Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.1142/s2345737622410019
L. Landau
In the face of increasingly frequent climate crises, hazard and disaster studies, best practices stress the importance of social resilience and adaptation to changing conditions. Yet critical scholars remind us that the ability to adapt to change hinges on political and economic structures that create and contribute to existing social inequities, thus determining the amount and type of resources different communities can access in times of crisis. Traditional forms of aid from the state and elite funders can sometimes explicitly exclude those most in need of support based on citizen status or requirements around housing and substance use. Mutual aid, which is grounded in anarchist principles and strives to meet basic survival needs of people while delegitimizing harmful systems of injustice, presents an alternative way to understand and engage in disaster response. In New York City, mutual aid disaster responses were documented following Hurricane Sandy in the case of Occupy Sandy, an emergent network that grew from the organizing of Occupy Wall Street. In reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, the practice of mutual aid received a new kind of global attention and acceptance into the mainstream. This commentary piece will provide a brief summary of mutual aid literature, followed by a case study of Occupy Sandy and an overview of the still evolving COVID-19 mutual aid practices in New York City and beyond. Finally, it will propose questions for further research in the context of the ongoing pandemic.
{"title":"Mutual Aid as Disaster Response in NYC: Hurricane Sandy to COVID-19","authors":"L. Landau","doi":"10.1142/s2345737622410019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737622410019","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of increasingly frequent climate crises, hazard and disaster studies, best practices stress the importance of social resilience and adaptation to changing conditions. Yet critical scholars remind us that the ability to adapt to change hinges on political and economic structures that create and contribute to existing social inequities, thus determining the amount and type of resources different communities can access in times of crisis. Traditional forms of aid from the state and elite funders can sometimes explicitly exclude those most in need of support based on citizen status or requirements around housing and substance use. Mutual aid, which is grounded in anarchist principles and strives to meet basic survival needs of people while delegitimizing harmful systems of injustice, presents an alternative way to understand and engage in disaster response. In New York City, mutual aid disaster responses were documented following Hurricane Sandy in the case of Occupy Sandy, an emergent network that grew from the organizing of Occupy Wall Street. In reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, the practice of mutual aid received a new kind of global attention and acceptance into the mainstream. This commentary piece will provide a brief summary of mutual aid literature, followed by a case study of Occupy Sandy and an overview of the still evolving COVID-19 mutual aid practices in New York City and beyond. Finally, it will propose questions for further research in the context of the ongoing pandemic.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49458300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-23DOI: 10.1142/s2345737622500014
C. Hernandez, S. Davila, Martin Flores, J. Ho, Dong-Chul Kim
Forecasting natural disasters such as inundations can be of great help for emergency bodies and first responders. In coastal communities, this risk is often associated with storm surge. To produce flood forecasts for coastal communities, a system must incorporate models capable of simulating such events based on forecasted weather conditions. In this work, a system for forecasting inundations based predominantly on storm surge is explored. An automation and a coupling strategy were implemented to produce forecasted flood maps automatically. The system leverages an ocean circulation model and a channel water flow model to estimate flood events in South Texas specially alongside the Lower Laguna Madre. The system around the models is implemented using Python and the meteorological forcing input is obtained from weather forecasting models maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The forecasted weather data retrieval, data processing and automation of the models are successful, and the complete stack of software can be deployed locally or in cloud solutions to accelerate computations. The resulting system performs as expected and successfully produces flood maps automatically providing vital information for flood emergency management in coastal communities.
{"title":"Automation and Coupling of Models for Coastal Flood Forecasting in South Texas","authors":"C. Hernandez, S. Davila, Martin Flores, J. Ho, Dong-Chul Kim","doi":"10.1142/s2345737622500014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737622500014","url":null,"abstract":"Forecasting natural disasters such as inundations can be of great help for emergency bodies and first responders. In coastal communities, this risk is often associated with storm surge. To produce flood forecasts for coastal communities, a system must incorporate models capable of simulating such events based on forecasted weather conditions. In this work, a system for forecasting inundations based predominantly on storm surge is explored. An automation and a coupling strategy were implemented to produce forecasted flood maps automatically. The system leverages an ocean circulation model and a channel water flow model to estimate flood events in South Texas specially alongside the Lower Laguna Madre. The system around the models is implemented using Python and the meteorological forcing input is obtained from weather forecasting models maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The forecasted weather data retrieval, data processing and automation of the models are successful, and the complete stack of software can be deployed locally or in cloud solutions to accelerate computations. The resulting system performs as expected and successfully produces flood maps automatically providing vital information for flood emergency management in coastal communities.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45118621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621500226
Y. R. Glazer, D. Tremaine, J. Banner, M. Cook, R. Mace, J. Nielsen‐Gammon, E. Grubert, K. Kramer, A. Stoner, Briana M. Wyatt, A. Mayer, T. Beach, Rachel M. Correll, M. Webber
We synthesize the interconnected impacts of Texas’ water and energy resources and infrastructure including the cascading effects due to Winter Storm Uri. The government’s preparedness, communication, policies, and response as well as storm impacts on vulnerable communities are evaluated using available information and data. Where knowledge gaps exist, we propose potential research to elucidate health, environmental, policy, and economic impacts of the extreme weather event. We expect that recommendations made here — while specific to the situation and outcomes of Winter Storm Uri — will increase Texas’ resilience to other extreme weather events not discussed in this paper. We found that out of 14 million residents who were on boil water notices, those who were served by very small water systems went, on average, a minimum of three days longer without potable water. Available county-level data do not indicate vulnerable communities went longer periods of time without power or water during the event. More resolved data are required to understand who was most heavily impacted at the community or neighborhood level. Gaps in government communication, response, and policy are discussed, including issues with identifying — and securing power to — critical infrastructure and the fact that the state’s Emergency Alert System was not used consistently to update Texans during the crisis. Finally, research recommendations are made to bolster weaknesses discovered during and after the storm including (1) reliable communication strategies, (2) reducing disproportionate impacts to vulnerable communities, (3) human health impacts, (4) increasing water infrastructure resilience, and (5) how climate change could impact infrastructure resilience into the future.
{"title":"Winter Storm Uri: A Test of Texas’ Water Infrastructure and Water Resource Resilience to Extreme Winter Weather Events","authors":"Y. R. Glazer, D. Tremaine, J. Banner, M. Cook, R. Mace, J. Nielsen‐Gammon, E. Grubert, K. Kramer, A. Stoner, Briana M. Wyatt, A. Mayer, T. Beach, Rachel M. Correll, M. Webber","doi":"10.1142/s2345737621500226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621500226","url":null,"abstract":"We synthesize the interconnected impacts of Texas’ water and energy resources and infrastructure including the cascading effects due to Winter Storm Uri. The government’s preparedness, communication, policies, and response as well as storm impacts on vulnerable communities are evaluated using available information and data. Where knowledge gaps exist, we propose potential research to elucidate health, environmental, policy, and economic impacts of the extreme weather event. We expect that recommendations made here — while specific to the situation and outcomes of Winter Storm Uri — will increase Texas’ resilience to other extreme weather events not discussed in this paper. We found that out of 14 million residents who were on boil water notices, those who were served by very small water systems went, on average, a minimum of three days longer without potable water. Available county-level data do not indicate vulnerable communities went longer periods of time without power or water during the event. More resolved data are required to understand who was most heavily impacted at the community or neighborhood level. Gaps in government communication, response, and policy are discussed, including issues with identifying — and securing power to — critical infrastructure and the fact that the state’s Emergency Alert System was not used consistently to update Texans during the crisis. Finally, research recommendations are made to bolster weaknesses discovered during and after the storm including (1) reliable communication strategies, (2) reducing disproportionate impacts to vulnerable communities, (3) human health impacts, (4) increasing water infrastructure resilience, and (5) how climate change could impact infrastructure resilience into the future.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45279859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621500214
R. Tanessong, A. J. K. Mbienda, G. M. Guenang, S. Kaissassou, L. Djiotang, D. Vondou, H. B. Lekina, R. H. Mvondo Balla, W. Pokam, P. Igri
With the recurrence of extreme weather events in Central Africa, it becomes imperative to provide high-resolution forecasts for better decision-making by the Early warning systems. This study assesses the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate heavy rainfall that affected the city of Douala in Cameroon during 19–21 August 2020. The WRF model is configured with two domains with horizontal resolutions of 15 and 5[Formula: see text]km, 33 vertical levels using eight cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs). The WRF model performance is assessed by investigating the agreement between simulations and observations. Categorical and deterministic statistics are used, which include the probability of detection (POD), the success ratio (SR), the equitable threat score (ETS), the pattern correlation coefficient (PCC), the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the BIAS. K-index is finally used to assess the capacity of the WRF model to predict the instability of the atmosphere in Douala during the above-mentioned period. It is found that (1) The POD, SR and ETS decrease when the threshold increases, showing the difficulty of the WRF model to predict and locate heavy rainfall events; (2) There are important differences in the rainfall area simulated by the eight CPSs; (3) The BIAS is negative for the eight CPSs, implying that all of the CPSs tested underestimate the rainfall over the study area; (4) Some of the CPSs have good agreement with observations, especially the new modifed Tiedtke and the Betts–Miller–Janjic schemes; (5) The K-index, an atmospheric instability index, is well predicted by the eight CPSs tested in this work. Overall, the WRF model exhibits a strong ability for rainfall simulation in the study area. The results point out that heavy rainfall events in tropical areas are very sensitive to CPSs and study domain. Therefore, sensitivity tests studies should be multiplied in order to identify most suitable CPSs for a given area.
{"title":"Sensitivity of Rainfall to Cumulus Parameterization Schemes from a WRF Model over the City of Douala in Cameroon","authors":"R. Tanessong, A. J. K. Mbienda, G. M. Guenang, S. Kaissassou, L. Djiotang, D. Vondou, H. B. Lekina, R. H. Mvondo Balla, W. Pokam, P. Igri","doi":"10.1142/s2345737621500214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621500214","url":null,"abstract":"With the recurrence of extreme weather events in Central Africa, it becomes imperative to provide high-resolution forecasts for better decision-making by the Early warning systems. This study assesses the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate heavy rainfall that affected the city of Douala in Cameroon during 19–21 August 2020. The WRF model is configured with two domains with horizontal resolutions of 15 and 5[Formula: see text]km, 33 vertical levels using eight cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs). The WRF model performance is assessed by investigating the agreement between simulations and observations. Categorical and deterministic statistics are used, which include the probability of detection (POD), the success ratio (SR), the equitable threat score (ETS), the pattern correlation coefficient (PCC), the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the BIAS. K-index is finally used to assess the capacity of the WRF model to predict the instability of the atmosphere in Douala during the above-mentioned period. It is found that (1) The POD, SR and ETS decrease when the threshold increases, showing the difficulty of the WRF model to predict and locate heavy rainfall events; (2) There are important differences in the rainfall area simulated by the eight CPSs; (3) The BIAS is negative for the eight CPSs, implying that all of the CPSs tested underestimate the rainfall over the study area; (4) Some of the CPSs have good agreement with observations, especially the new modifed Tiedtke and the Betts–Miller–Janjic schemes; (5) The K-index, an atmospheric instability index, is well predicted by the eight CPSs tested in this work. Overall, the WRF model exhibits a strong ability for rainfall simulation in the study area. The results point out that heavy rainfall events in tropical areas are very sensitive to CPSs and study domain. Therefore, sensitivity tests studies should be multiplied in order to identify most suitable CPSs for a given area.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41936360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-20DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621750014
Heejun Chang, P. Loikith, L. Messer
{"title":"The June 2021 Extreme Heat Event in Portland, OR, USA: Its Impacts on Ecosystems and Human Health and Potential Adaptation Strategies","authors":"Heejun Chang, P. Loikith, L. Messer","doi":"10.1142/s2345737621750014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621750014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41972879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621500196
T. Troxler, A. Clement, Yoca Arditi-Rocha, Gretchen Beesing, M. Bhat, J. Bolson, Carissa Cabán-Alemán, Karina Castillo, Olivia Collins, Mayra Cruz, Alan Dodd, S. Evans, Abigail L. Fleming, C. Genatios, Jane Gilbert, Alyssa M. Hernandez, Cheryl L. Holder, Maria Ilcheva, Elizabeth Kelly, Arturo León, Joanna L. Lombard, K. Mach, D. Moanga, J. Murley, A. Knowles, J. Obeysekera, Loren Parra, Jennifer Posner, A. Sarwat, Rachel N. Silverstein, J. A. Stuart, M. Sukop, S. Wdowinski, E. Wheaton
There is a growing need for integrated approaches that align community priorities with strategies that build resilience to climate hazards, societal shocks, and economic crises to ensure more equitable and sustainable outcomes. We anticipate that adaptive management and resilience learning are central elements for these approaches. In this paper, we describe an approach to build and test a Resilience Learning System to support research and implementation of a resilience strategy developed for the Greater Miami and the Beaches or the Resilient305 Strategy. Elements foundational to the design of this integrated research strategy and replicable Resilience Learning System are: (1) strong partnerships among community members, government and non-government organization leaders, and researchers from multiple academic institutions; (2) contributions of subject matter expertise and local knowledge to identify information and translational gaps, formulate metrics and evaluate outcomes of Resilient305 Strategy actions from the community perspective; and (3) a comprehensive understanding of civic engagement activities, technological tools, and resilience-building capacities, including policy and financial innovations, from which to advance socio-technological, smart and connected regional-to-hyperlocal community translation through co-design/co-production. Initial results on co-produced metrics are provided. This work produces a new, replicable framework for resilience research that includes a comprehensive set of metrics, translation to communities through structured dialogues, a collaborative process involving all stakeholders and researchers, and evaluation of resilience actions to inform new investments and improve understanding and effectiveness over time.
{"title":"A System for Resilience Learning: Developing a Community-Driven, Multi-Sector Research Approach for Greater Preparedness and Resilience to Long-Term Climate Stressors and Extreme Events in the Miami Metropolitan Region","authors":"T. Troxler, A. Clement, Yoca Arditi-Rocha, Gretchen Beesing, M. Bhat, J. Bolson, Carissa Cabán-Alemán, Karina Castillo, Olivia Collins, Mayra Cruz, Alan Dodd, S. Evans, Abigail L. Fleming, C. Genatios, Jane Gilbert, Alyssa M. Hernandez, Cheryl L. Holder, Maria Ilcheva, Elizabeth Kelly, Arturo León, Joanna L. Lombard, K. Mach, D. Moanga, J. Murley, A. Knowles, J. Obeysekera, Loren Parra, Jennifer Posner, A. Sarwat, Rachel N. Silverstein, J. A. Stuart, M. Sukop, S. Wdowinski, E. Wheaton","doi":"10.1142/s2345737621500196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621500196","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing need for integrated approaches that align community priorities with strategies that build resilience to climate hazards, societal shocks, and economic crises to ensure more equitable and sustainable outcomes. We anticipate that adaptive management and resilience learning are central elements for these approaches. In this paper, we describe an approach to build and test a Resilience Learning System to support research and implementation of a resilience strategy developed for the Greater Miami and the Beaches or the Resilient305 Strategy. Elements foundational to the design of this integrated research strategy and replicable Resilience Learning System are: (1) strong partnerships among community members, government and non-government organization leaders, and researchers from multiple academic institutions; (2) contributions of subject matter expertise and local knowledge to identify information and translational gaps, formulate metrics and evaluate outcomes of Resilient305 Strategy actions from the community perspective; and (3) a comprehensive understanding of civic engagement activities, technological tools, and resilience-building capacities, including policy and financial innovations, from which to advance socio-technological, smart and connected regional-to-hyperlocal community translation through co-design/co-production. Initial results on co-produced metrics are provided. This work produces a new, replicable framework for resilience research that includes a comprehensive set of metrics, translation to communities through structured dialogues, a collaborative process involving all stakeholders and researchers, and evaluation of resilience actions to inform new investments and improve understanding and effectiveness over time.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46235021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-05DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621310023
M. Pelling, R. Kerr, R. Biesbroek, M. Caretta, G. Cissé, M. J. Costello, K. Ebi, E. Gunn, C. Parmesan, C. Schuster-Wallace, M. C. Tirado, M. V. Aalst, A. Woodward
The COVID-19 pandemic and anthropogenic climate change are global crises. We show how strongly these crises are connected, including the underlying societal inequities and problems of poverty, substandard housing, and infrastructure including clean water supplies. The origins of all these crises are related to modern consumptive industrialisation, including burning of fossil fuels, increasing human population density, and replacement of natural with human dominated ecosystems. Because business as usual is unsustainable on all three fronts, transformative responses are needed. We review the literature on risk management interventions, implications for COVID-19, for climate change risk and for equity associated with biodiversity, water and WaSH, health systems, food systems, urbanization and governance. This paper details the considerable evidence base of observed synergies between actions to reduce pandemic and climate change risks while enhancing social justice and biodiversity conservation. It also highlights constraints imposed by governance that can impede deployment of synergistic solutions. In contrast to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governance systems have procrastinated on addressing climate change and biodiversity loss as these are interconnected chronic crises. It is now time to address all three to avoid a multiplication of future crises across health, food, water, nature, and climate systems.
{"title":"Synergies Between COVID-19 and Climate Change Impacts and Responses","authors":"M. Pelling, R. Kerr, R. Biesbroek, M. Caretta, G. Cissé, M. J. Costello, K. Ebi, E. Gunn, C. Parmesan, C. Schuster-Wallace, M. C. Tirado, M. V. Aalst, A. Woodward","doi":"10.1142/s2345737621310023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621310023","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic and anthropogenic climate change are global crises. We show how strongly these crises are connected, including the underlying societal inequities and problems of poverty, substandard housing, and infrastructure including clean water supplies. The origins of all these crises are related to modern consumptive industrialisation, including burning of fossil fuels, increasing human population density, and replacement of natural with human dominated ecosystems. Because business as usual is unsustainable on all three fronts, transformative responses are needed. We review the literature on risk management interventions, implications for COVID-19, for climate change risk and for equity associated with biodiversity, water and WaSH, health systems, food systems, urbanization and governance. This paper details the considerable evidence base of observed synergies between actions to reduce pandemic and climate change risks while enhancing social justice and biodiversity conservation. It also highlights constraints imposed by governance that can impede deployment of synergistic solutions. In contrast to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governance systems have procrastinated on addressing climate change and biodiversity loss as these are interconnected chronic crises. It is now time to address all three to avoid a multiplication of future crises across health, food, water, nature, and climate systems.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41736255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621020012
P. Marcotullio, W. Solecki
During early 2020, the world encountered an extreme event in the form of a new and deadly disease, COVID-19. Over the next two years, the pandemic brought sickness and death to countries and their cities around the globe. One of the first and initially the hardest hit location was New York City, USA. This article is an introduction to the Special Issue in this journal that highlights the impacts from and responses to COVID-19 as an extreme event in the New York City metropolitan region. We overview the aspects of COVID-19 that make it an important global extreme event, provide brief background to the conditions in the world, and the US before describing the 10 articles in the issue that focus on conditions, events and dynamics in New York City during the initial phases of the pandemic.
{"title":"COVID-19 as an Extreme Event in the New York Metropolitan Region","authors":"P. Marcotullio, W. Solecki","doi":"10.1142/s2345737621020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621020012","url":null,"abstract":"During early 2020, the world encountered an extreme event in the form of a new and deadly disease, COVID-19. Over the next two years, the pandemic brought sickness and death to countries and their cities around the globe. One of the first and initially the hardest hit location was New York City, USA. This article is an introduction to the Special Issue in this journal that highlights the impacts from and responses to COVID-19 as an extreme event in the New York City metropolitan region. We overview the aspects of COVID-19 that make it an important global extreme event, provide brief background to the conditions in the world, and the US before describing the 10 articles in the issue that focus on conditions, events and dynamics in New York City during the initial phases of the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43156983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621500202
A. Bhadra, Mahasweta Bhattacharya
For more than one and a half years now, the world is highly impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 cases are, however, not evenly distributed across the countries; a few countries, particularly high-income countries have been hit harder than the countries of weak economic condition. The reasons for such an asymmetrical distribution are not clearly understood yet. In this work, we have examined the unevenness of global distribution of Covid-19 incidences till 18th June 2021 in terms of the economic condition of countries. Subsequently, we have tried to identify the main underlying factors behind unequal Covid-19 cases. Our analysis suggests that the physical connectivity and the diffusion of coronavirus are the main causes of the different unequal spread of Covid-19 cases in different countries. We find that the Covid-19 infected and death cases are well described by a power law in terms of the stated parameters.
{"title":"A Quest for the Origin of the Uneven Spread of Covid-19 Cases","authors":"A. Bhadra, Mahasweta Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1142/s2345737621500202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621500202","url":null,"abstract":"For more than one and a half years now, the world is highly impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 cases are, however, not evenly distributed across the countries; a few countries, particularly high-income countries have been hit harder than the countries of weak economic condition. The reasons for such an asymmetrical distribution are not clearly understood yet. In this work, we have examined the unevenness of global distribution of Covid-19 incidences till 18th June 2021 in terms of the economic condition of countries. Subsequently, we have tried to identify the main underlying factors behind unequal Covid-19 cases. Our analysis suggests that the physical connectivity and the diffusion of coronavirus are the main causes of the different unequal spread of Covid-19 cases in different countries. We find that the Covid-19 infected and death cases are well described by a power law in terms of the stated parameters.","PeriodicalId":73748,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extreme events","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44922521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1142/s2345737621500172
C. Braneon, R. Field, E. Seto, Kai Chen, Kathryn McConnell, Lorrin Robinson, Safiya Richardson
In the absence of preventive therapies or effective treatment for most cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), governments worldwide have sought to minimize person-to-person severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission through a variety of lock-down measures and social distancing policies. Extreme events like the COVID-19 pandemic present a tremendous opportunity to make quantitative connections between changes in anthropogenic forcing, social and economic activity, and the related Earth system response. In this paper, we examine the air quality impacts associated with the pandemic response measures in the Northeastern United States.
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