, patient needs, service provision, care and support, people living with human immuno-deficiency virus (PLHIV), Ethiopia, qualitative methods, mapping.
{"title":"Community home based care for people living with HIV: an overview of client needs, actors and services provided in Ethiopia","authors":"M. Woldie, M. Sudhakar, Garumma Tolu Feyissa","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0341","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia, it was shown that funding levels are far from compatible to the needs for care and support services for people living with human immuno-deficiency virus (PLHIV) and orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC). The aim in this study is to map the relationship between client needs, actors, care and support services provided for PLHIV and OVC in Ethiopia. A case study of the Ethiopian community care program was carried out using multiple methods of data collection as part of a multi-country research of four countries. Three program cases providing care and support services throughout the country were studied. A total of 35 in-depth interviews, 9 focus group discussions, 60 guided interviews, and 3 community mapping exercises were carried out. Analysis was conducted using the thematic framework approach with coding and mapping of the transcripts in the ATLAS.ti version 5.0. The expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the number of bed-ridden PLHIV in need of home based nursing care. Currently, inadequate access to food and lack of income to cover health care and other expenses are the major concerns of PLHIV in Ethiopia. Community Home Based Care (CHBC) in Ethiopia can be categorised into two types; clinical and non-clinical. Non-clinical care (psychosocial, economic, home nursing care, material, food, and other social supports) is mainly provided by non-governmental care-giving organizations. Clinical care was provided mainly by government health facilities which comprised services such as early detection and treatment for opportunistic infections (OIs), ART services and PMTCT. A clear shift of the need of PLHIV from basic nursing care at home to social and material support needs was observed. A coordinated effort from the key players including governmental entities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and faith-based organizations (FBOs), the community, associations of PLHIV and volunteers is required to meet the current needs of PLHIV and OVC in the country. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Caregiver, community home based care, patient needs, service provision, care and support, people living with human immuno-deficiency virus (PLHIV), Ethiopia, qualitative methods, mapping.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"97-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ogbonnaya Anwara, Manafa Patrick, C. Edeogu, Okeke Kelechi, A. Moses, G. Oka
Diabetes mellitus (DM), mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are important health issues. A bi-directional association between them has been demonstrated by many researchers. The link of DM and TB/HIV is more prominent in developing countries where TB and HIV are endemic and the burden of diabetes mellitus is increasing. A total of 845 subjects were recruited for this study. Fasting blood sugar was determined by the glucose oxidase method while HIV serology was performed using the National Algorithm. The method adopted for mycobacterium tuberculosis identification was the geneXpart as described by Tenover. The prevalence of DM in HIV seropositive subject co-infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis was 107 (12.6%). Out of the 350 patient that tested positive for HIV, 38 (4.5%) had DM, 11 (1.3%) were of Type-1 origin while 27 (3.2%) were of Type-2 origin. On the other hand, 450 patients were TB positive, 45 (5.3%) had DM, 9 (1.0%) were of Type-1 origin while 36 (4.3%) were of Type-2 origin while that of HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with TB: 24 (2.8%) had DM, 5 (0.5%) were Type-1 origin while 19 (2.2%) were of Type-2 origin. There are highly more female 57 (6.7%) with DM than male 50 (5.9%). Our finding has shown no significant increase in the mean blood glucose concentration of HIV seropositive subjects compared with individuals infected with TB (P 0.05). The same pattern was observed in HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with TB compared with individual infected with HIV (P > 0.05). It is recommended that all patients with HIV and mycobacterium tuberculosis infections should be screened for diabetes mellitus as this would help in effective management of the disease conditions. Keywords: Diabetics mellitus, TB, HIV, mycobacterium tuberculosis, seropositive.
{"title":"The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive subjects co-infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis","authors":"Ogbonnaya Anwara, Manafa Patrick, C. Edeogu, Okeke Kelechi, A. Moses, G. Oka","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0310","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM), mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are important health issues. A bi-directional association between them has been demonstrated by many researchers. The link of DM and TB/HIV is more prominent in developing countries where TB and HIV are endemic and the burden of diabetes mellitus is increasing. A total of 845 subjects were recruited for this study. Fasting blood sugar was determined by the glucose oxidase method while HIV serology was performed using the National Algorithm. The method adopted for mycobacterium tuberculosis identification was the geneXpart as described by Tenover. The prevalence of DM in HIV seropositive subject co-infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis was 107 (12.6%). Out of the 350 patient that tested positive for HIV, 38 (4.5%) had DM, 11 (1.3%) were of Type-1 origin while 27 (3.2%) were of Type-2 origin. On the other hand, 450 patients were TB positive, 45 (5.3%) had DM, 9 (1.0%) were of Type-1 origin while 36 (4.3%) were of Type-2 origin while that of HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with TB: 24 (2.8%) had DM, 5 (0.5%) were Type-1 origin while 19 (2.2%) were of Type-2 origin. There are highly more female 57 (6.7%) with DM than male 50 (5.9%). Our finding has shown no significant increase in the mean blood glucose concentration of HIV seropositive subjects compared with individuals infected with TB (P 0.05). The same pattern was observed in HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with TB compared with individual infected with HIV (P > 0.05). It is recommended that all patients with HIV and mycobacterium tuberculosis infections should be screened for diabetes mellitus as this would help in effective management of the disease conditions. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: Diabetics mellitus, TB, HIV, mycobacterium tuberculosis, seropositive.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"109-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interaction between human papilloma virus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), both sexually transmitted infections appears to be related to the alteration in cell-mediated immunity in HIV infected persons. Linkage studies of HIV/AIDs and cancer registries have indicated a 2 to 22 fold increase in cervical cancer in HIV positive women compared to HIV negative women. Data on the prevalence of HPV types in invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) suggest that the proportion of infection with types HPV16/18 (responsible for over 70% of all cervical cancers) is similar in HIV negative and HIV positive women. The biological interaction between HIV and HPV needs further elucidation, although there is some evidence that the presence of HPV infection may be associated with increased HIV transmission. Adolescents perinatally infected by HIV are known to have higher rates of HPV infection and also have been shown to seroconvert in response to HPV vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine, albeit to lower titers than HIV negative individuals. Anal cancer incidence is greatly increased in HIV positive individuals, particularly in HIV positive men who have sex with men. Screening for anal cancer precursors is feasible and effective; however, the impact on reduction of anal cancer remains to be demonstrated. There are ongoing studies on the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of current HPV vaccines in HIV positive individuals and mature data are awaited. Key words: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papilloma virus (HPV), cervicovaginal cancer.
{"title":"Human papillomavirus infections in HIV: A review","authors":"Rajesh Gupta, Preety Gupta, Shivani Gupta","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0337","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between human papilloma virus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), both sexually transmitted infections appears to be related to the alteration in cell-mediated immunity in HIV infected persons. Linkage studies of HIV/AIDs and cancer registries have indicated a 2 to 22 fold increase in cervical cancer in HIV positive women compared to HIV negative women. Data on the prevalence of HPV types in invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) suggest that the proportion of infection with types HPV16/18 (responsible for over 70% of all cervical cancers) is similar in HIV negative and HIV positive women. The biological interaction between HIV and HPV needs further elucidation, although there is some evidence that the presence of HPV infection may be associated with increased HIV transmission. Adolescents perinatally infected by HIV are known to have higher rates of HPV infection and also have been shown to seroconvert in response to HPV vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine, albeit to lower titers than HIV negative individuals. Anal cancer incidence is greatly increased in HIV positive individuals, particularly in HIV positive men who have sex with men. Screening for anal cancer precursors is feasible and effective; however, the impact on reduction of anal cancer remains to be demonstrated. There are ongoing studies on the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of current HPV vaccines in HIV positive individuals and mature data are awaited. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papilloma virus (HPV), cervicovaginal cancer.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"87-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To assess the levels of sympathy expressed toward various persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) associated with different target groups and to identify the factors associated with sympathy expressed toward various types of PLWHA. Data were collected from 832 HIV-negative female residents of public housing in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Less sympathy was expressed toward drug-using PLWHA when compared to normative contracted cases of HIV/AIDS. They also expressed less sympathy for drug-using PLWHA when compared to non-normative cases of HIV/AIDS. There was no difference in the level of sympathy expressed toward normative compared to non-normative cases of HIV/AIDS. Those respondents who reported knowing a friend or family member living with HIV/AIDS, those who reported being very spiritual, and those with post-high-school education, were more likely to express sympathy toward PLWHA. Findings of these analyses were not consistent with previous research with respect to varying level of negative attitudes toward PLWHA. The findings are important because they shed light on the varying negative attitudes towards PLWHA. As such, messages and interventions must be cognizant of the cultural contexts in which PLWHA live when developing anti-HIV stigma programs and not just the at-risk groups with which the PLWHA are associated. Key words: HIV/AIDS, persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), layered stigma, Puerto Rico.
{"title":"The association of layered stigma and sympathy toward persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Puerto Rico","authors":"L. Norman","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0344","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the levels of sympathy expressed toward various persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) associated with different target groups and to identify the factors associated with sympathy expressed toward various types of PLWHA. Data were collected from 832 HIV-negative female residents of public housing in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Less sympathy was expressed toward drug-using PLWHA when compared to normative contracted cases of HIV/AIDS. They also expressed less sympathy for drug-using PLWHA when compared to non-normative cases of HIV/AIDS. There was no difference in the level of sympathy expressed toward normative compared to non-normative cases of HIV/AIDS. Those respondents who reported knowing a friend or family member living with HIV/AIDS, those who reported being very spiritual, and those with post-high-school education, were more likely to express sympathy toward PLWHA. Findings of these analyses were not consistent with previous research with respect to varying level of negative attitudes toward PLWHA. The findings are important because they shed light on the varying negative attitudes towards PLWHA. As such, messages and interventions must be cognizant of the cultural contexts in which PLWHA live when developing anti-HIV stigma programs and not just the at-risk groups with which the PLWHA are associated. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: HIV/AIDS, persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), layered stigma, Puerto Rico.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"74-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To determine the gingival health of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children and how it correlates to CD4 percentages in vertically infected children with HIV undergoing combination antiretroviral therapy. Two hundred and fifteen HIV positive children on antiretroviral therapy, of both sexes from seven to fifteen years old were evaluated for their gingival status using the Gingival Index. Children were divided into three groups; mild, advanced and severe depending on their absolute CD4 count and CD4 percentage. Statistically significant association was observed between CD4% category (mild, advanced and severe) and gingivitis (P < 0.001). More number of children in mild CD4% category were found to have mild gingivitis. Based on the results of our study the prevalence and distribution of gingivitis was high, this data will helps us in formulating a preventive as well as therapeutic programme for these children who have untreated oral lesions. Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gingivitis, antiretroviral therapy, oral lesions.
{"title":"Gingival status: An indicator of disease progression and its correlation with the immunologic profile in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy","authors":"J. Beena","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0333","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the gingival health of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children and how it correlates to CD4 percentages in vertically infected children with HIV undergoing combination antiretroviral therapy. Two hundred and fifteen HIV positive children on antiretroviral therapy, of both sexes from seven to fifteen years old were evaluated for their gingival status using the Gingival Index. Children were divided into three groups; mild, advanced and severe depending on their absolute CD4 count and CD4 percentage. Statistically significant association was observed between CD4% category (mild, advanced and severe) and gingivitis (P < 0.001). More number of children in mild CD4% category were found to have mild gingivitis. Based on the results of our study the prevalence and distribution of gingivitis was high, this data will helps us in formulating a preventive as well as therapeutic programme for these children who have untreated oral lesions. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gingivitis, antiretroviral therapy, oral lesions.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"68-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zimbabwe introduced the early infant diagnosis (EID) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposed infants in 2007. Data captured through this initiative has never been analysed in detail. A detailed EID data analysis was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in reducing HIV transmission. A retrospective record review of the national EID dataset for the period of January, 2007 to August, 2011 was conducted. Secondary data analysis was done to calculate EID population coverage and HIV positivity amongst samples tested, to compare effectiveness of PMTCT regimens among tested children, and to determine the correlation between mode of delivery and infant outcomes. EID population coverage increased from 1% in January, 2007 to 38% by August, 2011, far below universal access target of 80%. Of the samples tested, HIV positivity showed an apparent decline from 38% in 2007 to 11% in 2011. HIV positivity in infants born vaginally was comparable to those delivered by caesarean section for the years 2010 (p-trend 0.427) and 2011 (p-trend 0.99). Both maternal and infant antiretroviral (ARV) prophylactic regimens were found to reduce HIV positivity significantly (p-trend < 0.001). The national EID database is an important and readily available tool for monitoring and evaluating the PMTCT program and paediatric HIV trends. The Ministry of Health through its PMTCT programme should regularly use this data to inform prioritization of PMTCT interventions. Increased access to both maternal and infant ARV prophylactic drug regimens is critical, if the target of eliminating paediatric HIV by 2015 is to be met in Zimbabwe. Key words: Early infant diagnosis, PMTCT, ARV prophylaxis, Zimbabwe.
{"title":"Analysis of the national early infant diagnosis dataset, Zimbabwe: 2007 to 2010","authors":"Madziro Nyagura Tendai, Mugurungi Owen, Chirenda Joconiah, Mungati More, Bangure Donewell, G. Notion, Tshimanga Mufuta","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2014.0342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2014.0342","url":null,"abstract":"Zimbabwe introduced the early infant diagnosis (EID) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposed infants in 2007. Data captured through this initiative has never been analysed in detail. A detailed EID data analysis was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in reducing HIV transmission. A retrospective record review of the national EID dataset for the period of January, 2007 to August, 2011 was conducted. Secondary data analysis was done to calculate EID population coverage and HIV positivity amongst samples tested, to compare effectiveness of PMTCT regimens among tested children, and to determine the correlation between mode of delivery and infant outcomes. EID population coverage increased from 1% in January, 2007 to 38% by August, 2011, far below universal access target of 80%. Of the samples tested, HIV positivity showed an apparent decline from 38% in 2007 to 11% in 2011. HIV positivity in infants born vaginally was comparable to those delivered by caesarean section for the years 2010 (p-trend 0.427) and 2011 (p-trend 0.99). Both maternal and infant antiretroviral (ARV) prophylactic regimens were found to reduce HIV positivity significantly (p-trend < 0.001). The national EID database is an important and readily available tool for monitoring and evaluating the PMTCT program and paediatric HIV trends. The Ministry of Health through its PMTCT programme should regularly use this data to inform prioritization of PMTCT interventions. Increased access to both maternal and infant ARV prophylactic drug regimens is critical, if the target of eliminating paediatric HIV by 2015 is to be met in Zimbabwe. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Early infant diagnosis, PMTCT, ARV prophylaxis, Zimbabwe.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"61-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2014.0342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HIV treatment has been greatly impacted by transmitted resistance to antiretrovirals (ARV). Several studies have documented resistance in naive individuals and estimates of transmitted drug resistance mutations range from <5% to as high as 25%. Washington, D.C. has one of the highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rates in the United States (3.2% in 2009), but local data regarding the frequency of major mutations and antiretroviral (ARV) resistance has been limited. Medical records of HIV positive, ARV-naive adults at two facilities in Washington, D.C., The George Washington University Medical Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, were retrospectively analyzed in subjects who had genotypic resistance testing from 2007 to 2010. Of 407 ARV-naive patients, at least one transmitted drug resistance mutation was detected in 17% of our patients, with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) mutations observed in 15%. Among patients with at least one reverse transcriptase (RT) or major protease region (Pr) resistance mutation, 85% had resistance against a single ARV class. Dual and triple class resistance mutations were seen in 8 patients (2%) and 3 patients (0.7%), respectively. Most of the multiple class resistance was seen in 2010. A gradual increase in NNRTI resistance was noted during 2008 to 2010. Our prevalence of transmitted RT, major Pr mutations (17.4%) and ARV resistance (8.6%) were high but similar to rates reported by others within the United States. Given the high HIV prevalence in the District of Columbia, this has important implications for treatment of these ARV-naive patients. Key words: HIV, Washington D.C., naive to antiretrovirals, transmitted drug resistance, transmitted drug resistance mutations, antiretroviral mutations.
{"title":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Washington, D.C.: Prevalence of antiretroviral resistance in treatment nave patients from 2007 to 2010","authors":"M. Swierzbinski, V. Kan, D. Parenti","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0327","url":null,"abstract":"HIV treatment has been greatly impacted by transmitted resistance to antiretrovirals (ARV). Several studies have documented resistance in naive individuals and estimates of transmitted drug resistance mutations range from <5% to as high as 25%. Washington, D.C. has one of the highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rates in the United States (3.2% in 2009), but local data regarding the frequency of major mutations and antiretroviral (ARV) resistance has been limited. Medical records of HIV positive, ARV-naive adults at two facilities in Washington, D.C., The George Washington University Medical Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, were retrospectively analyzed in subjects who had genotypic resistance testing from 2007 to 2010. Of 407 ARV-naive patients, at least one transmitted drug resistance mutation was detected in 17% of our patients, with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) mutations observed in 15%. Among patients with at least one reverse transcriptase (RT) or major protease region (Pr) resistance mutation, 85% had resistance against a single ARV class. Dual and triple class resistance mutations were seen in 8 patients (2%) and 3 patients (0.7%), respectively. Most of the multiple class resistance was seen in 2010. A gradual increase in NNRTI resistance was noted during 2008 to 2010. Our prevalence of transmitted RT, major Pr mutations (17.4%) and ARV resistance (8.6%) were high but similar to rates reported by others within the United States. Given the high HIV prevalence in the District of Columbia, this has important implications for treatment of these ARV-naive patients. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: HIV, Washington D.C., naive to antiretrovirals, transmitted drug resistance, transmitted drug resistance mutations, antiretroviral mutations.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"49-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluates the effectiveness of a peer support intervention on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related information and self-management in HIV positive adolescents. Adolescents in this study referred to children in the age group 11 to 16 years. An intervention study, with outcomes assessed the intervention and immediately post-intervention. Participants aged 11 to 16 years (N = 114) were recruited from three antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinics in Lusaka, and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Information on HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was given using an information leaflet entitled 'Let’s Talk about HIV and Living positively; How can young people with HIV live normally?’ After the intervention, the findings showed that 96% of the participants were knowledgeable that unprotected sex was the most common route of transmission of HIV. The belief that people with HIV should stop ART when they feel better; and that ART can have unwanted side effects decreased amongst the participants. Overall after the intervention, knowledge and belief about HIV and ART; and self-management improved. Peer support intervention using information leaflets seems to be useful strategy in improving knowledge and self management in HIV positive young people. Keywords: HIV, young people, self-management, information.
{"title":"Impact of information leaflet on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related information and self management in HIV positive adolescents","authors":"J. Menon, Kusanthan Thankian, Sidney O. C. Mwaba","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0334","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the effectiveness of a peer support intervention on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related information and self-management in HIV positive adolescents. Adolescents in this study referred to children in the age group 11 to 16 years. An intervention study, with outcomes assessed the intervention and immediately post-intervention. Participants aged 11 to 16 years (N = 114) were recruited from three antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinics in Lusaka, and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Information on HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was given using an information leaflet entitled 'Let’s Talk about HIV and Living positively; How can young people with HIV live normally?’ After the intervention, the findings showed that 96% of the participants were knowledgeable that unprotected sex was the most common route of transmission of HIV. The belief that people with HIV should stop ART when they feel better; and that ART can have unwanted side effects decreased amongst the participants. Overall after the intervention, knowledge and belief about HIV and ART; and self-management improved. Peer support intervention using information leaflets seems to be useful strategy in improving knowledge and self management in HIV positive young people. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: HIV, young people, self-management, information.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"55-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bakiono, P. Guiguimdé, S. Samadoulougou, F. Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, P. Niamba, L. Ouédraogo, A. Robert
This study aims to examine psychometric properties of Moore version of World Health Organization's Quality of Life assessment short instrument in HIV patients (WHOQOL HIV-BREF). A study was conducted on 100 persons living with HIV/AIDS in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's α. For the convergent validity of the Moore version WHOQOL-HIV BREF, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was used as a comparison instrument and cross-product correlations were calculated. The test-retest reliability was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficient. The study showed high internal consistency with Cronbach's α at 0.92 for the whole instrument. According to domains, Cronbach's α found was ranged from 0.58 to 0.87, showing acceptable internal consistency for all domains. Domains scores for test-retest reliability, using Interclass Correlation gave coefficients ranged from 0.40 (Spiritual domain) to 0.99 (Level of Independence domain) with p 0.05). As a demonstrated cross-cultural instrument, the WHOQOL HIV-BREF in its Moore version can be used for quality of life assessment in a routine way or longitudinal studies in Burkina Faso with persons living with HIV/AIDS
{"title":"Psychometric properties of Moore version of WHOQOL HIV-BREF in persons living with HIV in Burkina Faso","authors":"F. Bakiono, P. Guiguimdé, S. Samadoulougou, F. Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, P. Niamba, L. Ouédraogo, A. Robert","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0339","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine psychometric properties of Moore version of World Health Organization's Quality of Life assessment short instrument in HIV patients (WHOQOL HIV-BREF). A study was conducted on 100 persons living with HIV/AIDS in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's α. For the convergent validity of the Moore version WHOQOL-HIV BREF, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was used as a comparison instrument and cross-product correlations were calculated. The test-retest reliability was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficient. The study showed high internal consistency with Cronbach's α at 0.92 for the whole instrument. According to domains, Cronbach's α found was ranged from 0.58 to 0.87, showing acceptable internal consistency for all domains. Domains scores for test-retest reliability, using Interclass Correlation gave coefficients ranged from 0.40 (Spiritual domain) to 0.99 (Level of Independence domain) with p 0.05). As a demonstrated cross-cultural instrument, the WHOQOL HIV-BREF in its Moore version can be used for quality of life assessment in a routine way or longitudinal studies in Burkina Faso with persons living with HIV/AIDS","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"36-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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