Mother-to-child transmission is the largest source of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children. About one third of children are believed to be infected vertically through breast-feeding. Infant feeding in the context of HIV is complex. HIV positive women are confused about feeding methods and mixed feeding continued to be widespread. However, there are few studies on the practice of HIV positive mothers and counseling message of health workers in Ethiopia (Maru and Haidar, 2009). Objective: The objective of this study was to assess magnitude and factors associated with infant and young child feeding practice of HIV positive mothers in selected hospitals of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples of Region, 2011. An institution based cross sectional study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 201 HIV positive mothers with children less than two years of age were purposively selected at morning time in order of arrival. Health workers working on anti -retroviral therapy and prevention of mother to child transmission clinics were taken for in-depth interview in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Dilla Hospitals. Of all respondent, 87 (47.5%) HIV positive mothers had children with the age of less than 6 months, among 87 (47.5%) HIV positive mothers, 56.3% had experience of exclusive breast feeding, 13 (35.6%) of the mothers mix fed their babies while 8.1% exclusive replacement feeding. Regarding issues discussed during counseling time by health workers, from total of 183 HIV positive mothers, 78.7% mothers received counseling on different feeding options. Most, 96.2 and 76.0% of mothers received counseling on advantages and disadvantages of breast feeding respectively, and 67.8 and 71% disadvantages of replacement and mixed feeding respectively. Mother‘s who had antenatal follow up and favorable attitude towards feeding options were more likely to practice exclusive breast feeding and less likely to practice mixed feeding. More than half of the mothers practiced exclusive breast feeding and very small proportion of HIV positive mothers chose replacement feeding, but still greater than one third of HIV positive mothers practiced mixed feeding. In general, infant and young child feeding practices observed in this study fall short of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, so it is recommended that all HIV positive mothers should be provided with adequate information to enable them to select the best feeding option for their babies, and to successfully carry out their infant feeding decisions. Key words: Infant and young child, feeding practice, HIV.
{"title":"Assessment of factors associated with infant and young child feeding practices of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive mothers in selected hospitals of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR) Ethiopia","authors":"Astewaya Mengstie, T. Tadese, BogaleTessema","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0355","url":null,"abstract":"Mother-to-child transmission is the largest source of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children. About one third of children are believed to be infected vertically through breast-feeding. Infant feeding in the context of HIV is complex. HIV positive women are confused about feeding methods and mixed feeding continued to be widespread. However, there are few studies on the practice of HIV positive mothers and counseling message of health workers in Ethiopia (Maru and Haidar, 2009). Objective: The objective of this study was to assess magnitude and factors associated with infant and young child feeding practice of HIV positive mothers in selected hospitals of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples of Region, 2011. An institution based cross sectional study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 201 HIV positive mothers with children less than two years of age were purposively selected at morning time in order of arrival. Health workers working on anti -retroviral therapy and prevention of mother to child transmission clinics were taken for in-depth interview in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Dilla Hospitals. Of all respondent, 87 (47.5%) HIV positive mothers had children with the age of less than 6 months, among 87 (47.5%) HIV positive mothers, 56.3% had experience of exclusive breast feeding, 13 (35.6%) of the mothers mix fed their babies while 8.1% exclusive replacement feeding. Regarding issues discussed during counseling time by health workers, from total of 183 HIV positive mothers, 78.7% mothers received counseling on different feeding options. Most, 96.2 and 76.0% of mothers received counseling on advantages and disadvantages of breast feeding respectively, and 67.8 and 71% disadvantages of replacement and mixed feeding respectively. Mother‘s who had antenatal follow up and favorable attitude towards feeding options were more likely to practice exclusive breast feeding and less likely to practice mixed feeding. More than half of the mothers practiced exclusive breast feeding and very small proportion of HIV positive mothers chose replacement feeding, but still greater than one third of HIV positive mothers practiced mixed feeding. In general, infant and young child feeding practices observed in this study fall short of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, so it is recommended that all HIV positive mothers should be provided with adequate information to enable them to select the best feeding option for their babies, and to successfully carry out their infant feeding decisions. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Infant and young child, feeding practice, HIV.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"80-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a dynamical model that studies the effect of anti-retroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) transmission. Basic qualitative properties of the model are derived. The model is shown not to exhibit backward bifurcation and thus, disease eradication is possible when the basic reproduction number is less than unity. A critical level of anti-retroviral therapy administration that needs to be achieved for possible disease eradication was also derived.
{"title":"Endemic analysis of HIV/AIDS transmission in the presence of antiretroviral therapy","authors":"S. Baba, I. Mohammed, S. Christopher","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0377","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a dynamical model that studies the effect of anti-retroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) transmission. Basic qualitative properties of the model are derived. The model is shown not to exhibit backward bifurcation and thus, disease eradication is possible when the basic reproduction number is less than unity. A critical level of anti-retroviral therapy administration that needs to be achieved for possible disease eradication was also derived.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Sule, P. Agaba, L. Patrick, Asabe Andrew Mshelia
Home based care (HBC) is a key component of care and support for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Understanding the pattern of HBC needs in a population is beneficial in planning and providing optimal HBC services for the people. This retrospective study assessed the pattern of home based care needs and services in patients of the adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Nigeria. All documented home based care visits to patients of the clinic from September 2008 to December 2013 were reviewed. Relevant information was obtained from the patients’ clinical and home visit records. Data was analysed using Epi info version 7 statistical software. A total of 152 patients with 542 home visits were reviewed. There were 112 (73.7%) females and 40 (26.3%) males, with a mean age of 34±8.9 years at the time of initial home visits. The three commonest primary reasons for home visits were psychological counselling (22.7%), adherence counselling (15.5%) and ill-health (12.4%), while follow up visits accounted for 32.5% of the home visits. The 3 most frequent services provided during home visits were counselling on clients medication for adherence (77.5%), basic nursing care (61.6%), and psychological counselling (41.5%). By December 2013, out of 152 patients reviewed, 61.8% were alive, 15.1% had died and 23.1% were lost to follow up. The services provided during home visits extended beyond the patients’ perceived needs (primary reasons for visit). Home based care brings to light some patient needs that may not be evident or catered for at the facility level of care. This supports the endorsement of home based care as a useful strategy to complement facility care towards achieving an overall patient well-being. Key words: Home based care, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), adult, Nigeria.
家庭护理(HBC)是对人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者的护理和支持的关键组成部分。了解人群中HBC需求的模式有助于为人们规划和提供最佳的HBC服务。这项回顾性研究评估了尼日利亚乔斯乔斯大学教学医院(JUTH)成人抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)诊所患者的家庭护理需求和服务模式。回顾了2008年9月至2013年12月期间对该诊所患者进行的所有记录在案的家庭护理访问。从患者的临床和家访记录中获得相关信息。数据分析采用Epi info version 7统计软件。共对152例患者进行了542次家访。其中女性112例(73.7%)，男性40例(26.3%)，初次家访时平均年龄34±8.9岁。家访的三个最常见的主要原因是心理咨询(22.7%)、依从性咨询(15.5%)和健康状况不佳(12.4%)，而随访访问占家访的32.5%。家访中提供最多的3项服务分别是患者服药依从性咨询(77.5%)、基本护理(61.6%)和心理咨询(41.5%)。截至2013年12月，纳入的152例患者中，61.8%存活，15.1%死亡，23.1%失访。家访期间提供的服务超出了患者的感知需求(访问的主要原因)。以家庭为基础的护理揭示了一些病人的需求，这些需求可能在设施护理水平上不明显或不被满足。这支持了以家庭为基础的护理作为一种有用的策略来补充设施护理，以实现患者的整体健康。关键词:居家护理，人类免疫缺陷病毒，成人，尼日利亚
{"title":"Pattern of home-based care in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients attending adult antiretroviral therapy clinic of Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria: A review from September, 2008 to December, 2013","authors":"H. Sule, P. Agaba, L. Patrick, Asabe Andrew Mshelia","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0369","url":null,"abstract":"Home based care (HBC) is a key component of care and support for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Understanding the pattern of HBC needs in a population is beneficial in planning and providing optimal HBC services for the people. This retrospective study assessed the pattern of home based care needs and services in patients of the adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Nigeria. All documented home based care visits to patients of the clinic from September 2008 to December 2013 were reviewed. Relevant information was obtained from the patients’ clinical and home visit records. Data was analysed using Epi info version 7 statistical software. A total of 152 patients with 542 home visits were reviewed. There were 112 (73.7%) females and 40 (26.3%) males, with a mean age of 34±8.9 years at the time of initial home visits. The three commonest primary reasons for home visits were psychological counselling (22.7%), adherence counselling (15.5%) and ill-health (12.4%), while follow up visits accounted for 32.5% of the home visits. The 3 most frequent services provided during home visits were counselling on clients medication for adherence (77.5%), basic nursing care (61.6%), and psychological counselling (41.5%). By December 2013, out of 152 patients reviewed, 61.8% were alive, 15.1% had died and 23.1% were lost to follow up. The services provided during home visits extended beyond the patients’ perceived needs (primary reasons for visit). Home based care brings to light some patient needs that may not be evident or catered for at the facility level of care. This supports the endorsement of home based care as a useful strategy to complement facility care towards achieving an overall patient well-being. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Home based care, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), adult, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"50-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risk factors of suicidality among HIV positive subjects in a treatment centre, Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"S. Aremu, F. Nuhu, B. Ajayi","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0360","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"1 2 1","pages":"60-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to explore societal awareness of stigma and discrimination against persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV) through the experience of clinicians, PLHIV, the general population and persons who are vulnerable to HIV. This was a cross-sectional survey which used questionnaires to collect data during May to July, 2013. The sampling unit was eight target provinces of the National AIDS Program Plan (NAP) for 2012 to 16. The sample respondents include 300 persons in Internet on-line groups, 1,937 factory workers, 334 female sex workers (FSW), 317 men who have sex with men (MSM), 101 persons who inject drugs (PWID), 352 HIV clinicians and counselors, and 1,880 PLHIV. The sampling methods used a combination of time-location sampling and quota sampling. The factory workers were sampled with probability proportional to size and quota sampling. PLHIV were purposively selected at anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinics. This study found that the respondents felt that Thai society still views PLHIV in a negative light and fear the consequences for themselves and their family if others knew they were HIV+. Self-stigma among vulnerable populations is still quite prevalent. MSM have less self-stigma than FSW, PLHIV and PWID. All of the vulnerable groups reported being treated differently (in a negative way) from the mainstream population, though this discrimination was not severe. Clinicians reported a slight amount of discrimination against the vulnerable populations but, generally, the goal was to treat all clients equally, without prejudice or stigma and discrimination, based on principles of human rights, regardless of gender or sexuality. Nevertheless, Thailand needs to continue to improve awareness and provide training in human rights, fundamental sex rights, and gender equity for health providers and other relevant individuals. There is a need for monitoring stigma and discrimination, and elimination of violence due to sexual diversity, both at the national and sub-national levels. Mass media is a crucial channel for improving attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and understanding in the area of human rights and respect for others rights, including empowering those impacted by stigma and discrimination, so that they know how to identify rights violations, seek protections from violations and redressing violations. Key words: Stigma, discrimination, societal awareness, HIV/AIDS, Thailand clinicians, persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV), general population, vulnerability to HIV impacts.
{"title":"Societal awareness of stigma and discrimination against persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV): Experience of clinicians, PLHIV, general population, and persons who are vulnerable to HIV","authors":"B. Thepthien, S. Srivanichakorn","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to explore societal awareness of stigma and discrimination against persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV) through the experience of clinicians, PLHIV, the general population and persons who are vulnerable to HIV. This was a cross-sectional survey which used questionnaires to collect data during May to July, 2013. The sampling unit was eight target provinces of the National AIDS Program Plan (NAP) for 2012 to 16. The sample respondents include 300 persons in Internet on-line groups, 1,937 factory workers, 334 female sex workers (FSW), 317 men who have sex with men (MSM), 101 persons who inject drugs (PWID), 352 HIV clinicians and counselors, and 1,880 PLHIV. The sampling methods used a combination of time-location sampling and quota sampling. The factory workers were sampled with probability proportional to size and quota sampling. PLHIV were purposively selected at anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinics. This study found that the respondents felt that Thai society still views PLHIV in a negative light and fear the consequences for themselves and their family if others knew they were HIV+. Self-stigma among vulnerable populations is still quite prevalent. MSM have less self-stigma than FSW, PLHIV and PWID. All of the vulnerable groups reported being treated differently (in a negative way) from the mainstream population, though this discrimination was not severe. Clinicians reported a slight amount of discrimination against the vulnerable populations but, generally, the goal was to treat all clients equally, without prejudice or stigma and discrimination, based on principles of human rights, regardless of gender or sexuality. Nevertheless, Thailand needs to continue to improve awareness and provide training in human rights, fundamental sex rights, and gender equity for health providers and other relevant individuals. There is a need for monitoring stigma and discrimination, and elimination of violence due to sexual diversity, both at the national and sub-national levels. Mass media is a crucial channel for improving attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and understanding in the area of human rights and respect for others rights, including empowering those impacted by stigma and discrimination, so that they know how to identify rights violations, seek protections from violations and redressing violations. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Stigma, discrimination, societal awareness, HIV/AIDS, Thailand clinicians, persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV), general population, vulnerability to HIV impacts.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"25-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to explore societal awareness of stigma and discrimination against persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV) through the experience of clinicians, PLHIV, the general population and persons who are vulnerable to HIV. This was a cross-sectional survey which used questionnaires to collect data during May to July, 2013. The sampling unit was eight target provinces of the National AIDS Program Plan (NAP) for 2012 to 16. The sample respondents include 300 persons in Internet on-line groups, 1,937 factory workers, 334 female sex workers (FSW), 317 men who have sex with men (MSM), 101 persons who inject drugs (PWID), 352 HIV clinicians and counselors, and 1,880 PLHIV. The sampling methods used a combination of time-location sampling and quota sampling. The factory workers were sampled with probability proportional to size and quota sampling. PLHIV were purposively selected at anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinics. This study found that the respondents felt that Thai society still views PLHIV in a negative light and fear the consequences for themselves and their family if others knew they were HIV+. Self-stigma among vulnerable populations is still quite prevalent. MSM have less self-stigma than FSW, PLHIV and PWID. All of the vulnerable groups reported being treated differently (in a negative way) from the mainstream population, though this discrimination was not severe. Clinicians reported a slight amount of discrimination against the vulnerable populations but, generally, the goal was to treat all clients equally, without prejudice or stigma and discrimination, based on principles of human rights, regardless of gender or sexuality. Nevertheless, Thailand needs to continue to improve awareness and provide training in human rights, fundamental sex rights, and gender equity for health providers and other relevant individuals. There is a need for monitoring stigma and discrimination, and elimination of violence due to sexual diversity, both at the national and sub-national levels. Mass media is a crucial channel for improving attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and understanding in the area of human rights and respect for others rights, including empowering those impacted by stigma and discrimination, so that they know how to identify rights violations, seek protections from violations and redressing violations.
{"title":"Societal awareness of stigma and discrimination against persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV): Experience of clinicians, PLHIV, general population, and persons who are vulnerable to HIV","authors":"Thepthien Bang on, Srivanichakorn Supattra","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0367","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to explore societal awareness of stigma and discrimination against persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLHIV) through the experience of clinicians, PLHIV, the general population and persons who are vulnerable to HIV. This was a cross-sectional survey which used questionnaires to collect data during May to July, 2013. The sampling unit was eight target provinces of the National AIDS Program Plan (NAP) for 2012 to 16. The sample respondents include 300 persons in Internet on-line groups, 1,937 factory workers, 334 female sex workers (FSW), 317 men who have sex with men (MSM), 101 persons who inject drugs (PWID), 352 HIV clinicians and counselors, and 1,880 PLHIV. The sampling methods used a combination of time-location sampling and quota sampling. The factory workers were sampled with probability proportional to size and quota sampling. PLHIV were purposively selected at anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinics. This study found that the respondents felt that Thai society still views PLHIV in a negative light and fear the consequences for themselves and their family if others knew they were HIV+. Self-stigma among vulnerable populations is still quite prevalent. MSM have less self-stigma than FSW, PLHIV and PWID. All of the vulnerable groups reported being treated differently (in a negative way) from the mainstream population, though this discrimination was not severe. Clinicians reported a slight amount of discrimination against the vulnerable populations but, generally, the goal was to treat all clients equally, without prejudice or stigma and discrimination, based on principles of human rights, regardless of gender or sexuality. Nevertheless, Thailand needs to continue to improve awareness and provide training in human rights, fundamental sex rights, and gender equity for health providers and other relevant individuals. There is a need for monitoring stigma and discrimination, and elimination of violence due to sexual diversity, both at the national and sub-national levels. Mass media is a crucial channel for improving attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and understanding in the area of human rights and respect for others rights, including empowering those impacted by stigma and discrimination, so that they know how to identify rights violations, seek protections from violations and redressing violations.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"25-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People living with HIV and AIDS are exposed to the challenges of aging and diet related diseases due to prolonged survival by retroviral drugs. The presence of chronic inflammatory state and the metabolic effects of antiretroviral therapy are additional burden. This study was designed to determine the changes in glucose metabolism in HIV infection. This was a case-control study carried out at the adult HIV clinic. Consenting participants were grouped into four; those on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI/NNRTI) (group 1), those on NRTI/PI (group 2), those that were treatment naïve (group 3) and age and sex matched HIV negative controls (group 4). Questionnaires were used to assess the demography of participants. The weight and height of participants were done. Blood was collected for fasting blood sugar, 2 h post prandial glucose and CD4 count. The body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in the participants on protease inhibitors. The control group had lower 2HPP glucose despite a higher FBS than the other groups that were HIV positive. Treatment naïve (group 3) tend to have higher 2-hour post-prandial blood sugar (2HPP) glucose tests (p= 0.04). The male HIV positive participants on PI also had significantly higher 2HPP glucose tests (p=0.01). The females had lower fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2HPP glucose tests than the males. There were no correlations of glucose metabolism with CD4 count, age or BMI. The higher 2HPP glucose tests in participants who are treatment naïve may be explained by insulin resistance associated with chronic inflammatory state. It is therefore recommended that HAART be commenced early.
{"title":"Comparing the glucose metabolism derangement in human immunodeficiency virus infection patients on antiretroviral treatment with drug nave patients at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital","authors":"C. B. Basil, A. Dosunmu, I. Bello","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0361","url":null,"abstract":"People living with HIV and AIDS are exposed to the challenges of aging and diet related diseases due to prolonged survival by retroviral drugs. The presence of chronic inflammatory state and the metabolic effects of antiretroviral therapy are additional burden. This study was designed to determine the changes in glucose metabolism in HIV infection. This was a case-control study carried out at the adult HIV clinic. Consenting participants were grouped into four; those on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI/NNRTI) (group 1), those on NRTI/PI (group 2), those that were treatment naïve (group 3) and age and sex matched HIV negative controls (group 4). Questionnaires were used to assess the demography of participants. The weight and height of participants were done. Blood was collected for fasting blood sugar, 2 h post prandial glucose and CD4 count. The body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in the participants on protease inhibitors. The control group had lower 2HPP glucose despite a higher FBS than the other groups that were HIV positive. Treatment naïve (group 3) tend to have higher 2-hour post-prandial blood sugar (2HPP) glucose tests (p= 0.04). The male HIV positive participants on PI also had significantly higher 2HPP glucose tests (p=0.01). The females had lower fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2HPP glucose tests than the males. There were no correlations of glucose metabolism with CD4 count, age or BMI. The higher 2HPP glucose tests in participants who are treatment naïve may be explained by insulin resistance associated with chronic inflammatory state. It is therefore recommended that HAART be commenced early.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AIDS-related knowledge and stigma are key issues in combatting the HIV/AIDS pandemic, primarily because of their relationship with HIV/AIDS testing behavior. Previous studies exploring these issues in southern Africa have employed the 11-item AIDS-related knowledge scale and the 9-item stigma scale, but there has been limited psychometric testing of these scales. Using Item Response Theory (IRT), the two scales were investigated within the context of construction workers in South Africa. The IRT evaluation of these scales offers advantages over classical test theory (CTT) tests as they permit more nuanced understanding of the performance of individual items. Survey data from 512 construction workers in the Western Cape, South Africa, were used for the evaluation. Based on the tests, a revised 9-item AIDSrelated knowledge scale and revised 8-item AIDS-related stigma scale were developed. The slope estimates and threshold parameters for the knowledge scale indicated a robust scale which is most reliable for respondents with low to moderate levels of AIDS knowledge, and less so for those with high knowledge levels. Similar estimates for the stigma scale indicated good reliability at moderate to high levels of AIDS-related stigma, declining when stigma was at low levels. The analysis indicates that the scale items are most precise/reliable when used in populations with (1) lower levels of education, (2) who are more likely to adhere to more traditional or non-scientific beliefs about the origin and causes of HIV and AIDS, and (3) and as a consequence of the first two, who are more likely to exhibit high levels of stigma towards those with HIV/AIDS. The results have various policy and programmatic implications for epidemiological efforts at addressing the pandemic, particularly interventions intended to boost serostatus testing behaviour, such as voluntary counselling and testing (VCT).
{"title":"Measurement scales for AIDS-related knowledge and stigma in South Africa: An evaluation using item response theory","authors":"R. Govender, P. Bowen, P. Edwards","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0366","url":null,"abstract":"AIDS-related knowledge and stigma are key issues in combatting the HIV/AIDS pandemic, primarily because of their relationship with HIV/AIDS testing behavior. Previous studies exploring these issues in southern Africa have employed the 11-item AIDS-related knowledge scale and the 9-item stigma scale, but there has been limited psychometric testing of these scales. Using Item Response Theory (IRT), the two scales were investigated within the context of construction workers in South Africa. The IRT evaluation of these scales offers advantages over classical test theory (CTT) tests as they permit more nuanced understanding of the performance of individual items. Survey data from 512 construction workers in the Western Cape, South Africa, were used for the evaluation. Based on the tests, a revised 9-item AIDSrelated knowledge scale and revised 8-item AIDS-related stigma scale were developed. The slope estimates and threshold parameters for the knowledge scale indicated a robust scale which is most reliable for respondents with low to moderate levels of AIDS knowledge, and less so for those with high knowledge levels. Similar estimates for the stigma scale indicated good reliability at moderate to high levels of AIDS-related stigma, declining when stigma was at low levels. The analysis indicates that the scale items are most precise/reliable when used in populations with (1) lower levels of education, (2) who are more likely to adhere to more traditional or non-scientific beliefs about the origin and causes of HIV and AIDS, and (3) and as a consequence of the first two, who are more likely to exhibit high levels of stigma towards those with HIV/AIDS. The results have various policy and programmatic implications for epidemiological efforts at addressing the pandemic, particularly interventions intended to boost serostatus testing behaviour, such as voluntary counselling and testing (VCT).","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"12-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie Egesie Ochaka, Dapus Damulak Obadiah, D. Ezra, Z. Ayuba, A. Oyekemi, Adeyemi S. Olusegun, A. Emmanuel, O. Chinedu, Gideon Egesie Umezuruike, Andowase Orkuma Joseph
Blood transfusion is an important therapeutic intervention in sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Persons with SCA requiring repeated blood transfusions are at risk of contracting transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood meant for transfusion is usually screened for TTIs to ascertain its safety before transfusion. The study investigated the role of blood transfusion in the spread of HIV among patients with sickle cell anaemia and effectiveness of the screening methods used to prevent HIV acquisition through blood transfusion in Jos. Consenting consecutive patients with sickle cell anaemia attending the Haematology clinic of Jos University Teaching Hospital between November, 2013 and July, 2014 had their blood samples screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after completing a questionnaire. One hundred and eleven (111) SCA patients aged between 17 and 52 years participated. Seventy six (68.5%) had history of blood transfusion while thirty five (31.5%) had no previous blood transfusion. Nine (8.1%) of them were positive for HIV, which comprised of 3 (8.6%) of the non-transfused and 6 (7.9%) of the transfused (p = 0.911). Blood transfusion though an important risk factor for acquisition of HIV infection, did not play a significant role in this study. Current pre transfusion HIV screening techniques were effective but further improvement in the safety of blood supply can be assured through the use of highly sensitive HIV screening methods and newer technologies. Key words: Sickle cell anaemia, HIV, blood transfusion.
{"title":"Human immunodeficiency virus in patients with sickle cell anaemia in Jos: The role of blood transfusion","authors":"Julie Egesie Ochaka, Dapus Damulak Obadiah, D. Ezra, Z. Ayuba, A. Oyekemi, Adeyemi S. Olusegun, A. Emmanuel, O. Chinedu, Gideon Egesie Umezuruike, Andowase Orkuma Joseph","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0357","url":null,"abstract":"Blood transfusion is an important therapeutic intervention in sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Persons with SCA requiring repeated blood transfusions are at risk of contracting transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood meant for transfusion is usually screened for TTIs to ascertain its safety before transfusion. The study investigated the role of blood transfusion in the spread of HIV among patients with sickle cell anaemia and effectiveness of the screening methods used to prevent HIV acquisition through blood transfusion in Jos. Consenting consecutive patients with sickle cell anaemia attending the Haematology clinic of Jos University Teaching Hospital between November, 2013 and July, 2014 had their blood samples screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after completing a questionnaire. One hundred and eleven (111) SCA patients aged between 17 and 52 years participated. Seventy six (68.5%) had history of blood transfusion while thirty five (31.5%) had no previous blood transfusion. Nine (8.1%) of them were positive for HIV, which comprised of 3 (8.6%) of the non-transfused and 6 (7.9%) of the transfused (p = 0.911). Blood transfusion though an important risk factor for acquisition of HIV infection, did not play a significant role in this study. Current pre transfusion HIV screening techniques were effective but further improvement in the safety of blood supply can be assured through the use of highly sensitive HIV screening methods and newer technologies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Sickle cell anaemia, HIV, blood transfusion.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adverse effects of the human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic are felt most severely in some of the world’s poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa which has led to an upsurge in the number of orphaned children. This study assessed the nutritional status of 196 children, 0 to 17 years orphaned from HIV/AIDS living in Bauchi metropolis, using anthropometry and food frequency questionnaire. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and paired samples T-test were computed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Their body mass index (BMI)-for-age and height-for-age were computed using WHO AnthroPlus software. Majority 159 (81.4%) of the respondents were above 5 years while 36 (18.6%) were under 5 years. The most frequently consumed cereals were rice 179 (92.3%) and maize 172 (88.7%), while the most frequently consumed tuber, animal protein, fruits and vegetables were yam 171 (88.1%), meat 130 (67%), and fish 129 (66.5%), Orange 147 (75.8%) and garden egg 134 (69.1%) respectively. Twenty-eight (14.4%) and 18 (9.3%) of the children were moderately and severely underweight respectively, while 34 (17.6%) and 5 (2.6%) were moderately and severely stunted respectively. Twenty children were used for the intervention (administering kwash-pap powder for a period of 1 month) and the mean weight gain (0.99±0.43 kg) was significantly different before and after the study (p<0.001). Food based intervention can improve the nutritional status of children orphaned by HIV/AIDs. Keywords: HIV/AIDs, Bauchi, malnutrition, kwash-pap, orphans.
{"title":"Nutritional assessment of children orphaned from human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and implementing a food based intervention to improve their nutritional status in Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"L. C. Ifitezue, M. Sosanya","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2014.0331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2014.0331","url":null,"abstract":"The adverse effects of the human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic are felt most severely in some of the world’s poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa which has led to an upsurge in the number of orphaned children. This study assessed the nutritional status of 196 children, 0 to 17 years orphaned from HIV/AIDS living in Bauchi metropolis, using anthropometry and food frequency questionnaire. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and paired samples T-test were computed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Their body mass index (BMI)-for-age and height-for-age were computed using WHO AnthroPlus software. Majority 159 (81.4%) of the respondents were above 5 years while 36 (18.6%) were under 5 years. The most frequently consumed cereals were rice 179 (92.3%) and maize 172 (88.7%), while the most frequently consumed tuber, animal protein, fruits and vegetables were yam 171 (88.1%), meat 130 (67%), and fish 129 (66.5%), Orange 147 (75.8%) and garden egg 134 (69.1%) respectively. Twenty-eight (14.4%) and 18 (9.3%) of the children were moderately and severely underweight respectively, while 34 (17.6%) and 5 (2.6%) were moderately and severely stunted respectively. Twenty children were used for the intervention (administering kwash-pap powder for a period of 1 month) and the mean weight gain (0.99±0.43 kg) was significantly different before and after the study (p<0.001). Food based intervention can improve the nutritional status of children orphaned by HIV/AIDs. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: HIV/AIDs, Bauchi, malnutrition, kwash-pap, orphans.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"7 1","pages":"130-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2014.0331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71134405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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