Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000455
Mekonnen H. Daba
Agro-climatic characterization of western Oromia was performed using indigenous knowledge and historical meteorological data indices in a statistical software. Rainfall and temperature of selected meteorological stations representing different Agro-ecological zones (lowland, midland and highland) of western Oromia were analyzed on annual, seasonal and monthly time scales using long period data. Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS and qualitative data through content analysis. Instant Statistical Packages for Agro-climatological data was used in analyzing the 30 years meteorological data of western Oromia meteorological stations. This study looks at growing season dates in terms of dry spell lengths, onset, cessation and length of growing season among others using INSTAT software. The spatial distributions of different annual and seasonal rainfall variables were mapped. A survey research design was used, and data collected through focus group discussions, questionnaires and key informant interviews. Simple random and purposive sampling methods were used, where 210 small scale farmers and 30 key informants from western Oromia participated. The study conducted surveys of 210 households in the selected woredas of Western Oromia to characterize the agro climate of smallholder farmers. Rainfall, minimum temperature and maximum temperature data of western Oromia (1980-2014) were analyzed to assess agro-climatic characterization and climatic trend of the area. The rainfall and temperature data over the western Oromia are analyzed on an annual basis using historical datasets. Over western Oromia, the observed average total annual rainfall showed a significant decreasing trend (43.67 mm per decade) in the last 30 years analysis period, with a relatively large inter-annual variability, while the maximum, mean and minimum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.22°C and 0.21 8°C per decade, respectively. The study revealed that most significant change has been unpredictable rains (60.48%), very hot season (20.95%) and prolonged drought (14.29%). The historical climate results across the selected stations shown that a late start has an early end of rainfall hence a short growing season observed. Farmers’ perceived late on set of rain, poor distribution within the season, and sometimes early cessation. Local community perceived the onset date of Kiremt (Ganna) rainfall of study area was on the first week of May and the cessation date of Kiremt rainfall starting from the last week of November over the last 20 years. But, the historical climate results show the onset date of the growing season was in the early June and the cessation date of Kiremt rainfall on the mid October. Therefore, Knowledge on the date of onset and cessation rains and length of growing period (LGP) will help to plan the agricultural operations better, particularly, land preparation and sowing.
在统计软件中利用土著知识和历史气象资料指数对西部奥罗米亚农业气候进行了表征。利用长周期数据，对奥罗米亚西部不同农业生态区(低地、中部和高地)气象站的年、季、月降水和气温进行了分析。定量数据通过SPSS进行分析，定性数据通过内容分析。利用农业气候资料即时统计软件包对奥罗米亚西部气象站30年气象资料进行了分析。本研究使用INSTAT软件从干旱期长度、开始、停止和生长季节长度等方面研究生长季节日期。绘制了不同年、季节降水变量的空间分布图。采用调查研究设计，通过焦点小组讨论、问卷调查和关键信息者访谈等方式收集数据。采用简单随机和有目的的抽样方法，来自西部奥罗米亚州的210名小农和30名关键举报人参与了调查。该研究对西奥罗米亚州选定的州的210户家庭进行了调查，以确定小农的农业气候特征。分析了1980-2014年西部奥罗米亚地区的降水、最低气温和最高气温资料，评价了该地区的农业气候特征和气候趋势。利用历史数据集，对奥罗米亚西部的降雨量和温度数据进行了年度分析。近30 a来，奥罗米亚西部地区年平均总降雨量呈显著减少趋势(43.67 mm / a)，年际变率较大，最高气温、平均气温和最低气温分别以0.22°C和0.21°C / a的速率升高。研究显示，最显著的变化是不可预测的降雨(60.48%)，非常炎热的季节(20.95%)和长期干旱(14.29%)。所选站点的历史气候结果表明，降雨开始晚，结束早，因此观察到的生长季节短。农民认为降雨较晚，季节内分布不佳，有时提前停止。近20年来，当地社区对研究区甘娜河降水的感知为5月第1周开始，甘娜河降水的停止时间为11月最后1周。但是，历史气候结果表明，生长季开始日期为6月初，雨季结束日期为10月中旬。因此，关于降雨开始和停止的日期以及生长期(LGP)长度的知识将有助于更好地规划农业作业，特别是土地准备和播种。
{"title":"Agro Climatic Characterization in the Selected Woredas of Western Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Mekonnen H. Daba","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000455","url":null,"abstract":"Agro-climatic characterization of western Oromia was performed using indigenous knowledge and historical meteorological data indices in a statistical software. Rainfall and temperature of selected meteorological stations representing different Agro-ecological zones (lowland, midland and highland) of western Oromia were analyzed on annual, seasonal and monthly time scales using long period data. Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS and qualitative data through content analysis. Instant Statistical Packages for Agro-climatological data was used in analyzing the 30 years meteorological data of western Oromia meteorological stations. This study looks at growing season dates in terms of dry spell lengths, onset, cessation and length of growing season among others using INSTAT software. The spatial distributions of different annual and seasonal rainfall variables were mapped. A survey research design was used, and data collected through focus group discussions, questionnaires and key informant interviews. Simple random and purposive sampling methods were used, where 210 small scale farmers and 30 key informants from western Oromia participated. The study conducted surveys of 210 households in the selected woredas of Western Oromia to characterize the agro climate of smallholder farmers. Rainfall, minimum temperature and maximum temperature data of western Oromia (1980-2014) were analyzed to assess agro-climatic characterization and climatic trend of the area. The rainfall and temperature data over the western Oromia are analyzed on an annual basis using historical datasets. Over western Oromia, the observed average total annual rainfall showed a significant decreasing trend (43.67 mm per decade) in the last 30 years analysis period, with a relatively large inter-annual variability, while the maximum, mean and minimum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.22°C and 0.21 8°C per decade, respectively. The study revealed that most significant change has been unpredictable rains (60.48%), very hot season (20.95%) and prolonged drought (14.29%). The historical climate results across the selected stations shown that a late start has an early end of rainfall hence a short growing season observed. Farmers’ perceived late on set of rain, poor distribution within the season, and sometimes early cessation. Local community perceived the onset date of Kiremt (Ganna) rainfall of study area was on the first week of May and the cessation date of Kiremt rainfall starting from the last week of November over the last 20 years. But, the historical climate results show the onset date of the growing season was in the early June and the cessation date of Kiremt rainfall on the mid October. Therefore, Knowledge on the date of onset and cessation rains and length of growing period (LGP) will help to plan the agricultural operations better, particularly, land preparation and sowing.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70383810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000461
Rajendra Sp
It should be agreed that all objects like planets, stars etc. float in the full vacuum universe. It should also be agreed that atmosphere possessed by these objects is due to gravity and the atmosphere is in the open system full vacuum universe. Here, air molecules always try to escape in full vacuum universe against gravity to have uniformity in the universe. Means it is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. It is in science textbooks that the Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure. But, to have pressure in the system, it must be isolated by boundary and its value is same at any point within. Here, Earth’s atmospheric air neither uniformly distributed nor in a closed system. It is known that gravity is holding each air molecule towards the Earth. On surface, air has high-density molecules and as further go away molecules density decreases. This density difference is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. This paper uncovers the misconception regarding Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure due to its air molecules vertical column mass. To prove the argument, the manometer experiment is visited. In this experiment author makes the effort to raise mercury filled tube up against gravity above pot level then inverts it. Here, mercury level drops because of gravity which creates a vacuum in the top of the tube. This causes reduced surface energy inside wall of the tube. To be in the equilibrium state with outer tube wall, inner wall surface tries to suck in all direction that holds mercury up against gravity that means tube mercury weight is balanced by vacuum and that is demonstrated.
{"title":"Atmosphere Has No Energy as It is Balanced Between Gravity and Full Vacuum Universe: A Mini Review","authors":"Rajendra Sp","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000461","url":null,"abstract":"It should be agreed that all objects like planets, stars etc. float in the full vacuum universe. It should also be agreed that atmosphere possessed by these objects is due to gravity and the atmosphere is in the open system full vacuum universe. Here, air molecules always try to escape in full vacuum universe against gravity to have uniformity in the universe. Means it is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. It is in science textbooks that the Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure. But, to have pressure in the system, it must be isolated by boundary and its value is same at any point within. Here, Earth’s atmospheric air neither uniformly distributed nor in a closed system. It is known that gravity is holding each air molecule towards the Earth. On surface, air has high-density molecules and as further go away molecules density decreases. This density difference is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. This paper uncovers the misconception regarding Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure due to its air molecules vertical column mass. To prove the argument, the manometer experiment is visited. In this experiment author makes the effort to raise mercury filled tube up against gravity above pot level then inverts it. Here, mercury level drops because of gravity which creates a vacuum in the top of the tube. This causes reduced surface energy inside wall of the tube. To be in the equilibrium state with outer tube wall, inner wall surface tries to suck in all direction that holds mercury up against gravity that means tube mercury weight is balanced by vacuum and that is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70383939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000483
D. Arulneyam, R. Premsudha
Indian subcontinent has blessed with abundant water resources in the form perennial rivers and subsurface water. Every citizen of this country has the responsibility and duty towards protecting these most precious resources. Yet there is a scenario in India that thousands of people from different region are deprived of this due to over exploitation, poor management system. In this line, we have selected Saroor Nagar Mandal in Hyderabad City of Telangana state for conducting a model study on assessing groundwater quality. The study has been carried out in 6 locations of Saroornagar Mandal during pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons by collecting 12 nos of bore water samples. Nine parameters were chosen for the analysis such as Temperature, pH, EC, Total dissolved solids, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Turbidity, Chlorides and Bicarbonates. Finally, results of the analysis were compared with water quality standards such as BIS 10500 (1991) and CPHEEO manual of water sample and treatment. From this study, it was observed that calcium content was higher in few locations while other parameters were within the permissible limits. Citation: Arulneyam D, Premsudha R (2018) Study on Groundwater Quality around Saroornagar Mandal in Hyderabad, Telangana. J Earth Sci Clim Change 9: 483. doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000483
{"title":"Study on Groundwater Quality around Saroornagar Mandal in Hyderabad, Telangana","authors":"D. Arulneyam, R. Premsudha","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000483","url":null,"abstract":"Indian subcontinent has blessed with abundant water resources in the form perennial rivers and subsurface water. Every citizen of this country has the responsibility and duty towards protecting these most precious resources. Yet there is a scenario in India that thousands of people from different region are deprived of this due to over exploitation, poor management system. In this line, we have selected Saroor Nagar Mandal in Hyderabad City of Telangana state for conducting a model study on assessing groundwater quality. The study has been carried out in 6 locations of Saroornagar Mandal during pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons by collecting 12 nos of bore water samples. Nine parameters were chosen for the analysis such as Temperature, pH, EC, Total dissolved solids, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Turbidity, Chlorides and Bicarbonates. Finally, results of the analysis were compared with water quality standards such as BIS 10500 (1991) and CPHEEO manual of water sample and treatment. From this study, it was observed that calcium content was higher in few locations while other parameters were within the permissible limits. Citation: Arulneyam D, Premsudha R (2018) Study on Groundwater Quality around Saroornagar Mandal in Hyderabad, Telangana. J Earth Sci Clim Change 9: 483. doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000483","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70384043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000484
Khalil Sh
Granular palm shell activated carbon (AC) was impregnated separately with monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino- 2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) to improve its natural capacity and selectivity for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. The total surface area, micropore volume, as well as the heterogeneity of the impregnated AC particles was considerably reduced due to impregnation. CO2 intake of impregnated 500 μm AC particles improved significantly and adsorptive capacity of 500 μm MEA-impregnated AC particles improved by 172% and 44% comparing to non-impregnated and AMP-impregnated AC particles respectively. Solid state amine stoichiometric results indicated that adsorption capacity of unhindered amine (MEA) is higher than that of hindered amine (AMP) by 50% contrary to liquid amines standard stoichiometry. Exhausted AMP-impregnated beds were regenerated by sweeping at room temperature with stream of pure nitrogen (N2) flowing at 60 ml/min for 4 hours. Heating up to 75°C was required to regenerate exhausted MEAimpregnated beds. Increasing feed gas flow rate has adverse effect on breakthrough time more than increasing bed operating temperature. Breakthrough time was utilized to evaluate the performance of the different adsorption beds.
{"title":"Effects on Surface Area, Intake Capacity and Regeneration of Impregnated Palm-Shell Activated Carbon with Monoethanolamide and 2-Amino-2-Methyl- 1-Propanol Equipped For CO2 Adsorption","authors":"Khalil Sh","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000484","url":null,"abstract":"Granular palm shell activated carbon (AC) was impregnated separately with monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino- 2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) to improve its natural capacity and selectivity for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. The total surface area, micropore volume, as well as the heterogeneity of the impregnated AC particles was considerably reduced due to impregnation. CO2 intake of impregnated 500 μm AC particles improved significantly and adsorptive capacity of 500 μm MEA-impregnated AC particles improved by 172% and 44% comparing to non-impregnated and AMP-impregnated AC particles respectively. Solid state amine stoichiometric results indicated that adsorption capacity of unhindered amine (MEA) is higher than that of hindered amine (AMP) by 50% contrary to liquid amines standard stoichiometry. Exhausted AMP-impregnated beds were regenerated by sweeping at room temperature with stream of pure nitrogen (N2) flowing at 60 ml/min for 4 hours. Heating up to 75°C was required to regenerate exhausted MEAimpregnated beds. Increasing feed gas flow rate has adverse effect on breakthrough time more than increasing bed operating temperature. Breakthrough time was utilized to evaluate the performance of the different adsorption beds.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70384143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617-c6-053
pFarid ElDaoushyp
{"title":"Sustainability in science and technology: Water, energy and natural resources nexus","authors":"pFarid ElDaoushyp","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617-c6-053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617-c6-053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"09 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70392948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000445
A. Littaye, M. S. Cheikh
All over the world, seagrass beds are key natural habitats for their ecosystem services. Those in the Gulf of Arguin, in Mauritania, have been monitored for more than twenty years; their conservation status is considered good despite very variable climatic conditions. In the absence of anthropogenic stress, the abiotic conditions have given rise to a number of hypotheses explaining temporary patches of mortality. These observations and hypotheses were revisited during the analysis of the evolution over 20 years of the total vegetation cover in Arguin Bay, evaluated by the NDVI index. This change over the medium term is consistent with wind conditions, drivers of sediment transport and hydrodynamics. The chronological contextualization of field observations by climatic conditions provides a new understanding of short-term variations. The importance of ongoing monitoring of this ecosystem is demonstrated; additional guidance is suggested to assess the specific resilience of each of the species that make up this seagrass beds.
{"title":"New Insights in Seagrass Mortality Patches at the Arguin Bank in the Perspectives of Climate Change","authors":"A. Littaye, M. S. Cheikh","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000445","url":null,"abstract":"All over the world, seagrass beds are key natural habitats for their ecosystem services. Those in the Gulf of Arguin, in Mauritania, have been monitored for more than twenty years; their conservation status is considered good despite very variable climatic conditions. In the absence of anthropogenic stress, the abiotic conditions have given rise to a number of hypotheses explaining temporary patches of mortality. These observations and hypotheses were revisited during the analysis of the evolution over 20 years of the total vegetation cover in Arguin Bay, evaluated by the NDVI index. This change over the medium term is consistent with wind conditions, drivers of sediment transport and hydrodynamics. The chronological contextualization of field observations by climatic conditions provides a new understanding of short-term variations. The importance of ongoing monitoring of this ecosystem is demonstrated; additional guidance is suggested to assess the specific resilience of each of the species that make up this seagrass beds.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70383089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000471
Osazuwa Ao, Saka Ao
This paper presents one of the most detailed facies analysis of the siliciclastic rocks on the western flank of Anambra basin, Southwestern Nigeria. The study is based on four stratigraphic outcrop sections exposed as road cuts and cliff surface of river channel in Auchi and Fugar environs. The stratigraphic sections were studied in terms of lithology, textural characteristics, sedimentary structures, geobody geometry, paleocurrent signatures and bed forms, allowing the recognition and organization of facies into facies associations in order to interpret the depositional environments. Nine lithofacies were recognized namely, structured to massive conglomerate facies (Gmm), fine- to medium-grained, planar cross bedded, sandstone facies (Sx), thick-bedded, medium-grained, moderately-sorted, sandstone facies with rashes of sub vertical Ophiomorpha burrows (Sxb), medium-grained, moderately-sorted, planar cross laminated, quartzose sandstone facies (Sxl), coarse to medium-grained, massive, sandstone facies (Sm), fine- to coarse-grained, trough cross bedded, quartzose, sandstone facies (St), medium-grained, moderately sorted, herringbone cross stratified, reddish brown sandstone facies (Sxh), fine-grained, moderately sorted, fine-grained, white, hummocky cross stratified sandstone facies (Sh), and medium-grained, moderately sorted, rippled sandstone facies (Sr). The spaciotemporal examination of these facies allowed the identification of five facies associations (FAs). The facies associations are FA 1, FA 2, FA 3, FA 4 and FA 5. FA 1 consists of Gmm, St, Sm and Sx is interpreted as indicating deposition in braided fluvial channel. FA 2 is constituted by Sh, St and Sm and is interpreted as deposits of shoreface. Facies Sxh and Sm together with the occurrence of reactivation surfaces were identified in FA 3 and are interpreted as tidal channel deposition. FA 4 is interpreted as indicating deposition in delta front on account of fan- shaped paleocurrent signature and the presence of facies Sx, Sxl and Sxb. Lastly, FA 5 is comprised of Sx, Sm and Sr and strongly suggests deposition in distributary channel environment. Therefore, sediments in the four sedimentary outcrops in the study area were deposited in fluviodeltaic to shallow marine (shoreface) settings.
{"title":"Depositional Environment of Siliciclastic Deposits on the Western Flank of the Anambra Basin, South West Nigeria: Insights from Sedimentary Facies Analysis","authors":"Osazuwa Ao, Saka Ao","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000471","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents one of the most detailed facies analysis of the siliciclastic rocks on the western flank of Anambra basin, Southwestern Nigeria. The study is based on four stratigraphic outcrop sections exposed as road cuts and cliff surface of river channel in Auchi and Fugar environs. The stratigraphic sections were studied in terms of lithology, textural characteristics, sedimentary structures, geobody geometry, paleocurrent signatures and bed forms, allowing the recognition and organization of facies into facies associations in order to interpret the depositional environments. Nine lithofacies were recognized namely, structured to massive conglomerate facies (Gmm), fine- to medium-grained, planar cross bedded, sandstone facies (Sx), thick-bedded, medium-grained, moderately-sorted, sandstone facies with rashes of sub vertical Ophiomorpha burrows (Sxb), medium-grained, moderately-sorted, planar cross laminated, quartzose sandstone facies (Sxl), coarse to medium-grained, massive, sandstone facies (Sm), fine- to coarse-grained, trough cross bedded, quartzose, sandstone facies (St), medium-grained, moderately sorted, herringbone cross stratified, reddish brown sandstone facies (Sxh), fine-grained, moderately sorted, fine-grained, white, hummocky cross stratified sandstone facies (Sh), and medium-grained, moderately sorted, rippled sandstone facies (Sr). The spaciotemporal examination of these facies allowed the identification of five facies associations (FAs). The facies associations are FA 1, FA 2, FA 3, FA 4 and FA 5. FA 1 consists of Gmm, St, Sm and Sx is interpreted as indicating deposition in braided fluvial channel. FA 2 is constituted by Sh, St and Sm and is interpreted as deposits of shoreface. Facies Sxh and Sm together with the occurrence of reactivation surfaces were identified in FA 3 and are interpreted as tidal channel deposition. FA 4 is interpreted as indicating deposition in delta front on account of fan- shaped paleocurrent signature and the presence of facies Sx, Sxl and Sxb. Lastly, FA 5 is comprised of Sx, Sm and Sr and strongly suggests deposition in distributary channel environment. Therefore, sediments in the four sedimentary outcrops in the study area were deposited in fluviodeltaic to shallow marine (shoreface) settings.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70384076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000476
Adefisan Ea
The study investigates the climate change impact on monthly and seasonal distribution of rainfall and temperature of three scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) between year 2000 and 2099. The analysis considered two climatic periods which are 2000 to 2029 as present and 2070 to 2099 as future. The ten-year mean (decadal) analyses of these two parameters were also performed. The result showed that temperature increases over West Africa countries in all the months under each of the scenarios. Scenario A2 with the highest emission of 800 ppm shows the highest increase of temperature and rainfall over West Africa followed by scenario A1B with emission of 720 ppm and the least is that of B1 with the lowest emission of 550 ppm. The result also showed that rainfall increases over most part of West Africa in all the scenarios with the exception of coastline that a little decrease in amount of rainfall was estimated. However, the decadal analysis shows that there is a gradual and almost consistent increase in temperature and rainfall over West Africa. Monthly mean values of scenario B1 estimated higher in all the months than its scenario A1B counterpart while those of A1B are also higher than those of scenario B1. The result implies that the higher the emission, the higher is the temperature which leads to warmer future and most likely the more rainfall and hence likelihood of flooding, more occurrence of heat wave and other high temperature related problems. It therefore recommended that IPCC regulation to reduce emission should be strictly adhered to by all countries so that the world can have a better future to dwell in.
{"title":"Climate Change Impact on Rainfall and Temperature Distributions Over West Africa from Three IPCC Scenarios","authors":"Adefisan Ea","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000476","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the climate change impact on monthly and seasonal distribution of rainfall and temperature of three scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) between year 2000 and 2099. The analysis considered two climatic periods which are 2000 to 2029 as present and 2070 to 2099 as future. The ten-year mean (decadal) analyses of these two parameters were also performed. The result showed that temperature increases over West Africa countries in all the months under each of the scenarios. Scenario A2 with the highest emission of 800 ppm shows the highest increase of temperature and rainfall over West Africa followed by scenario A1B with emission of 720 ppm and the least is that of B1 with the lowest emission of 550 ppm. The result also showed that rainfall increases over most part of West Africa in all the scenarios with the exception of coastline that a little decrease in amount of rainfall was estimated. However, the decadal analysis shows that there is a gradual and almost consistent increase in temperature and rainfall over West Africa. Monthly mean values of scenario B1 estimated higher in all the months than its scenario A1B counterpart while those of A1B are also higher than those of scenario B1. The result implies that the higher the emission, the higher is the temperature which leads to warmer future and most likely the more rainfall and hence likelihood of flooding, more occurrence of heat wave and other high temperature related problems. It therefore recommended that IPCC regulation to reduce emission should be strictly adhered to by all countries so that the world can have a better future to dwell in.","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70384172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000489
M. Kuman
{"title":"The Mystery of the Black Sea Floods Solved","authors":"M. Kuman","doi":"10.4172/2157-7617.1000489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000489","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73713,"journal":{"name":"Journal of earth science & climatic change","volume":"09 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7617.1000489","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70384571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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