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A Comparative Multimodal Discourse Analysis of the Consumer Touch Points Image of Chinese and US Tea Enterprises Based on Corpus on the Amazon Platform 基于亚马逊平台语料库的中美茶企消费者接触点形象多模态对比分析
Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n2p85
Zihan Lang, Run Huang, Zhen Zhang
On Amazon’s cross-border e-commerce platform, tea products are iconic commodities that account for a relatively large amount of exports between China and the US, and play an important role in the foreign trade market, while the e-commerce development of tea enterprises is also of great significance to the construction of the national agricultural economy. This paper mainly takes the product promotion information of 20 Chinese and US tea enterprises on the Amazon platform as an example, and uses multimodal discourse analysis theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the three promotion forms of text, pictures and videos. With the support of the above two theories, the paper aims to interpret the characteristics of the consumer touch points image expressed in the product promotion messages of Chinese and US tea enterprises, so as to provide reference for cross-border tea enterprises in the field of e-commerce marketing and international competition.
在亚马逊的跨境电商平台上,茶叶产品是中美两国间出口量比较大的标志性商品,在对外贸易市场中占有重要地位,而茶叶企业的电商发展对国民农业经济的建设也具有重要意义。本文主要以亚马逊平台上20家中美茶企的产品促销信息为例,运用多模态语篇分析理论和马斯洛需求层次理论,对文字、图片、视频三种促销形式进行综合分析。在以上两种理论的支持下,本文旨在解读中美茶企产品推广信息中所表达的消费者接触点形象特征,为跨境茶企在电商营销和国际竞争领域提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Non-performing Loans and Deposit Money Banks’ Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria 不良贷款和存款货币银行的财务绩效:来自尼日利亚的经验证据
Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n2p66
S. E. Ughulu, Aliyu Mohammed Inobemhe, David Esezobor Ughulu
Nigeria’s deposit money banks (DMBs) are financial institutions licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria to mobilize demand and saving deposits from the surplus economic units for on-lending to the deficit economic units for investment and consumption   purposes. In carrying out this intermediation function, DMBs are exposed to several risks including credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk, exchange rate risk, and others. Of these risks, the credit risk seems the most harmful to DMBs’ financial performance as its occurrence can easily and quickly send a bank into distress or outright liquidation. For over a decade now, DMBs in the country have been experiencing continuously increasing nonperforming loans portfolios. This type of scenario had led to poor financial performance among the Banks. It is for this reason that the present study seeks to verify empirically the impact of certain financial and macroeconomic variables on DMBs’ financial performance for the period 2001 to 2021, that is, 21 years. In doing this, we dissected financial performance into return on assets and return on equity. Hence, two separate models were specified in the study with return on asset and   return on equity serving as the dependent variables in each of the models, while non-performing loans, loan-loss provisions, lending rate, bank size, monetary policy rate and inflation rate represented the independent variables. The longitudinal research design was adopted since   the study’s data covered a specific timeframe. The fully modified ordinary least squares and the panel data regression techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed, among others, that non-performing loans exerted a negative impact on the financial performance of the DMBs in terms of return on assets and return on equity. It was, therefore, recommended that provisions for loan losses, even though appeared with positive impact on return assets and return on equity, should to be scaled up as the variable is frequently used as a strategic and effective means for mitigating loans losses and, invariably, the financial performance of the DMBs.
尼日利亚的存款货币银行(dmb)是由尼日利亚中央银行许可的金融机构,从盈余经济单位调动需求和储蓄存款,向赤字经济单位提供贷款,用于投资和消费目的。在履行这一中介职能时,dmb面临多种风险,包括信用风险、市场风险、利率风险、汇率风险等。在这些风险中,信贷风险似乎对银行的财务表现最有害,因为它的发生可以轻易迅速地使银行陷入困境或彻底清算。十多年来,该国的银行一直在经历不断增加的不良贷款组合。这种情况导致银行的财务业绩不佳。正是出于这个原因,本研究试图从实证角度验证某些金融和宏观经济变量对2001年至2021年(即21年)dmb财务绩效的影响。在此过程中,我们将财务业绩分解为资产回报率和股本回报率。因此,在研究中指定了两个独立的模型,分别以资产收益率和股本收益率作为模型中的因变量,而不良贷款、贷款损失准备金、贷款利率、银行规模、货币政策利率和通货膨胀率为自变量。由于研究的数据涵盖了特定的时间范围,因此采用了纵向研究设计。采用完全修正的普通最小二乘和面板数据回归技术对数据进行分析。研究结果显示,不良贷款在资产收益率和股本收益率方面对银行的财务业绩产生了负面影响。因此,有人建议,尽管贷款损失准备金似乎对回报资产和股本回报率有积极影响,但也应扩大,因为这一变量经常被用作减轻贷款损失的战略和有效手段,而且总是用于减轻管理银行的财务业绩。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Enterprise Innovation Level on IPO Underpricing under Registration System - Based on Signaling Theory 注册制下企业创新水平对IPO抑价的影响——基于信号理论
Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n2p27
Jie Li, Jun-qiu Chen, Jiahao Li
Background: Chinese capital market has continued to develop and mature recently. And in December 2021, the Central Economic Work Conference formally proposed the full implementation of the stock issuance registration system. In this context, the phenomenon of IPO underpricing has not been effectively alleviated in the Chinese capital market.Objective: This paper aims to analyze the impact of listed companies’ characteristics and underwriters’ underwriting level on high IPO underpricing in the Chinese capital market, find the main reasons for high IPO pricing, and ultimately help enterprises alleviate IPO high underpricing.Methods: Based on incomplete adjustment theory and signal transmission theory, this paper analyzes the impact of listed companies’ innovation level (R&D), governance level (CG), and underwriters’ underwriting level on high IPO underpricing in the Chinese capital market through the RE model and robustness test. And all the data are from the CSMAR database and related enterprise annual report search.Conclusion: Based on the signal transmission theory, this paper empirically finds that the high innovation level of enterprises can replace their active underpricing issuance by transmitting high-quality signals to investors, thus alleviating the phenomenon of high IPO underpricing in China. But the level of corporate governance is difficult to send a signal to investors, and underwriters have no significant impact on IPO underpricing. Therefore, the main reason for the high IPO underpricing in China is the active underpricing of the issuer. And enterprises bear the cost of eliminating information asymmetry through low-price issuance between enterprises and investors.
背景:近年来,中国资本市场不断发展和成熟。而在2021年12月,中央经济工作会议正式提出全面推行股票发行注册制。在此背景下,中国资本市场的IPO抑价现象并未得到有效缓解。目的:分析上市公司特征和承销商承销水平对中国资本市场IPO高抑价的影响,找出IPO高抑价的主要原因,最终帮助企业缓解IPO高抑价。方法:基于不完全调整理论和信号传递理论,通过RE模型和稳健性检验,分析上市公司创新水平(R&D)、治理水平(CG)和承销商承销水平对中国资本市场IPO高抑价的影响。所有数据均来源于CSMAR数据库和相关企业年报检索。结论:基于信号传递理论,实证发现企业的高创新水平可以通过向投资者传递高质量的信号来替代其主动的低定价发行,从而缓解中国IPO的高低定价现象。但公司治理水平难以向投资者发出信号,承销商对IPO低定价也没有显著影响。因此,中国IPO高抑价的主要原因是发行人的主动抑价。企业承担了通过企业与投资者之间低价发行消除信息不对称的成本。
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引用次数: 0
The Formation Mechanism of House Price Differences in China’s Urban Area in the Same City—Based on Lasso Bayesian Model Averaging Method 基于Lasso贝叶斯模型平均法的中国同城城区房价差异形成机制
Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n2p48
Jiayao Pan, Shaoling Ding
With the development of economy and the expansion of urban scale, the variation of housing prices within Chinese cities has gradually become significant. Based on the housing prices of 79 districts in Chengdu, this paper analyzes the reasons for such differences. With an index system of the price difference of locational housing, a semi-log linear regression Lasso Bayesian average model is constructed, which can realize variable selection while estimating coefficients. Empirical evidence shows that the inequality of social-economic resources and the imbalance of housing supply and demand in the area are important internal factors that lead to the difference in housing prices between areas within the city; the related housing prices have an extremely significant positive impact, showing that the mobility of the place of purchase and the contagion of the house price are the main reasons for housing price; in addition, influential factors have strong positive interaction effects.
随着经济的发展和城市规模的扩大,中国城市内部房价的变化逐渐变得明显。本文以成都市79个小区的房价数据为基础,分析了造成这种差异的原因。建立了定位住宅价格差异指标体系,构建了半对数线性回归Lasso贝叶斯平均模型,该模型可以在估计系数的同时实现变量选择。实证表明,区域内社会经济资源的不平等和住房供需的不平衡是导致城市内部区域间房价差异的重要内在因素;相关房价具有极显著的正向影响,说明购房地的流动性和房价的传染是影响房价的主要原因;此外,影响因素具有较强的正向交互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Deficit Financing and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria 赤字融资与经济增长:来自尼日利亚的经验证据
Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n2p1
Stephen Ebhodaghe Ughulu, Ph.D., Nosa M. Edogiawerie, Ph.D., Abubakar Alasan Billyaminu
The impact of deficit financing on economic growth has long been recognized in the extant literature given that this type of financing is germane to accelerated and sustainable economic growth. Yet, Nigeria did not seem to have utilized deficit financing proceeds to invest in those related infrastructural facilities that would generate income and augment domestic savings, thereby helping to make and sell quality products and services that are internationally competitive, and ultimately stimulate economic growth. Rather, the seemingly weak governance in the country engaged in massive misappropriation of public funds and outright corruption thereby exacerbating unemployment, insecurity, and widespread poverty both in the urban and rural areas of the country. The main aim of the study therefore was to investigate empirically the impact of deficit financing on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981 to 2019. Secondary data for the study were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank Global Development Index. The fully modified ordinary least squares methodology of the econometrics was employed to analyze the data of the study. The major findings of the study showed that the federal government domestic debt variable, the federal government budget deficit variable, the foreign exchange reserves variable, and the broad money supply variable exerted positive impacts on economic growth, while the external debt variable exerted a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The study therefore concluded that public borrowing in Nigeria can only induce rapid and sustainable economic growth only and if only borrowed funds are massively invested in related infrastructural facilities that would generate revenue which would augment domestic financial resources. Accordingly, the study recommended that the federal government of Nigeria should carefully study the state of its economy to enable it invest in those infrastructural facilities that are thought germane to the achievement of sustainable economic growth.
现有文献早就认识到赤字融资对经济增长的影响,因为这种类型的融资与加速和可持续的经济增长密切相关。然而,尼日利亚似乎没有利用赤字融资收益投资于那些能够产生收入和增加国内储蓄的相关基础设施,从而帮助制造和销售具有国际竞争力的优质产品和服务,并最终刺激经济增长。相反,这个国家看似软弱的治理参与了大规模挪用公共资金和彻底的腐败,从而加剧了该国城市和农村地区的失业、不安全和普遍贫困。因此,本研究的主要目的是实证调查1981年至2019年期间尼日利亚赤字融资对经济增长的影响。该研究的次要数据来自尼日利亚中央银行和世界银行全球发展指数。采用计量经济学中完全修正的普通最小二乘方法对研究数据进行分析。研究的主要发现表明,联邦政府国内债务变量、联邦政府预算赤字变量、外汇储备变量和广义货币供应量变量对尼日利亚经济增长具有正向影响,而外债变量对经济增长具有不显著的负向影响。因此,这项研究的结论是,尼日利亚的公共借款只能引起快速和可持续的经济增长,而且只有将借来的资金大量投资于相关的基础设施,才能产生收入,从而增加国内财政资源。因此,该研究报告建议尼日利亚联邦政府认真研究其经济状况,使其能够投资于那些被认为与实现可持续经济增长密切相关的基础设施。
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引用次数: 0
A Framework for Income, Inheritance, and Wealth Tax in America amid Increasing Income Inequality when the Richest are Leaving even the Rich Far Behind 在最富有的人甚至把富人远远甩在后面,收入不平等加剧的情况下,美国的收入、继承和财富税框架
Pub Date : 2023-03-04 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n1p89
Y. Datta
Income inequality in America has run a full circle, and has now touched or even exceeded the dizzying heights of income recorded in 1928 before the Geat Depression of 1929.On the other hand, the middle class has beeon undergoing a relentless economic squeeze since 1974. The median family income has literally been stagnant for almost half a century.Stagnant incomes do not fully reflect the decline in the standard of living of most Americans. Facing job insecurity, rising health-care costs, the massive $1.75 trillion college loan debt, credit has become a palliative of the middle class to address the deeper anxieties of downward mobility.Many are unable to fulfill the “American Dream” because they cannot afford the middle class standard of living: having a good job, being able to retire in security, owning a home, having affordable health care, and a better future for their children.This inequality is now so vast that it is almost twice as high as in Europe.In 2017, an American CEO’s pay went up 361-times the median pay of a worker—by far the widest gap in the world.Because of an incentuous relationship between Washington and Wall Street, we have a tax code that has been hatched to reward wealthy individuals and corporations.Some of the world’s richest men paid just a tiny fraction of their income in federal tax in 2021. For the first time Trump’s tax cuts helped billionaires pay less than the working class.Many large U.S.-based multinational corporations employ accounting tricks to make profits made in America appear as if they were generated in offshore tax havens—with minimal or no taxes. Thus by using such a clever maneuver, multinationals are able to avoid paying an estimated $90 billion in federal income taxes each year,Encouraged by the Friedman doctrine, the 1970s represented a turning point when America took a sharp turn toward unfettered capitalism—and greed. American CEOs set themselves upon a journey toward maximizing shareholder value. And it is this radical ideology that has guided Ameican business over the last fifty years.This is a mind-set that encourages risk aversion and short-run behavior: an accountant’s short-cut to profits, with a focus on cost reduction, rather than long-term concerns about innovation, quality, and customer satisfaction. And it is this journey that has contributed so much to America’s industrial decline.A key development that has accelerated this decline is the financialization of America. In recent decades, the share of financial services has been about 7-8% of GDP. However, in sharp contrast, the sector accounts for 25-30% of all corporate profits. Yet, the sector has created only 4% of all jobs.In 1999 and 2000 America went through a massive deregulation of the financial markets, which proved to be disasterous, because it led--in 2008--to the worst stock-market crash in America since the Great Depression of 1929.Finance and its way of thinking have now come to permeate every facet of business, so much so
美国的收入不平等已经走了一个完整的循环,现在已经接近甚至超过了1929年大萧条前1928年记录的令人眩晕的收入高峰。另一方面,自1974年以来,中产阶级一直经历着无情的经济紧缩。中等家庭收入几乎半个世纪以来一直停滞不前。收入停滞并不能完全反映大多数美国人生活水平的下降。面对工作不稳定、不断上涨的医疗成本、1.75万亿美元的巨额大学贷款债务,信贷已经成为中产阶级缓解对向下流动的更深层次焦虑的一种手段。许多人无法实现“美国梦”,因为他们负担不起中产阶级的生活标准:有一份好工作,能够有保障的退休,拥有自己的房子,负担得起的医疗保健,为他们的孩子提供更好的未来。这种不平等现在是如此之大,几乎是欧洲的两倍。2017年,美国首席执行官的薪酬是普通工人薪酬中位数的361倍,是迄今为止全球薪酬差距最大的国家。由于华盛顿和华尔街之间存在着一种不正当的关系,我们的税法就是为了奖励富有的个人和公司而制定的。2021年,世界上一些最富有的人缴纳的联邦税只占其收入的一小部分。特朗普的减税政策第一次帮助亿万富翁比工人阶级支付更少的税款。许多总部设在美国的大型跨国公司采用会计手段,使在美国赚取的利润看起来好像是在离岸避税天堂产生的——几乎没有税。因此,通过使用这样一个聪明的策略,跨国公司能够避免每年支付大约900亿美元的联邦所得税。在弗里德曼学说的鼓励下,20世纪70年代是美国向不受约束的资本主义和贪婪急剧转向的转折点。美国的ceo们踏上了股东价值最大化的征程。在过去的50年里,正是这种激进的意识形态指引着美国的商业。这是一种鼓励风险规避和短期行为的思维模式:会计追求利润的捷径,专注于降低成本,而不是对创新、质量和客户满意度的长期关注。正是这段旅程对美国工业的衰落做出了巨大贡献。加速这种衰退的一个关键因素是美国的金融化。近几十年来,金融服务业占GDP的比重约为7-8%。然而,与之形成鲜明对比的是,该行业占所有企业利润的25-30%。然而,该行业只创造了4%的就业机会。1999年和2000年,美国对金融市场进行了大规模的放松管制,这被证明是灾难性的,因为它导致了2008年美国自1929年大萧条以来最严重的股市崩盘。金融及其思维方式现在已经渗透到商业的方方面面,以至于华尔街不再支持为大众创造就业机会的普通企业。由于这种“认知捕获”,2008年金融危机后采取的政策决定为金融业带来了巨大收益,但房主、小企业、工人和消费者却蒙受了损失。这场危机最令人沮丧的后果之一是家庭财富蒸发了16万亿美元。富人通过扼杀真正的、充满活力的资本主义,使美国不再是曾经的机会之地,从而使他们的财富更加丰富。他们使美国成为最不平等的先进工业国家,同时削弱了经济增长,扭曲了关键的政策辩论,并煽动了一个分裂的社会。本文的目的是建立一个联邦税收框架。税收既是一个经济问题,也是一个政治问题。联邦税收有两种观点或学派。一方面是为富人和企业减税;另一方的名片是社区和共同繁荣。这两个学派可以被描述为:(1)“富人和特权”学派和(2)“大众”学派。前者由三组组成:(a)“涓滴”经济学;(b)“供给侧经济学”和(c)“任人唯贤”或“就业创造者”。后者只有一个组:“累进税”。我们认为,判断这两种思想流派优劣的一个好方法是看它们的历史记录。我们来看看整个二十世纪美国的经济史。经济学家约翰·肯尼斯·加尔布雷斯把“涓滴”经济学称为“马和麻雀”理论。大卫•布拉德利认为,这一理论的另一个名称应该是“马屎”经济学。“涓滴效应”的观点由来已久,但长期以来一直受到质疑。这是因为更严重的不平等不仅没有带来更多的增长,而且美国家庭收入中位数几乎半个世纪以来一直停滞不前。
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引用次数: 0
Overcoming home- and overconfidence bias: an effective guideline for private investors based on meta-analysis 克服本土和过度自信偏见:基于元分析的私人投资者有效指导
Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n1p72
Prof. Sebastian Wenning, PhD, DBA
Private investors’ underperformance compared to institutional investors is attributed to a combination of factors, including home bias and overconfidence bias. Home bias refers to the tendency of private investors to overinvest in their domestic markets, which can result in missed opportunities for diversification and exposure to international markets. Institutional investors are less likely to exhibit this bias as they have the resources and expertise to invest globally. Overconfidence bias, on the other hand, refers to private investors’ tendency to believe they have an informational advantage and can outperform the market. This can lead to excessive trading and suboptimal investment decisions. Institutional investors, with their experience and disciplined investment processes, are less likely to fall prey to overconfidence bias. Together, these biases contribute to the underperformance of private investors compared to institutional investors. The following abstract presents four strategies to overcome home- and overconfidence bias derived from the insights of this literature reviewed meta analysis.
与机构投资者相比,私人投资者的表现不佳是由一系列因素造成的,包括本土偏见和过度自信偏见。本土偏见是指私人投资者在国内市场过度投资的倾向,这可能导致错过多元化和接触国际市场的机会。机构投资者不太可能表现出这种偏见,因为他们拥有全球投资的资源和专业知识。另一方面,过度自信偏见指的是私人投资者倾向于相信他们有信息优势,可以跑赢市场。这可能导致过度交易和次优投资决策。机构投资者拥有丰富的经验和严谨的投资流程,不太可能成为过度自信偏见的牺牲品。总的来说,这些偏见导致了私人投资者与机构投资者相比表现不佳。以下摘要提出了四种策略来克服家庭和过度自信的偏见,这些偏见来自于本文献综述的meta分析的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the Mechanism and Path of Farmers’ Connection to E-commerce Market under the Background of Rural Revitalization 乡村振兴背景下农民与电子商务市场对接机制与路径研究
Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n1p66
Y. You, Yanchuan Hu
Rural e-commerce is a powerful tool for rural economic revitalization, and it will continue to transform and survive with the continuous promotion of rural revitalization. Analyze the mechanism and path of farmers’ connection to the e-commerce market, study its development rules, summarize the existing practical experience, and analyze emerging new models. Through the establishment of supply and marketing cooperatives, more employment opportunities would be provided, enhance the regional economic strength, and meet the diversified consumption needs of farmers. Establish a co-construction mechanism between farmers, e-commerce markets, and the government, explore the “rural e-commerce+rural tourism” model, encourage farmers to start businesses and generate income, provide theoretical support and practical experience exploration for achieving sustainable development and rural revitalization, and make positive contributions to the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.
乡村电子商务是乡村经济振兴的有力工具,它将随着乡村振兴的不断推进而不断转型和生存。分析农民接入电子商务市场的机制和路径,研究其发展规律,总结已有的实践经验,分析新兴模式。通过建立供销社,可以提供更多的就业机会,增强区域经济实力,满足农民多样化的消费需求。建立农民、电商市场、政府共建机制,探索“乡村电商+乡村旅游”模式,鼓励农民创业创收,为实现可持续发展和乡村振兴提供理论支撑和实践经验探索,为乡村振兴战略的实施做出积极贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the Practical Path of Green Consumption in China under the Concept of Green Development in the New Era 新时代绿色发展理念下的中国绿色消费实践路径研究
Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n1p58
Yuanyuan Li
Since the reform and opening up, China’s economy and society have developed rapidly and achieved great construction results. However, the rough development has brought a series of bad consequences, especially the ecological environment is getting worse and worse, so it is especially important to promote green development. Green development is to focus on the common development of economy, ecology and natural environment, to save resources and to adhere to the road of sustainable development. With the development of the times, the green consumption mode has become a new way of consumption. This mode is complementary to green development and follows the principles and concepts of green development. Green consumption is also a concrete embodiment of this concept. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the challenges faced by the implementation of green consumption policy in China and to put forward some feasible suggestions.
改革开放以来,中国经济社会迅速发展,取得了巨大的建设成果。然而,粗放型发展带来了一系列不良后果,特别是生态环境越来越差,因此促进绿色发展显得尤为重要。绿色发展就是注重经济、生态和自然环境的共同发展,节约资源,坚持走可持续发展之路。随着时代的发展,绿色消费模式已经成为一种新的消费方式。这种模式与绿色发展相辅相成,遵循绿色发展的原则和理念。绿色消费也是这一理念的具体体现。本文的目的是总结中国实施绿色消费政策所面临的挑战,并提出一些可行的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Did Wayfair Help Brick and Mortar Stores? Wayfair对实体店有帮助吗?
Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.22158/jepf.v9n1p34
Charles Swenson
Using a detailed establishment level data, this study finds that the imposition of a sales tax on remote sellers resulted in a 4.8 to 7.2 percent sales increase for brick and mortar retail sellers in 2018 and 2019. Employment gains for such brick and mortar sellers for this period was approximately 4.3 percent. Such sales and employment increases were not even, as bigger establishments, those part of a national chain, and those part of a publicly-traded company generally experienced larger sales and employment gains. However, the onset of the pandemic saw much of this gain erased, as sales declined and shifted back to online retailers.
通过详细的企业层面数据,该研究发现,对远程卖家征收销售税导致实体零售商在2018年和2019年的销售额增长了4.8%至7.2%。这一时期,这些实体店卖家的就业增长约为4.3%。这样的销售和就业增长并不均衡,因为更大的机构,那些全国连锁店的一部分,以及那些上市公司的一部分通常经历了更大的销售和就业增长。然而,随着销售下降并转向在线零售商,疫情爆发后,这一增长在很大程度上被抹去了。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of economics and public finance
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