Viscosity is a prominent rheological property of polymer, which is affected by temperature, pressure, shear rate, molecular structure, and other factors. Despite the importance of the pressure effect, there remains a paucity of investigations on the dependence of pressure on viscosity compared with other factors, such as shear rate and temperature. Previous research has established that the correlation between pressure and viscosity is usually expressed by the pressure coefficient. In this paper, different measurement techniques and methods for the pressure coefficient of viscosity of polymer melts are reviewed and evaluated on the basis of published experimental data. The capillary rheometer with a pressurized exit chamber is widely employed because of its accuracy and simple use. Besides, the accuracy and relationship of pressure coefficients determined by different methods are discussed.
{"title":"Measurement Techniques and Methods for the Pressure Coefficient of Viscosity of Polymer Melts","authors":"Yang Liao, Yeyuan Hu, Yunxiang Tan, Kosuke Ikeda, Ryoji Okabe, Ruifen Wu, Ryota Ozaki, Qingyan Xu","doi":"10.1155/2023/2020247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2020247","url":null,"abstract":"Viscosity is a prominent rheological property of polymer, which is affected by temperature, pressure, shear rate, molecular structure, and other factors. Despite the importance of the pressure effect, there remains a paucity of investigations on the dependence of pressure on viscosity compared with other factors, such as shear rate and temperature. Previous research has established that the correlation between pressure and viscosity is usually expressed by the pressure coefficient. In this paper, different measurement techniques and methods for the pressure coefficient of viscosity of polymer melts are reviewed and evaluated on the basis of published experimental data. The capillary rheometer with a pressurized exit chamber is widely employed because of its accuracy and simple use. Besides, the accuracy and relationship of pressure coefficients determined by different methods are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The influence of nonrelaxation on the Payne effect of carbon black-filled rubber is studied. The prestrain is introduced in the Kraus model in the form of exponential growth. Combined with studies of temperature correlations, an explicit model for predicting the Payne effect at different prestrains and temperatures is developed. Dynamic mechanical analyses are performed to determine model parameters and validate the proposed model. To further verify the proposed model, the heat buildup of rubber columns under dynamic tensile load is tested and simulated. The comparison between simulated and measured data shows that the simulation considering nonrelaxation is more accurate than without considering. With the increase of prestrain, the accuracy of considering nonrelaxation becomes more obvious.
{"title":"Characterization of Viscoelastic Properties Considering the Nonrelaxation for Filled Rubber","authors":"Xinyi Lin, Mengxi Huang, Yang Wang, Ziran Li","doi":"10.1155/2023/1604326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1604326","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of nonrelaxation on the Payne effect of carbon black-filled rubber is studied. The prestrain is introduced in the Kraus model in the form of exponential growth. Combined with studies of temperature correlations, an explicit model for predicting the Payne effect at different prestrains and temperatures is developed. Dynamic mechanical analyses are performed to determine model parameters and validate the proposed model. To further verify the proposed model, the heat buildup of rubber columns under dynamic tensile load is tested and simulated. The comparison between simulated and measured data shows that the simulation considering nonrelaxation is more accurate than without considering. With the increase of prestrain, the accuracy of considering nonrelaxation becomes more obvious.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bambang Afrinaldi, Frita Yuliati, Hermawan Judawisastra, Lia A. T. W. Asri
Polymeric materials have been employed in a wide range of applications in both dry and wet environments. When these materials suffer damage, it becomes crucial to initiate repairs in order to mitigate further losses. The use of self-healing materials emerges as a promising strategy not only to address this issue but also possess the advantage of prolonging the product’s lifespan. Nevertheless, the development of self-healing materials tailored for wet environments presents a set of obstacles and complexities. The review examines the current state of research in the field and highlights the challenges associated with developing self-healing materials that can effectively repair damage in such environments. We discuss the self-healing mechanisms and various polymers that are extensively employed in the advancement of self-healing materials. We study the progress made in the research and development of self-healing materials specifically designed for wet environments. Furthermore, it provides a summary of various applications of self-healing materials in wet environments.
{"title":"Self-Healing Polymers Designed for Underwater Applications","authors":"Bambang Afrinaldi, Frita Yuliati, Hermawan Judawisastra, Lia A. T. W. Asri","doi":"10.1155/2023/6614326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6614326","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric materials have been employed in a wide range of applications in both dry and wet environments. When these materials suffer damage, it becomes crucial to initiate repairs in order to mitigate further losses. The use of self-healing materials emerges as a promising strategy not only to address this issue but also possess the advantage of prolonging the product’s lifespan. Nevertheless, the development of self-healing materials tailored for wet environments presents a set of obstacles and complexities. The review examines the current state of research in the field and highlights the challenges associated with developing self-healing materials that can effectively repair damage in such environments. We discuss the self-healing mechanisms and various polymers that are extensively employed in the advancement of self-healing materials. We study the progress made in the research and development of self-healing materials specifically designed for wet environments. Furthermore, it provides a summary of various applications of self-healing materials in wet environments.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138560515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bio-based PA56 is as matrix resin, maleic anhydride (MAH), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) dual monomer grafted POE (POE-g-MAH/GMA) polyphenyl ether(PPO) are simultaneous as toughening agents. The PA56/POE-g-MAH-GMA/PPO ternary alloys containing 10 wt% POE-g-MAH-GMA with different PPO content prepared by the melt blending method through twin screw extruder. The structure and property of PA56/POE-g-MAH-GMA/PPO ternary alloys were studied. The results showed that the microscopic morphology of each alloy showed an obvious “sea-island” structure. PA56 is a continuous sea phase, and the island phase assumes the “core–shell structure,” the etched POE-g-MAH-GMA particles are as the nucleus, and PPO are as the shell. When the PPO mass fraction is 30%, the relative crystallinity of the alloy is 11.56%, which is 1.68 times lower compared to the pure PA56, the alloy notch impact strength is 42.1 kJ/m2, and reaches 11.7 times of pure PA56; the water absorption rate of 1.22%, which is 3.22 times lower than pure PA56.
{"title":"Preparation and Property Study of PA56/POE-g-MAH-GMA/PPO Ternary Alloy","authors":"Yunsheng Chong, Liyan Wang, Xiangming Xu, Xiao Zhuang, Rongrong Zheng, Di Cao, Yanming Chen","doi":"10.1155/2023/3114639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3114639","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-based PA56 is as matrix resin, maleic anhydride (MAH), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) dual monomer grafted POE (POE-g-MAH/GMA) polyphenyl ether(PPO) are simultaneous as toughening agents. The PA56/POE-g-MAH-GMA/PPO ternary alloys containing 10 wt% POE-g-MAH-GMA with different PPO content prepared by the melt blending method through twin screw extruder. The structure and property of PA56/POE-g-MAH-GMA/PPO ternary alloys were studied. The results showed that the microscopic morphology of each alloy showed an obvious “sea-island” structure. PA56 is a continuous sea phase, and the island phase assumes the “core–shell structure,” the etched POE-g-MAH-GMA particles are as the nucleus, and PPO are as the shell. When the PPO mass fraction is 30%, the relative crystallinity of the alloy is 11.56%, which is 1.68 times lower compared to the pure PA56, the alloy notch impact strength is 42.1 kJ/m<sup>2</sup>, and reaches 11.7 times of pure PA56; the water absorption rate of 1.22%, which is 3.22 times lower than pure PA56.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138541387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer dissolution and precipitation are two common processes for the production of polymer powders, especially for cases where usual means of comminution are not applicable. I investigated six dissolution–precipitation processes based on high-boiling sustainable green organic solvents and antisolvents for the polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate with respect to apparent particle morphology for a closed loop production scheme. Of the investigated processes two are considered antisolvent-induced precipitations whereas the other four can be considered temperature induced. The applied solvents included p-cymene, dibutoxymethane, ethylbenzoate, γ-valerolactone, ethanol, and hexanol. All processes yielded powders consisting of agglomerated primary particles at a powder dry substance of less than 25% by weight. The produced powders consist in all cases of agglomerates of smaller primary particles.
{"title":"Precipitation of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate Powders Using Green Solvents via Temperature and Antisolvent-Induced Phase Separation","authors":"Benedikt Hanschmann","doi":"10.1155/2023/7651796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7651796","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer dissolution and precipitation are two common processes for the production of polymer powders, especially for cases where usual means of comminution are not applicable. I investigated six dissolution–precipitation processes based on high-boiling sustainable green organic solvents and antisolvents for the polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate with respect to apparent particle morphology for a closed loop production scheme. Of the investigated processes two are considered antisolvent-induced precipitations whereas the other four can be considered temperature induced. The applied solvents included p-cymene, dibutoxymethane, ethylbenzoate, <i>γ</i>-valerolactone, ethanol, and hexanol. All processes yielded powders consisting of agglomerated primary particles at a powder dry substance of less than 25% by weight. The produced powders consist in all cases of agglomerates of smaller primary particles.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138541388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laise Maia Lopes, Mariana Agostini de Moraes, Marisa Masumi Beppu
Silk fibroin (SF) and sodium alginate (SA) are natural polymers with interesting properties to produce biomaterials. Blends of these polymers form a complex protein–polysaccharide system where phase separation can be observed. Therefore, the thermodynamic analysis of this system is important to understand the interaction between the polymers and predict the final state and composition of the phases found in these blends. This study explored blends with a different initial composition of SF, SA, and water at 25°C and neutral pH. The influence of the proportion between mannuronic and guluronic acids on SA composition was investigated. After phase separation, two phases were identified, and the equilibrium data were fitted on three different thermodynamic models: Flory–Huggins, non-random two-liquids, and universal quasichemical. Cohn equation was also used to investigate the potential of SA to precipitate the SF in solution. The results show that the proportion of mannuronic and guluronic acids on the SA can significantly influence on equilibrium data and on the SF/SA interaction parameter, hence, becoming a variability factor if this parameter is not under control in formulations.
{"title":"Influence of Guluronic and Mannuronic Groups in Sodium Alginate Blends with Silk Fibroin: Phase Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Modeling","authors":"Laise Maia Lopes, Mariana Agostini de Moraes, Marisa Masumi Beppu","doi":"10.1155/2023/4986453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4986453","url":null,"abstract":"Silk fibroin (SF) and sodium alginate (SA) are natural polymers with interesting properties to produce biomaterials. Blends of these polymers form a complex protein–polysaccharide system where phase separation can be observed. Therefore, the thermodynamic analysis of this system is important to understand the interaction between the polymers and predict the final state and composition of the phases found in these blends. This study explored blends with a different initial composition of SF, SA, and water at 25°C and neutral pH. The influence of the proportion between mannuronic and guluronic acids on SA composition was investigated. After phase separation, two phases were identified, and the equilibrium data were fitted on three different thermodynamic models: Flory–Huggins, non-random two-liquids, and universal quasichemical. Cohn equation was also used to investigate the potential of SA to precipitate the SF in solution. The results show that the proportion of mannuronic and guluronic acids on the SA can significantly influence on equilibrium data and on the SF/SA interaction parameter, hence, becoming a variability factor if this parameter is not under control in formulations.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138541419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bone defects have recently surfaced as an important topic to discuss in orthopedic clinics, and as a result, they have captured the attention of the biomedical community as well as the general public. Because of their unique characteristics, such as high water content, softness, flexibility, and biocompatibility, hydrogels are gaining more and more traction in the field of tissue regeneration research within the medical industry. Intelligent biomaterials, like hydrogels, are much better than their predecessors because they can respond to new stimuli on multiple levels, such as the physical, chemical, and biological. Because they are sensitive to different outside cues, like shape in three dimensions and conditions between solid and liquid phases, they show certain traits. This indicates that they have the capability of developing into a more efficient material in the future, which would make them better suited to facilitate the localized repair of bone lesions. This article takes a look at hydrogels that alter their shape in response to the environment they are in. Some of the topics covered in this article include the classification of these materials, the concepts that underlie their synthesis, and the current state of research in this potentially fruitful field. This research was conducted with the intention of finding novel ways to treat severe bone defects.
{"title":"Recent Progress in Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels Application for Bone Regeneration","authors":"Hamza Abu Owida, Feras Alnaimat","doi":"10.1155/2023/2934169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2934169","url":null,"abstract":"Bone defects have recently surfaced as an important topic to discuss in orthopedic clinics, and as a result, they have captured the attention of the biomedical community as well as the general public. Because of their unique characteristics, such as high water content, softness, flexibility, and biocompatibility, hydrogels are gaining more and more traction in the field of tissue regeneration research within the medical industry. Intelligent biomaterials, like hydrogels, are much better than their predecessors because they can respond to new stimuli on multiple levels, such as the physical, chemical, and biological. Because they are sensitive to different outside cues, like shape in three dimensions and conditions between solid and liquid phases, they show certain traits. This indicates that they have the capability of developing into a more efficient material in the future, which would make them better suited to facilitate the localized repair of bone lesions. This article takes a look at hydrogels that alter their shape in response to the environment they are in. Some of the topics covered in this article include the classification of these materials, the concepts that underlie their synthesis, and the current state of research in this potentially fruitful field. This research was conducted with the intention of finding novel ways to treat severe bone defects.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138541371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anca Peter, Camelia Nicula, Anca Mihaly Cozmuta, Goran Drazic, Antonio Peñas, Stefania Silvi, Leonard Mihaly Cozmuta
The increase in the polymer-based materials needs has induced along the waste accumulation, thus argued higher interest in recycling. The study aims to assess the structural, morphological, mechanical resistance, physical–chemical and biochemical characteristics, as well as the preservative role during the curd cheese storage of a recycled polylactic acid (PLA)-based film modified with Ag-graphene-TiO2 nanostructured composite, obtained by recovering the composite from the used film, followed by its incorporation in new PLA. The breaking load of the recycled film was 24% lower than that of the new film and 10% higher than of the neat PLA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed changes of the recycled PLA’s surface tension and crystallization degree in a greater extent than in the newly prepared film, revealing better incorporation of the recovered composite into the PLA matrix. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of C–O–Ti bridges between composite and PLA both in new and recycled film. Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the new and recycled film decreased by 33% and 45%, respectively, in comparison with reference PLA. The curd cheese was successfully stored in the recycled packaging; the organoleptic characteristics of cheese wrapped in recycled film were superior in comparison with the new film. The variation of fat and protein contents and mass loss was the lowest when the recycled film was used as packaging material. The study successfully showed the possibility to recover and recycle the used PLA-based films modified with inorganic nanocomposites.
{"title":"Polylactic Acid-Based Film Modified with Nano-Ag-Graphene-TiO2: New Film versus Recycled Film","authors":"Anca Peter, Camelia Nicula, Anca Mihaly Cozmuta, Goran Drazic, Antonio Peñas, Stefania Silvi, Leonard Mihaly Cozmuta","doi":"10.1155/2023/9937270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9937270","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the polymer-based materials needs has induced along the waste accumulation, thus argued higher interest in recycling. The study aims to assess the structural, morphological, mechanical resistance, physical–chemical and biochemical characteristics, as well as the preservative role during the curd cheese storage of a recycled polylactic acid (PLA)-based film modified with Ag-graphene-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructured composite, obtained by recovering the composite from the used film, followed by its incorporation in new PLA. The breaking load of the recycled film was 24% lower than that of the new film and 10% higher than of the neat PLA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed changes of the recycled PLA’s surface tension and crystallization degree in a greater extent than in the newly prepared film, revealing better incorporation of the recovered composite into the PLA matrix. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of C–O–Ti bridges between composite and PLA both in new and recycled film. Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the new and recycled film decreased by 33% and 45%, respectively, in comparison with reference PLA. The curd cheese was successfully stored in the recycled packaging; the organoleptic characteristics of cheese wrapped in recycled film were superior in comparison with the new film. The variation of fat and protein contents and mass loss was the lowest when the recycled film was used as packaging material. The study successfully showed the possibility to recover and recycle the used PLA-based films modified with inorganic nanocomposites.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138541378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eun Joo Shin, Ye Jin Song, Yang Sook Jung, Imjoo Jung, Sunhee Lee
Reversible deformation structure fabricated by 4D printing can be applied in various fields, such as actuators, intelligent mechanisms, and soft robots. In this study, 4D filaments for use in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers were fabricated by melt extrusion process mixing polylactic acid (PLA) and soft actuator grade thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 75 Shore A. The morphological (scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy), chemical (Fourier transform infrared), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis), mechanical (Instron), and WAXS properties of the prepared TPU/PLA blend (5 : 5, 7 : 3, 9 : 1) filaments were investigated. Filaments of 4D auxetic reentrant TPU/PLA samples were 3D printed, and their shape-memory characteristics were assessed at temperatures of 60°C (corresponding to the glass transition temperature of PLA), 70°C, 80°C (matching the melting temperature of the soft segment of TPU), and 90°C. The properties of TPU/PLA samples differ based on the PLA to TPU ratio, with an increase in TPU content resulting in a higher shape setting temperature but a shorter shape recovery time. For the TPU/PLA 5 : 5 sample, setting at 70°C and recovering at 85°C is the most suitable condition for shape recovery, whereas for the TPU/PLA 7 : 3 sample the best conditions are setting at 80°C and recovering at 95°C. In the case of TPU/PLA 9 : 1, shape setting is possible at 90°C, and shape recovery is fastest at 95°C. A 4D structure of TPU/PLA could be achieved based on shape memory testing by temperature stimulation of 3D printed auxetic c TPU/PLA samples.
{"title":"Manufacturing of Filament for 4D Printing through Polyether-Type TPU/PLA Blend","authors":"Eun Joo Shin, Ye Jin Song, Yang Sook Jung, Imjoo Jung, Sunhee Lee","doi":"10.1155/2023/4875625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4875625","url":null,"abstract":"Reversible deformation structure fabricated by 4D printing can be applied in various fields, such as actuators, intelligent mechanisms, and soft robots. In this study, 4D filaments for use in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers were fabricated by melt extrusion process mixing polylactic acid (PLA) and soft actuator grade thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 75 Shore A. The morphological (scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy), chemical (Fourier transform infrared), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis), mechanical (Instron), and WAXS properties of the prepared TPU/PLA blend (5 : 5, 7 : 3, 9 : 1) filaments were investigated. Filaments of 4D auxetic reentrant TPU/PLA samples were 3D printed, and their shape-memory characteristics were assessed at temperatures of 60°C (corresponding to the glass transition temperature of PLA), 70°C, 80°C (matching the melting temperature of the soft segment of TPU), and 90°C. The properties of TPU/PLA samples differ based on the PLA to TPU ratio, with an increase in TPU content resulting in a higher shape setting temperature but a shorter shape recovery time. For the TPU/PLA 5 : 5 sample, setting at 70°C and recovering at 85°C is the most suitable condition for shape recovery, whereas for the TPU/PLA 7 : 3 sample the best conditions are setting at 80°C and recovering at 95°C. In the case of TPU/PLA 9 : 1, shape setting is possible at 90°C, and shape recovery is fastest at 95°C. A 4D structure of TPU/PLA could be achieved based on shape memory testing by temperature stimulation of 3D printed auxetic c TPU/PLA samples.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135136936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rubber mixing is an important link in the production of rubber products. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is often used to explore the effect of rubber mixing parameters on rubber mixing effect. Previous CFD-based rubber mixing simulation studies did not consider the impact of using 2D or 3D numerical calculation models on the numerical simulation results. In order to investigate the differences between 2D and 3D numerical computational models in rubber compounding CFD simulation problems, in this paper, we compare and analyze the results obtained from 2D and 3D computational models under different rotational speed conditions to investigate the differences between the models in the numerical simulation of rubber compounding. Three different experimental speeds of the rubber mixer—39, 44, and 49 r/min—were set during the study using 2D and 3D asynchronous rotor models with a speed ratio of 1.15, respectively. The rubber was processed using the Bird–Carreau model. The phase interface between rubber and air was calculated using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The numerical simulation results of different models show that the rotational speed set to 49 r/min shows the best dispersion distribution effect; the mixing effect and speed change rule obtained by the 2D model are consistent with the results obtained by the 3D model. The performance of the results of the two models is consistent when exploring the numerical simulation of rubber compounding.
{"title":"Simulation Method for Rubber Compounding under Isothermal Partial Filling Conditions","authors":"Guolin Wang, Jingshixiong Wang, Haichao Zhou, Chen Liang","doi":"10.1155/2023/6062543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6062543","url":null,"abstract":"Rubber mixing is an important link in the production of rubber products. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is often used to explore the effect of rubber mixing parameters on rubber mixing effect. Previous CFD-based rubber mixing simulation studies did not consider the impact of using 2D or 3D numerical calculation models on the numerical simulation results. In order to investigate the differences between 2D and 3D numerical computational models in rubber compounding CFD simulation problems, in this paper, we compare and analyze the results obtained from 2D and 3D computational models under different rotational speed conditions to investigate the differences between the models in the numerical simulation of rubber compounding. Three different experimental speeds of the rubber mixer—39, 44, and 49 r/min—were set during the study using 2D and 3D asynchronous rotor models with a speed ratio of 1.15, respectively. The rubber was processed using the Bird–Carreau model. The phase interface between rubber and air was calculated using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The numerical simulation results of different models show that the rotational speed set to 49 r/min shows the best dispersion distribution effect; the mixing effect and speed change rule obtained by the 2D model are consistent with the results obtained by the 3D model. The performance of the results of the two models is consistent when exploring the numerical simulation of rubber compounding.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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