Shibin Yao, Chengying Wu, Jing Liu, Yi Yang, Linghan Yuan
The practice of China's tax modernization construction has accumulated rich experience for the modernization of tax collection and management, while the new era, accelerating the modernization construction with Chinese characteristics, has put forward new requirements of the times for the modernization of tax collection and management. The Opinions on Further Deepening the Reform of Tax Collection and Administration of the Central Office and the State Office pointed out that it is necessary to comprehensively push forward the digital upgrading and intelligent transformation of tax collection and administration, and to holistically and integrally improve the effectiveness of tax governance. The State Administration of Taxation has also repeatedly requested that the construction of smart tax supported by tax big data should be pushed forward to provide more powerful data support for the modernization of tax collection and management. This paper takes smart tax construction as the research background, analyzes the problems of modernization of tax collection and administration in the new period, and on this basis puts forward the suggestions of optimizing system design, strengthening tax governance by numbers, transforming the way of tax management and service, and perfecting the mechanism of talent cultivation, etc., in an attempt to explore the path of development of modernization of tax collection and administration.
{"title":"Ideas and Measures for Promoting Modernization of Tax Administration in the New Era in the Context of Smart Tax Construction","authors":"Shibin Yao, Chengying Wu, Jing Liu, Yi Yang, Linghan Yuan","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n4p77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n4p77","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of China's tax modernization construction has accumulated rich experience for the modernization of tax collection and management, while the new era, accelerating the modernization construction with Chinese characteristics, has put forward new requirements of the times for the modernization of tax collection and management. The Opinions on Further Deepening the Reform of Tax Collection and Administration of the Central Office and the State Office pointed out that it is necessary to comprehensively push forward the digital upgrading and intelligent transformation of tax collection and administration, and to holistically and integrally improve the effectiveness of tax governance. The State Administration of Taxation has also repeatedly requested that the construction of smart tax supported by tax big data should be pushed forward to provide more powerful data support for the modernization of tax collection and management. This paper takes smart tax construction as the research background, analyzes the problems of modernization of tax collection and administration in the new period, and on this basis puts forward the suggestions of optimizing system design, strengthening tax governance by numbers, transforming the way of tax management and service, and perfecting the mechanism of talent cultivation, etc., in an attempt to explore the path of development of modernization of tax collection and administration.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135475803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moaned Talib Al-Hamdi, Mahmood Alshammari, Mohammad Alawin
This research studies the impact of real Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and real exchange rate on the Current Account position in Jordan, during the quarterly periods from 2008 to 2022. The study reviews the literature on the theoretical framework around the impact of real GDP and fluctuations of the real exchange rate on the current account status. This study describes the performance of the current account during the study period and applies the appropriate econometric tests to an economic model. The main results show a significant, positive effect of real GDP growth in improving the status and sustainability of the current account; output growth indicates an increase in production leading to higher levels of exports and lower levels of imports. The results did not show a significant effect of the real exchange rate on the current account position, which is largely attributed to the stabilization policy of exchange rate pursued by the Central Bank of Jordan since October 1995.
{"title":"The Effect of Real Exchange Rate on Current Account","authors":"Moaned Talib Al-Hamdi, Mahmood Alshammari, Mohammad Alawin","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n4p70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n4p70","url":null,"abstract":"This research studies the impact of real Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and real exchange rate on the Current Account position in Jordan, during the quarterly periods from 2008 to 2022. The study reviews the literature on the theoretical framework around the impact of real GDP and fluctuations of the real exchange rate on the current account status. This study describes the performance of the current account during the study period and applies the appropriate econometric tests to an economic model. The main results show a significant, positive effect of real GDP growth in improving the status and sustainability of the current account; output growth indicates an increase in production leading to higher levels of exports and lower levels of imports. The results did not show a significant effect of the real exchange rate on the current account position, which is largely attributed to the stabilization policy of exchange rate pursued by the Central Bank of Jordan since October 1995.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135365375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper mainly quantifies the economic development situation and industrial competitiveness of Asian countries by measuring the Generalized Economic Complexity Index (GECI) and statistical indicators. The measurement results reveal that it can reflect the real and effective national economic industrial competitiveness more accurately than traditional macro-economic indicators promptly. Another new finding is the GECI of economies, which shows clear geographical differences, with relatively the highest in the East Asia. Besides, we compare the potential of industrial upgrading and conclude that China, Turkey and India have stronger industrial upgrading, while Qatar and Kuwait are obviously weaker.
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Economic Complexity and Industrial Competitiveness of Asian Countries","authors":"Huinan Ling, Zhen Jia, Peng Zuo","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n4p48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n4p48","url":null,"abstract":"This paper mainly quantifies the economic development situation and industrial competitiveness of Asian countries by measuring the Generalized Economic Complexity Index (GECI) and statistical indicators. The measurement results reveal that it can reflect the real and effective national economic industrial competitiveness more accurately than traditional macro-economic indicators promptly. Another new finding is the GECI of economies, which shows clear geographical differences, with relatively the highest in the East Asia. Besides, we compare the potential of industrial upgrading and conclude that China, Turkey and India have stronger industrial upgrading, while Qatar and Kuwait are obviously weaker.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By measuring the level of digital economy and rural revitalization in different regions, this paper analyzes the nonlinear impact of digital economy on rural revitalization by using a panel threshold regression model. It is found that when the consumption level of rural residents and digital inclusive finance level are taken as threshold variables, the impact of digital economy on rural revitalization has single and double threshold effects respectively. With the improvement of rural residents’ consumption and digital inclusive finance levels, the digital economy plays an increasingly important role in promoting rural revitalization, showing a rising trend. Further, through grouping regression, it is found that the promotion of digital economy to rural revitalization is only significant in the western region where the economy is relatively backward, but not significant in the central and eastern regions.
{"title":"Nonlinear Influence of Digital Economy on Rural Revitalization","authors":"Jiatong Wang","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n4p39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n4p39","url":null,"abstract":"By measuring the level of digital economy and rural revitalization in different regions, this paper analyzes the nonlinear impact of digital economy on rural revitalization by using a panel threshold regression model. It is found that when the consumption level of rural residents and digital inclusive finance level are taken as threshold variables, the impact of digital economy on rural revitalization has single and double threshold effects respectively. With the improvement of rural residents’ consumption and digital inclusive finance levels, the digital economy plays an increasingly important role in promoting rural revitalization, showing a rising trend. Further, through grouping regression, it is found that the promotion of digital economy to rural revitalization is only significant in the western region where the economy is relatively backward, but not significant in the central and eastern regions.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135252660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justine Ongeri Mogendi, Tabitha Kiriti Nganga, Laura Nelima Barasa
This study investigates how changes in prices caused by the adoption of the East African Community Common External Tariff affected the labor incomes of households in Kenya. Households in rural, urban, and fully urban areas are analyzed. Workers are classified as skilled versus unskilled, formal versus informal, and agricultural versus non-agricultural sector workers. Data from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Surveys 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 are used in the analysis. Data from these surveys were used to categorize workers and extract the price values for commodities. One hundred and twenty-one commodities classified as agricultural or manufactured goods are analyzed. Much of the reduction in import tariffs and hence reduction in commodity prices is on manufactured goods. A Mincerian wage equation that is corrected for survey design and heteroskedasticity is estimated. Further, a sensitivity analysis using a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood model is estimated. The price-labor income effect is observed to vary with the classification of workers in the country. Skilled, formal, and non-agricultural workers gained compared to their counterparts. Workers in counties that border the EAC countries and those in the major cities in the country gained more than other workers in other counties in the country. However, in all parts where gains are experienced, the magnitude is small. This shows that generally, the Common External Tariff did not have a very significant effect on labor incomes in Kenya.
{"title":"Effect of the East African Community Common External Tariff on Household Labor Income in Kenya","authors":"Justine Ongeri Mogendi, Tabitha Kiriti Nganga, Laura Nelima Barasa","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n3p157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n3p157","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how changes in prices caused by the adoption of the East African Community Common External Tariff affected the labor incomes of households in Kenya. Households in rural, urban, and fully urban areas are analyzed. Workers are classified as skilled versus unskilled, formal versus informal, and agricultural versus non-agricultural sector workers. Data from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Surveys 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 are used in the analysis. Data from these surveys were used to categorize workers and extract the price values for commodities. One hundred and twenty-one commodities classified as agricultural or manufactured goods are analyzed. Much of the reduction in import tariffs and hence reduction in commodity prices is on manufactured goods. A Mincerian wage equation that is corrected for survey design and heteroskedasticity is estimated. Further, a sensitivity analysis using a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood model is estimated. The price-labor income effect is observed to vary with the classification of workers in the country. Skilled, formal, and non-agricultural workers gained compared to their counterparts. Workers in counties that border the EAC countries and those in the major cities in the country gained more than other workers in other counties in the country. However, in all parts where gains are experienced, the magnitude is small. This shows that generally, the Common External Tariff did not have a very significant effect on labor incomes in Kenya.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135770708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of sci-tech innovation, especially the field of emerging technologies, has become an important battlefield in today’s geopolitics. Given the unprecedented economic benefits and social changes that 5G technology can bring, 5G has become a major focus of great power competition. This paper uses the bootstrap-rolling-window-causality-test method to investigate the dynamic causal relationship between global geopolitical risk (GPR) and China’s 5G industry. The results show that there is a dynamic bidirectional Granger causality between GPR and China’s 5G industry with time-varying characteristics. At different times, GPR has impacted China’s 5G industry differently. In the early days of the United States’ sanctions against China, its sanctions stimulated China’s independent innovation capabilities, and GPR had a significant positive impact on China’s 5G industry. When the United States strengthens its 5G strategic containment of China, GPR significantly negatively impacts China’s 5G industry. During the period of relative stability in the international political situation, China’s 5G industry has a significant negative impact on GPR. It can be seen that the strategic suppression of China by the United States has affected the development of China’s 5G industry and related industries. These results mean that 5G is integrated into political affairs and becomes a force to defend national sovereignty and enhance geopolitical dominance.
{"title":"Does Geopolitics Affect the Development of China’s 5G Industry?","authors":"Qingqiao Huang, Liushuang Meng, Bin Wang","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n4p17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n4p17","url":null,"abstract":"The field of sci-tech innovation, especially the field of emerging technologies, has become an important battlefield in today’s geopolitics. Given the unprecedented economic benefits and social changes that 5G technology can bring, 5G has become a major focus of great power competition. This paper uses the bootstrap-rolling-window-causality-test method to investigate the dynamic causal relationship between global geopolitical risk (GPR) and China’s 5G industry. The results show that there is a dynamic bidirectional Granger causality between GPR and China’s 5G industry with time-varying characteristics. At different times, GPR has impacted China’s 5G industry differently. In the early days of the United States’ sanctions against China, its sanctions stimulated China’s independent innovation capabilities, and GPR had a significant positive impact on China’s 5G industry. When the United States strengthens its 5G strategic containment of China, GPR significantly negatively impacts China’s 5G industry. During the period of relative stability in the international political situation, China’s 5G industry has a significant negative impact on GPR. It can be seen that the strategic suppression of China by the United States has affected the development of China’s 5G industry and related industries. These results mean that 5G is integrated into political affairs and becomes a force to defend national sovereignty and enhance geopolitical dominance.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135010918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the fifteenth paper that follows the footsteps of fourteen studies that have tried to analyze the competitive profiles of U.S. consumer markets: Men’s Shaving Gel, Beer, Shampoo, Shredded/Grated Cheese, Refrigerated Orange Juice, Men’s Razor-Blades, Women’s Razor-Blades, Toothpaste, Canned Soup, Coffee, Potato Chips, Alkaline AA Battery, Facial Tissue, and Toilet Paper.Michael Porter associates high market share with cost leadership strategy, which is based on the idea of competing on a price that is lower than that of the competition.However, customer-perceived quality—not low cost—should be the underpinning of competitive strategy, because it is far more vital to long-term competitive position and profitability than any other factor. So, a superior alternative is to offer better quality vs. the competition.In most consumer markets, a business seeking market share leadership should try to serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment; and offering quality better than that of the competition: at a price somewhat higher to signify an image of quality, and to ensure that the strategy is both profitable and sustainable in the long run. Quality, however, is a complex concept, consumers generally find difficult to understand. So, they often use relative price, and a brand’s reputation, as a symbol of quality.For 2008 the U.S. Paper Towel market had sales of $2,448 million.Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, we tested two hypotheses: (I) That the market leader is likely to compete in the mid-price segment, and that (II) Its unit price is likely to be higher than that of the nearest competition.For both 2008 and 2007, the results did not support Hypothesis I, because the market leader Bounty was a member of the super-premium segment.However, the results did support Hypothesis II for both 2008 and 2007, because Bounty’s unit price was higher than that of the runner-up, Brawny in 2008, and Sparkle in 2007.We found that relative price was a strategic variable, as hypothesized.A pattern is emerging in price-quality segmentation analysis. In ten of the fifteen studies—that exclude Men’s and Women’s Razor-Blades, Ground Coffee, Toilet Paper, and Paper Towel—the market leader was found to be a member of the mid-price segment, as we have hypothesized.Results in seven markets supported Hypothesis II.We also discovered four strategic groups in the industry.The production and consumption of paper towel leads to adverse environmental effects. It contributes to deforestation, chemical pollution in freshwaters, and fill up our landfill. But there are several ways to reduce their footprint: microfiber cloths; cotton napkins; paper towel made from 100% recycled materials; and newer innovative hand dyers, such as Dyson Airblade, that blows room-temperature air—not hot air--onto wet hands: a process that takes just 14 seconds to dry them.
{"title":"The U.S. Paper Towel Market: A Competitive Profile","authors":"Y. Datta","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n4p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n4p1","url":null,"abstract":"This is the fifteenth paper that follows the footsteps of fourteen studies that have tried to analyze the competitive profiles of U.S. consumer markets: Men’s Shaving Gel, Beer, Shampoo, Shredded/Grated Cheese, Refrigerated Orange Juice, Men’s Razor-Blades, Women’s Razor-Blades, Toothpaste, Canned Soup, Coffee, Potato Chips, Alkaline AA Battery, Facial Tissue, and Toilet Paper.Michael Porter associates high market share with cost leadership strategy, which is based on the idea of competing on a price that is lower than that of the competition.However, customer-perceived quality—not low cost—should be the underpinning of competitive strategy, because it is far more vital to long-term competitive position and profitability than any other factor. So, a superior alternative is to offer better quality vs. the competition.In most consumer markets, a business seeking market share leadership should try to serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment; and offering quality better than that of the competition: at a price somewhat higher to signify an image of quality, and to ensure that the strategy is both profitable and sustainable in the long run. Quality, however, is a complex concept, consumers generally find difficult to understand. So, they often use relative price, and a brand’s reputation, as a symbol of quality.For 2008 the U.S. Paper Towel market had sales of $2,448 million.Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, we tested two hypotheses: (I) That the market leader is likely to compete in the mid-price segment, and that (II) Its unit price is likely to be higher than that of the nearest competition.For both 2008 and 2007, the results did not support Hypothesis I, because the market leader Bounty was a member of the super-premium segment.However, the results did support Hypothesis II for both 2008 and 2007, because Bounty’s unit price was higher than that of the runner-up, Brawny in 2008, and Sparkle in 2007.We found that relative price was a strategic variable, as hypothesized.A pattern is emerging in price-quality segmentation analysis. In ten of the fifteen studies—that exclude Men’s and Women’s Razor-Blades, Ground Coffee, Toilet Paper, and Paper Towel—the market leader was found to be a member of the mid-price segment, as we have hypothesized.Results in seven markets supported Hypothesis II.We also discovered four strategic groups in the industry.The production and consumption of paper towel leads to adverse environmental effects. It contributes to deforestation, chemical pollution in freshwaters, and fill up our landfill. But there are several ways to reduce their footprint: microfiber cloths; cotton napkins; paper towel made from 100% recycled materials; and newer innovative hand dyers, such as Dyson Airblade, that blows room-temperature air—not hot air--onto wet hands: a process that takes just 14 seconds to dry them.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90007213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fangyuan Zhang, Ruixi Zhao, Yizhou Yang, Xiaolong Zou
As one of the world’s largest emerging economies, BRICS countries are playing an increasingly important role in addressing the global issue of climate change. To achieve their emissions reduction targets, these nations are actively promoting the construction of carbon trading markets. However, they face multiple challenges and obstacles in this endeavor, including issues related to market norms, financial support, technical capacity, social participation, and development needs. This research investigates the problems and challenges faced by BRICS countries in terms of building carbon trading markets through literature reviews and case studies. To address these challenges, this research strengthening international cooperation and technical support, improving market norms and provide following recommendations: conducting regulatory measures, enhancing social participation and communication, and balancing the relationship between economic development and environmental protection requirements. Furthermore, it is crucial for these nations to continue to strengthen international cooperation and collaboration, working together to promote the construction of carbon trading markets, achieving their emissions reduction targets, and ensuring long-term sustainability and economic development.
{"title":"Carbon Trading in BRICS Countries: Challenges and Recommendations","authors":"Fangyuan Zhang, Ruixi Zhao, Yizhou Yang, Xiaolong Zou","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n3p127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n3p127","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the world’s largest emerging economies, BRICS countries are playing an increasingly important role in addressing the global issue of climate change. To achieve their emissions reduction targets, these nations are actively promoting the construction of carbon trading markets. However, they face multiple challenges and obstacles in this endeavor, including issues related to market norms, financial support, technical capacity, social participation, and development needs. This research investigates the problems and challenges faced by BRICS countries in terms of building carbon trading markets through literature reviews and case studies. To address these challenges, this research strengthening international cooperation and technical support, improving market norms and provide following recommendations: conducting regulatory measures, enhancing social participation and communication, and balancing the relationship between economic development and environmental protection requirements. Furthermore, it is crucial for these nations to continue to strengthen international cooperation and collaboration, working together to promote the construction of carbon trading markets, achieving their emissions reduction targets, and ensuring long-term sustainability and economic development.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87418540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the fourteenth paper that follows the footsteps of thirteen studies that have tried to analyze the competitive profiles of U.S. consumer markets: Men’s Shaving Cream, Beer, Shampoo, Shredded/Grated Cheese, Refrigerated Orange Juice, Men’s Razor-Blades, Women’s Razor-Blades, Toothpaste, Canned Soup, Coffee, Potato Chips, Alkaline AA Batteries, and Facial Tissue.Michael Porter associates high market share with cost leadership strategy, which is based on the idea of competing on a price that is lower than that of the competition.However, customer-perceived quality—not low cost—should be the underpinning of competitive strategy, because it is far more vital to long-term competitive position and profitability than any other factor. So, a superior alternative is to offer better quality vs. the competition.In most consumer markets, a business seeking market share leadership should try to serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment; and offering quality better than that of the competition: at a price somewhat higher to signify an image of quality, and to ensure that the strategy is both profitable and sustainable in the long run. Quality, however, is a complex concept, consumers generally find difficult to understand. So, they often use relative price, and a brand’s reputation, as a symbol of quality.The 2008 net sales for the Toilet Paper market were $4,117 million. By far the most popular pack size was the 12-roll pack which constituted 38% of total sales. So, we have concentrated our statistical analysis on that size.For 2008 we found 25 brands with 12‑roll sales over $70,000. However, three of those brands had no sales for 2007. So, we had to restrict our analysis to the remaining 22 for both years.Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, we tested two hypotheses: (I) That the market leader is likely to compete in the mid-price segment, and that (II) Its unit price is likely to be higher than that of the nearest competition.For both 2008 and 2007, the results did not support Hypothesis I. This is because both Charmin, the market leader, and Kleenex Cottonelle, the runner-up, were found to be members of the premium segment.However, the data supported Hypothesis II, because the unit price of Charmin was higher than that of (Kleenex) Cottonelle.We found that relative price was a strategic variable, as hypothesized.A pattern is emerging in price-quality segmentation analysis. In ten of the fourteen studies—that exclude Men’s and Women’s Razor-Blades, Ground Coffee, and Toilet Paper—the market leader was found to be a member of the mid-price segment, as we have hypothesized.Moreover, results in seven markets supported Hypothesis II.We also discovered four strategic groups in the industry.
{"title":"The U.S. Toilet Paper Market: A Competitive Profile","authors":"Y. Datta","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n3p140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n3p140","url":null,"abstract":"This is the fourteenth paper that follows the footsteps of thirteen studies that have tried to analyze the competitive profiles of U.S. consumer markets: Men’s Shaving Cream, Beer, Shampoo, Shredded/Grated Cheese, Refrigerated Orange Juice, Men’s Razor-Blades, Women’s Razor-Blades, Toothpaste, Canned Soup, Coffee, Potato Chips, Alkaline AA Batteries, and Facial Tissue.Michael Porter associates high market share with cost leadership strategy, which is based on the idea of competing on a price that is lower than that of the competition.However, customer-perceived quality—not low cost—should be the underpinning of competitive strategy, because it is far more vital to long-term competitive position and profitability than any other factor. So, a superior alternative is to offer better quality vs. the competition.In most consumer markets, a business seeking market share leadership should try to serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment; and offering quality better than that of the competition: at a price somewhat higher to signify an image of quality, and to ensure that the strategy is both profitable and sustainable in the long run. Quality, however, is a complex concept, consumers generally find difficult to understand. So, they often use relative price, and a brand’s reputation, as a symbol of quality.The 2008 net sales for the Toilet Paper market were $4,117 million. By far the most popular pack size was the 12-roll pack which constituted 38% of total sales. So, we have concentrated our statistical analysis on that size.For 2008 we found 25 brands with 12‑roll sales over $70,000. However, three of those brands had no sales for 2007. So, we had to restrict our analysis to the remaining 22 for both years.Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, we tested two hypotheses: (I) That the market leader is likely to compete in the mid-price segment, and that (II) Its unit price is likely to be higher than that of the nearest competition.For both 2008 and 2007, the results did not support Hypothesis I. This is because both Charmin, the market leader, and Kleenex Cottonelle, the runner-up, were found to be members of the premium segment.However, the data supported Hypothesis II, because the unit price of Charmin was higher than that of (Kleenex) Cottonelle.We found that relative price was a strategic variable, as hypothesized.A pattern is emerging in price-quality segmentation analysis. In ten of the fourteen studies—that exclude Men’s and Women’s Razor-Blades, Ground Coffee, and Toilet Paper—the market leader was found to be a member of the mid-price segment, as we have hypothesized.Moreover, results in seven markets supported Hypothesis II.We also discovered four strategic groups in the industry.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82398024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the effect of budget deficit on economic growth in Cote d’Ivoire. The study applies threshold regression model to annual data covering the period 1970-2022. The results show that fiscal policy significantly influences economic growth rate. Further, the study establishes that the threshold level of budget deficit conducive for economic growth is 4% of GDP. Beyond this threshold, budget deficit is detrimental to economic growth. As the actual budget deficit is above 4%, the study recommends measures aimed at increasing domestic revenue and enhancing efficiency of public spending to enable the country reap more economic growth associated with fiscal policy. In this regards, efforts should be deployed to reduce tax revenue losses from exemptions and evasion which represent a potential of 4.2% of GDP, i.e. more than FCFA 1800 billion. Under certain assumptions, the “true” budget deficit threshold of Cote d’Ivoire is around 2% of GDP.
{"title":"Budget Deficit and Economic Growth in Cote d’Ivoire: A Search for Threshold","authors":"Y. Keho","doi":"10.22158/jepf.v9n3p106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n3p106","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effect of budget deficit on economic growth in Cote d’Ivoire. The study applies threshold regression model to annual data covering the period 1970-2022. The results show that fiscal policy significantly influences economic growth rate. Further, the study establishes that the threshold level of budget deficit conducive for economic growth is 4% of GDP. Beyond this threshold, budget deficit is detrimental to economic growth. As the actual budget deficit is above 4%, the study recommends measures aimed at increasing domestic revenue and enhancing efficiency of public spending to enable the country reap more economic growth associated with fiscal policy. In this regards, efforts should be deployed to reduce tax revenue losses from exemptions and evasion which represent a potential of 4.2% of GDP, i.e. more than FCFA 1800 billion. Under certain assumptions, the “true” budget deficit threshold of Cote d’Ivoire is around 2% of GDP.","PeriodicalId":73718,"journal":{"name":"Journal of economics and public finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86576203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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