Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000460
Nikolopoulos Dimitrios, Matsoukas Christos, Yannakopoulos H Panayiotis, P. Ermioni, C. Demetrios, Nomicos Constantinos
This paper presents evidence of trends of fractal properties and long memory in three-month variations of radon in soil, in Lesvos Island, Greece. The methodology employed consists of sliding-window (a) detrended fluctuation analysis, (b) fractal analysis, (c) rescaled range analysis and (d) fractal dimension analysis with the methods of Higuchi, Katz and Sevcik. During measurements two mild earthquakes occurred in the vicinity. The results of the detrended fluctuation analysis revealed four peaks with slopes between 1.2 and 1.5. The fractal analysis method resulted in three peaks with persistent power-law exponent values in the range 2.2 and 3.0. The rescaled-range analysis indicated persistent Hurst exponents between 0.7-0.9 and in some segments, between 0.9-1. The fractal dimension analysis showed four peaks with fractal dimensions in the range 1.3-2.0 (Higuchi and Katz methods) and 1.0-1.5 (Sevcik method). The results were compared in terms of conversion to Hurst exponents. Several persistent segments were addressed, along with persistency-anti-persistency switching instances. Potential geological sources are discussed and analyzed.
{"title":"Long-Memory and Fractal Trends in Variations of Environmental Radon in Soil: Results from Measurements in Lesvos Island in Greece","authors":"Nikolopoulos Dimitrios, Matsoukas Christos, Yannakopoulos H Panayiotis, P. Ermioni, C. Demetrios, Nomicos Constantinos","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000460","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents evidence of trends of fractal properties and long memory in three-month variations of radon in soil, in Lesvos Island, Greece. The methodology employed consists of sliding-window (a) detrended fluctuation analysis, (b) fractal analysis, (c) rescaled range analysis and (d) fractal dimension analysis with the methods of Higuchi, Katz and Sevcik. During measurements two mild earthquakes occurred in the vicinity. The results of the detrended fluctuation analysis revealed four peaks with slopes between 1.2 and 1.5. The fractal analysis method resulted in three peaks with persistent power-law exponent values in the range 2.2 and 3.0. The rescaled-range analysis indicated persistent Hurst exponents between 0.7-0.9 and in some segments, between 0.9-1. The fractal dimension analysis showed four peaks with fractal dimensions in the range 1.3-2.0 (Higuchi and Katz methods) and 1.0-1.5 (Sevcik method). The results were compared in terms of conversion to Hurst exponents. Several persistent segments were addressed, along with persistency-anti-persistency switching instances. Potential geological sources are discussed and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46815185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000459
K. A. Parray, Singh Kp, Humaira Qadri
Indo-Gangetic plains are categorized as over stressed due to intense agricultural practices specifically dependent on ground water extraction. The exploitation of all resources in general and groundwater resources in particular are posing a serious threat to sustenance of flora and fauna. In the present study an effort has been made to demarcate the palaeochannels of Sangrur district, Punjab (29 40’ and 30 38’N, 75 16’and 76 10’E) with the help of sophisticated tools like GIS and satellite remote sensing which provides synoptic, multi-spectral and multi-temporal coverage. Neotectonic movements in the Late Quaternary lead to change in the direction of the flow of various drainage systems. The migration and later on abandonment of these drainage systems have given rise to number of dry Palaeochannels which are seen as great potential source of groundwater in the study area where groundwater levels are steeply declining. Inference of drilling data proposes that vertical thickness of palaeochannels ranges between 70 to 140 meters, constituted of alternating layers of fine to medium sands with occasional gravels. Groundwater quality along these palaeochannels are of good quality hence makes it a future target area for groundwater exploitation. Technological interventions are need of the hour to develop our resources on sustainable approach as it will help us to demarcate and quantify these resources for sustainable development and this study is an attempt in this direction.
{"title":"Technological Interventions in Delineation of Palaeochannels for Groundwater Development in Sangrur District in Punjab","authors":"K. A. Parray, Singh Kp, Humaira Qadri","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000459","url":null,"abstract":"Indo-Gangetic plains are categorized as over stressed due to intense agricultural practices specifically dependent on ground water extraction. The exploitation of all resources in general and groundwater resources in particular are posing a serious threat to sustenance of flora and fauna. In the present study an effort has been made to demarcate the palaeochannels of Sangrur district, Punjab (29 40’ and 30 38’N, 75 16’and 76 10’E) with the help of sophisticated tools like GIS and satellite remote sensing which provides synoptic, multi-spectral and multi-temporal coverage. Neotectonic movements in the Late Quaternary lead to change in the direction of the flow of various drainage systems. The migration and later on abandonment of these drainage systems have given rise to number of dry Palaeochannels which are seen as great potential source of groundwater in the study area where groundwater levels are steeply declining. Inference of drilling data proposes that vertical thickness of palaeochannels ranges between 70 to 140 meters, constituted of alternating layers of fine to medium sands with occasional gravels. Groundwater quality along these palaeochannels are of good quality hence makes it a future target area for groundwater exploitation. Technological interventions are need of the hour to develop our resources on sustainable approach as it will help us to demarcate and quantify these resources for sustainable development and this study is an attempt in this direction.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44699639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-27DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000457
A. Al-Mamun, M. F. Rahman, Md. Abdullah Aziz, M. Qayum, M. Hossain, S. Nihad, Md. Shahjahan Kabir
The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was computed in three different cropping seasons namely, Pre-Kharif, Kharif and Rabi based on the monthly precipitation data of thirty-five meteorological stations over Bangladesh during the period 1980–2015. In this study, different features of meteorological drought including frequency of drought, dry and wet periods, percentage of drought area, temporal and spatial variations of drought in Bangladesh were examined. The results revealed that the most significant increasing trend of drought area was found in Rabi season (8.66% per decade) and decreasing trend was found in Kharif season (2.47% per decade). In Kharif season, the trend of drought area was found increasing in northern region with a rate of 2.63% per decade where central region, eastern region and southern and western region were decreasing with a rate of 1.06%, 3.02% and 3.02% per decade, respectively. All drought affected areas were experienced by moderate, severe and extreme droughts in several years during the study period in three seasons. The significant drought events were found in 1992, 2008, 2012 and 2014 in Pre-Kharif, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1994, 2006 and 2012 in Kharif and 1985, 1986, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2012 in Rabi season. Some areas of southern and western regions, central regions, eastern regions and most of the northern region were more vulnerable to meteorological drought. Major finding of this study was Pre-Kharif and Rabi season were the most vulnerable to meteorological drought that indicates high seasonal rainfall anomaly in most of the regions of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Identification of Meteorological Drought Prone Area in Bangladesh using Standardized Precipitation Index","authors":"A. Al-Mamun, M. F. Rahman, Md. Abdullah Aziz, M. Qayum, M. Hossain, S. Nihad, Md. Shahjahan Kabir","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000457","url":null,"abstract":"The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was computed in three different cropping seasons namely, Pre-Kharif, Kharif and Rabi based on the monthly precipitation data of thirty-five meteorological stations over Bangladesh during the period 1980–2015. In this study, different features of meteorological drought including frequency of drought, dry and wet periods, percentage of drought area, temporal and spatial variations of drought in Bangladesh were examined. The results revealed that the most significant increasing trend of drought area was found in Rabi season (8.66% per decade) and decreasing trend was found in Kharif season (2.47% per decade). In Kharif season, the trend of drought area was found increasing in northern region with a rate of 2.63% per decade where central region, eastern region and southern and western region were decreasing with a rate of 1.06%, 3.02% and 3.02% per decade, respectively. All drought affected areas were experienced by moderate, severe and extreme droughts in several years during the study period in three seasons. The significant drought events were found in 1992, 2008, 2012 and 2014 in Pre-Kharif, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1994, 2006 and 2012 in Kharif and 1985, 1986, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2012 in Rabi season. Some areas of southern and western regions, central regions, eastern regions and most of the northern region were more vulnerable to meteorological drought. Major finding of this study was Pre-Kharif and Rabi season were the most vulnerable to meteorological drought that indicates high seasonal rainfall anomaly in most of the regions of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"2018 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45472204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000449
L. Fazli, S. Senemari
The Qutbabad section of the Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun Formations in the Fars Province (Zagros Basin) has been studied, in order to determinate its microfacies and sequence stratigraphy. On the basis of thin section studies of cores from Qutbabad Well in the Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun Formations of the Zagros Basin, four main microfacies have been recognized within four stratigraphic sequences deposited during the Campanian to Maastrichtian. Depth and sea level changes were the main controls on the distribution of these microfacies. The microfacies are: Pelagic; Hemi-Pelagic; Outer ramp; and Middle ramp. The lowermost sequence was deposited in the Early Campanian-early Late Campanian and includes wackestone to packestone textures with biozones Globotruncanita elevate and Globotruncana ventricosa representative of the Pelagic, Hemipelagic and Outer (ramp/shelf). The intermediate and uppermost sequences (sequence two, three and four) display well developed deposits formed at the end of the Campanian (Radotruncana calcarata zone and Globotruncanella havanensis zone), beginning of the Maastrichtian (Globotruncana aegyptiaca zone and Gansserina gansseri zone) and the end of the Maastrichtian (Omphalocyclus macroporus - loftusia sp assemblage zone) on the Pelagic, Hemipelagic, Outer and Middle ramp. On the basis of the sequence stratigraphic chart, the transgression of the Upper Cretaceous Sea started from the Early Campanian and continued gradually towards the Early Maastrichtian. Then, until the end of Maastrichtian, has had regression. This resulted that the sequence stratigraphic model of the Campanian- Maastrichtian Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun Formations has architecture similar to those that have developed from global sea level changes.
{"title":"Biostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of Campanian and Maastrichtian Succession, Qutbabad Well, Zagros (Iran)","authors":"L. Fazli, S. Senemari","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000449","url":null,"abstract":"The Qutbabad section of the Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun Formations in the Fars Province (Zagros Basin) has been studied, in order to determinate its microfacies and sequence stratigraphy. On the basis of thin section studies of cores from Qutbabad Well in the Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun Formations of the Zagros Basin, four main microfacies have been recognized within four stratigraphic sequences deposited during the Campanian to Maastrichtian. Depth and sea level changes were the main controls on the distribution of these microfacies. The microfacies are: Pelagic; Hemi-Pelagic; Outer ramp; and Middle ramp. The lowermost sequence was deposited in the Early Campanian-early Late Campanian and includes wackestone to packestone textures with biozones Globotruncanita elevate and Globotruncana ventricosa representative of the Pelagic, Hemipelagic and Outer (ramp/shelf). The intermediate and uppermost sequences (sequence two, three and four) display well developed deposits formed at the end of the Campanian (Radotruncana calcarata zone and Globotruncanella havanensis zone), beginning of the Maastrichtian (Globotruncana aegyptiaca zone and Gansserina gansseri zone) and the end of the Maastrichtian (Omphalocyclus macroporus - loftusia sp assemblage zone) on the Pelagic, Hemipelagic, Outer and Middle ramp. On the basis of the sequence stratigraphic chart, the transgression of the Upper Cretaceous Sea started from the Early Campanian and continued gradually towards the Early Maastrichtian. Then, until the end of Maastrichtian, has had regression. This resulted that the sequence stratigraphic model of the Campanian- Maastrichtian Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun Formations has architecture similar to those that have developed from global sea level changes.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"136 9","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41311273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-26DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000444
G. R. Srinivasan, S. Palani, R. Jambulingam
This paper deals with the study of degradation of crude oil using biodiesel from two different sources having different degree of saturation. Biodiesel is normally produced for meeting the energy demand in the market, can also be used for the degradation purpose because of its solvent nature on hydrocarbons. This property is used to degrade the crude oil by dissolve the complex hydrocarbon chains in it, thereby reducing its viscosity and enhancing its handling. The feedstocks used for biodiesel production are oil from seeds of Mimusops elengi (unsaturated oil) and waste beef tallow (saturated Fat). The biodiesel was produced by the means of base catalyzed methanol transesterification reaction. The most optimized blending ratio between crude oil to biodiesel was found to be 1:1.95 (crude oil: biodiesel) for elengi biodiesel and 1:1.85 (crude oil: biodiesel) for tallow biodiesel and the retention time for elengi oil and tallow biodiesel was found to be 16 days and 24 days respectively. The maximum degradation rate that was achieved by this technique was 95%. This method proves to be a renewable option for degrading the spilled crude oil during wreckages with limited environmental concerns in ecofriendly manner.
{"title":"Degradation of Crude Oil Using Biodiesel Produced from Seeds of Mimusops Elengi and Waste Beef Tallow","authors":"G. R. Srinivasan, S. Palani, R. Jambulingam","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000444","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the study of degradation of crude oil using biodiesel from two different sources having different degree of saturation. Biodiesel is normally produced for meeting the energy demand in the market, can also be used for the degradation purpose because of its solvent nature on hydrocarbons. This property is used to degrade the crude oil by dissolve the complex hydrocarbon chains in it, thereby reducing its viscosity and enhancing its handling. The feedstocks used for biodiesel production are oil from seeds of Mimusops elengi (unsaturated oil) and waste beef tallow (saturated Fat). The biodiesel was produced by the means of base catalyzed methanol transesterification reaction. The most optimized blending ratio between crude oil to biodiesel was found to be 1:1.95 (crude oil: biodiesel) for elengi biodiesel and 1:1.85 (crude oil: biodiesel) for tallow biodiesel and the retention time for elengi oil and tallow biodiesel was found to be 16 days and 24 days respectively. The maximum degradation rate that was achieved by this technique was 95%. This method proves to be a renewable option for degrading the spilled crude oil during wreckages with limited environmental concerns in ecofriendly manner.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45806842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-20DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000446
I. Wilson, N. Sidorenkov
Lunar ephemeris data is used to find the times when the Perigee of the lunar orbit points directly toward or away from the Sun, at times when the Earth is located at one of its solstices or equinoxes, for the period from 1993 to 2528 A.D. The precision of these lunar alignments is expressed in the form of a lunar alignment index (A•). When a plot is made of A•, in a frame-of-reference that is fixed with respect to the Perihelion of the Earth’s orbit, distinct periodicities are seen at 28.75, 31.0, 88.5 (Gleissberg Cycle), 148.25, and 208.0 years (de Vries Cycle). The full significance of the 208.0-year repetition pattern in A• only becomes apparent when these periodicities are compared to those observed in the spectra for two proxy time series. The first is the amplitude spectrum of the maximum daytime temperatures (Tm) on the Southern Colorado Plateau for the period from 266 BC to 1997 AD. The second is the Fourier spectrum of the solar modulation potential (A•m) over the last 9400 years. A comparison between these three spectra shows that of the nine most prominent periods seen in A•, eight have matching peaks in the spectrum of A•m, and seven have matching peaks in the spectrum of Tm. This strongly supports the contention that all three of these phenomena are related to one another. A heuristic Luni-Solar climate model is developed in order to explain the connections between A•, Tm and A•m.
{"title":"A Luni-Solar Connection to Weather and Climate I: Centennial Times Scales","authors":"I. Wilson, N. Sidorenkov","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000446","url":null,"abstract":"Lunar ephemeris data is used to find the times when the Perigee of the lunar orbit points directly toward or away from the Sun, at times when the Earth is located at one of its solstices or equinoxes, for the period from 1993 to 2528 A.D. The precision of these lunar alignments is expressed in the form of a lunar alignment index (A•). When a plot is made of A•, in a frame-of-reference that is fixed with respect to the Perihelion of the Earth’s orbit, distinct periodicities are seen at 28.75, 31.0, 88.5 (Gleissberg Cycle), 148.25, and 208.0 years (de Vries Cycle). The full significance of the 208.0-year repetition pattern in A• only becomes apparent when these periodicities are compared to those observed in the spectra for two proxy time series. The first is the amplitude spectrum of the maximum daytime temperatures (Tm) on the Southern Colorado Plateau for the period from 266 BC to 1997 AD. The second is the Fourier spectrum of the solar modulation potential (A•m) over the last 9400 years. A comparison between these three spectra shows that of the nine most prominent periods seen in A•, eight have matching peaks in the spectrum of A•m, and seven have matching peaks in the spectrum of Tm. This strongly supports the contention that all three of these phenomena are related to one another. A heuristic Luni-Solar climate model is developed in order to explain the connections between A•, Tm and A•m.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43502546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000452
M. P. Samwel, Beatrice A. Abutto, V. Otieno
Climate variability and change has been found to be one of the factors that affect economies leading to food insecurity in various parts of the world. Kenya is no exception. This study looks at how climate variability has contributed to food insecurity in Kisii County, Kenya. The objectives of this study is therefore to, (i) to examine the rainfall and temperature trends in Kisii County for a period of 30 years, (ii) to examine the effect of climate variability on food production and (iii) to assess the perception of local farmers on weather and climate information, (iv) to evaluate the coping strategies adopted at household level to bridge the gap on food deficit and (v) to assess the nutritional status of children and the elderly in Kisii County. The data used was mainly rainfall and temperature data from meteorological stations and sample data gathered from selected groups. The study population comprised of children between 6 months and 59 months, household heads, elderly people and agricultural officers. Purposive sampling was used to select agricultural officers while multistage sampling was used to select respondents at household level. Primary data was collected by use of a pre-tested questionnaire. The Measurement of Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) tape was used to collect nutritional status of children while Body Mass Index (BMI) data was obtained from elderly people. Mann Kendall statistic was used to determine whether the trend of rainfall and temperature observed is significant while Chisquare test was used to determine whether the coping strategies observed varied significantly at household level. From the analysis, rainfall has not shown any significant change in Kisii County while temperature trend has been significantly increasing over the years at 95% confidence level. This could explain the observed reduction in river levels. Analysis of crop production and price trends of major food crops in Kisii County showed a decreasing trend of food production leading to increase in price over the years. This meant that farmers could not produce enough to take them to the next harvesting season, making farmers to adopt different coping strategies at household level which differed significantly according to Chi-Square test. Malnutrition status of both elderly people above 59 years and children between 6-59 months were similar with 23% of both children/elderly being severely malnourished. This study has only looked at climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature. Other aspects such as depth of underground water, pH level of soil and the effects of land fragmentation also need to be looked at. This study is important to both farmers in choosing the right crop to plant, and policy makers and planners in formulating the best mitigation and intervention strategies for Kisii County food insecurity problem. This will further contribute to national efforts towards achievement of vision 2030.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Climate Variability on Food Security in Kenya: A Case Study of Kisii County","authors":"M. P. Samwel, Beatrice A. Abutto, V. Otieno","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000452","url":null,"abstract":"Climate variability and change has been found to be one of the factors that affect economies leading to food insecurity in various parts of the world. Kenya is no exception. This study looks at how climate variability has contributed to food insecurity in Kisii County, Kenya. The objectives of this study is therefore to, (i) to examine the rainfall and temperature trends in Kisii County for a period of 30 years, (ii) to examine the effect of climate variability on food production and (iii) to assess the perception of local farmers on weather and climate information, (iv) to evaluate the coping strategies adopted at household level to bridge the gap on food deficit and (v) to assess the nutritional status of children and the elderly in Kisii County. The data used was mainly rainfall and temperature data from meteorological stations and sample data gathered from selected groups. The study population comprised of children between 6 months and 59 months, household heads, elderly people and agricultural officers. Purposive sampling was used to select agricultural officers while multistage sampling was used to select respondents at household level. Primary data was collected by use of a pre-tested questionnaire. The Measurement of Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) tape was used to collect nutritional status of children while Body Mass Index (BMI) data was obtained from elderly people. Mann Kendall statistic was used to determine whether the trend of rainfall and temperature observed is significant while Chisquare test was used to determine whether the coping strategies observed varied significantly at household level. From the analysis, rainfall has not shown any significant change in Kisii County while temperature trend has been significantly increasing over the years at 95% confidence level. This could explain the observed reduction in river levels. Analysis of crop production and price trends of major food crops in Kisii County showed a decreasing trend of food production leading to increase in price over the years. This meant that farmers could not produce enough to take them to the next harvesting season, making farmers to adopt different coping strategies at household level which differed significantly according to Chi-Square test. Malnutrition status of both elderly people above 59 years and children between 6-59 months were similar with 23% of both children/elderly being severely malnourished. This study has only looked at climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature. Other aspects such as depth of underground water, pH level of soil and the effects of land fragmentation also need to be looked at. This study is important to both farmers in choosing the right crop to plant, and policy makers and planners in formulating the best mitigation and intervention strategies for Kisii County food insecurity problem. This will further contribute to national efforts towards achievement of vision 2030.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43131403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000442
A. Littaye, Sidi Mohamed Boba, S. Ahmed
Climate conditions affect all socio-economic spheres due to changes in the natural environment either in a geomorphological aspect or natural resources and biodiversity. The Sahelo-Saharan region has been subject to a very large number of climate studies after the main hazard of the 20th century that is called the “Great Drought” . Studies that focused on Mauritania and more specifically on its marine and coastal area, are very few whereas the government policies on this coastal area have been on the increase. The challenges of development are crucial such as the sustainability of the fishing sector, natural resources and infrastructures for example the projects of two new on-going harbor projects. Another issue is the biodiversity world heritage that is present in this coastal area and perhaps in future, will be the tourism sector. Flood prevention for Nouakchott city which also represents a national challenge has been subject to studies. Several climate parameters have been studied with an ecological approach. The aim was to identify the different temporalities of variation of climate in the perspective to compare with environmental changes. The study parameters have been selected with regard to their link with marine or coastal processes. The data used are from the synoptic weather stations of Nouadhibou and Nouakchott managed by the National Meteorological Office, ONM. The study period covers the four to seven last decades according the availability of data series. This period allows one to characterize the current situation and then, discs the future at. short to medium termes when regarding the projections from the Inter-governmental Permanent expert group for Climate Change and the national results reshaped by the ONM by IPCC et al. in 2014. This multi-decadal time scale corresponds to the one giving for strategy development. The periodic and cyclic temporalities of variation have been revealed dominant. The air temperature is the only parameter which shows a long-term trend. The current deficit in easter lies appears to be the cause of the drastic increase in the vulnerability of the coast and islands to natural hazards. Such a situation has already occurred in the 1970s but the concerns about consequences have totally changed with development patterns and the advances in scientific knowledge. The seasonal to multi-decadal time scales of the study bring new insight on the current situation. The results also clarify certain on-going change in environment.
{"title":"Temporal Variabilities of the Climate along the Mauritanian Coast over the Last Decades","authors":"A. Littaye, Sidi Mohamed Boba, S. Ahmed","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000442","url":null,"abstract":"Climate conditions affect all socio-economic spheres due to changes in the natural environment either in a geomorphological aspect or natural resources and biodiversity. The Sahelo-Saharan region has been subject to a very large number of climate studies after the main hazard of the 20th century that is called the “Great Drought” . Studies that focused on Mauritania and more specifically on its marine and coastal area, are very few whereas the government policies on this coastal area have been on the increase. The challenges of development are crucial such as the sustainability of the fishing sector, natural resources and infrastructures for example the projects of two new on-going harbor projects. Another issue is the biodiversity world heritage that is present in this coastal area and perhaps in future, will be the tourism sector. Flood prevention for Nouakchott city which also represents a national challenge has been subject to studies. Several climate parameters have been studied with an ecological approach. The aim was to identify the different temporalities of variation of climate in the perspective to compare with environmental changes. The study parameters have been selected with regard to their link with marine or coastal processes. The data used are from the synoptic weather stations of Nouadhibou and Nouakchott managed by the National Meteorological Office, ONM. The study period covers the four to seven last decades according the availability of data series. This period allows one to characterize the current situation and then, discs the future at. short to medium termes when regarding the projections from the Inter-governmental Permanent expert group for Climate Change and the national results reshaped by the ONM by IPCC et al. in 2014. This multi-decadal time scale corresponds to the one giving for strategy development. The periodic and cyclic temporalities of variation have been revealed dominant. The air temperature is the only parameter which shows a long-term trend. The current deficit in easter lies appears to be the cause of the drastic increase in the vulnerability of the coast and islands to natural hazards. Such a situation has already occurred in the 1970s but the concerns about consequences have totally changed with development patterns and the advances in scientific knowledge. The seasonal to multi-decadal time scales of the study bring new insight on the current situation. The results also clarify certain on-going change in environment.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44557602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000441
F. Ahmadi
In this study, the effect of loam and Sandy loam textures on Phosphorus (P) release was investigated in greenhouse intensive cultivation soils of Kurdistan, Western Iran. Results showed that the kinetic of P release was higher in soils with sandy loam texture than loam texture soils. It probably was due to low positive charge points and adsorption capacity of sandy loam soils in compare with loam soils. So, more attentions must be conducted in sandy loam textures in cultivation systems because of environmental problems. As well as, according to our results other soil properties like organic matter (OM) and Cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed high correlation in respect to P release.
{"title":"Kinetics of Phosphorus Release in Soils with Different Textures in Intensive Cultivation Systems","authors":"F. Ahmadi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000441","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effect of loam and Sandy loam textures on Phosphorus (P) release was investigated in greenhouse intensive cultivation soils of Kurdistan, Western Iran. Results showed that the kinetic of P release was higher in soils with sandy loam texture than loam texture soils. It probably was due to low positive charge points and adsorption capacity of sandy loam soils in compare with loam soils. So, more attentions must be conducted in sandy loam textures in cultivation systems because of environmental problems. As well as, according to our results other soil properties like organic matter (OM) and Cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed high correlation in respect to P release.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45455608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-15DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000438
Fatima Z. Rahman, J. Islam, M. Mohammad, B. K. Chakravorti, Prosannajid Sarkar
Statistical analysis is a tool to calculate earthquake probabilities. In this work, the previous earthquake data from 1918 to 2016 with the magnitude level 6 and above have been analyzed. From the data analysis, weibull parameters, namely, shape parameter (β), scale parameter (τ) and rate parameter of exponential distribution (λ) have been determined. To calculate earthquake probabilities for the upcoming years, weibull distribution, log-normal distribution and exponential distributions have been studied. These three statistical distributions have been compared among them in five major faults in and around Bangladesh.
{"title":"Study of the Earthquake Probabilities in the Five Major Faults in and around Bangladesh: A Statistical Analysis","authors":"Fatima Z. Rahman, J. Islam, M. Mohammad, B. K. Chakravorti, Prosannajid Sarkar","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000438","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical analysis is a tool to calculate earthquake probabilities. In this work, the previous earthquake data from 1918 to 2016 with the magnitude level 6 and above have been analyzed. From the data analysis, weibull parameters, namely, shape parameter (β), scale parameter (τ) and rate parameter of exponential distribution (λ) have been determined. To calculate earthquake probabilities for the upcoming years, weibull distribution, log-normal distribution and exponential distributions have been studied. These three statistical distributions have been compared among them in five major faults in and around Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42675126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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