The Productivity Commission's research report into 'Australia's Health Workforce', was released on 19 January 2006. The Commission was asked to undertake a research study to examine issues impacting on the health workforce over the next 10 years. The main finding of the commissioned study's report is that changes are needed if Australia's health workforce is to become more efficient and effective. The Commission recommended an integrated set of national actions which will result in a more sustainable and responsive health workforce. The proposed workforce arrangements are designed to: drive reform to scopes of practice, and job design more broadly, while maintaining safety and quality; deliver a more coordinated and responsive education and training regime for health workers; accredit the courses and institutions and register health professionals in nationally consolidated and coherent frameworks; and; provide the financial incentives to support access to safe and high quality care in a manner that promotes innovation in health workplaces. The proposals would benefit all Australians, including those in rural and remote areas and Indigenous communities where workforce shortages are particularly evident.
{"title":"Australia's Health Workforce","authors":"","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.883563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.883563","url":null,"abstract":"The Productivity Commission's research report into 'Australia's Health Workforce', was released on 19 January 2006. The Commission was asked to undertake a research study to examine issues impacting on the health workforce over the next 10 years. The main finding of the commissioned study's report is that changes are needed if Australia's health workforce is to become more efficient and effective. The Commission recommended an integrated set of national actions which will result in a more sustainable and responsive health workforce. The proposed workforce arrangements are designed to: drive reform to scopes of practice, and job design more broadly, while maintaining safety and quality; deliver a more coordinated and responsive education and training regime for health workers; accredit the courses and institutions and register health professionals in nationally consolidated and coherent frameworks; and; provide the financial incentives to support access to safe and high quality care in a manner that promotes innovation in health workplaces. The proposals would benefit all Australians, including those in rural and remote areas and Indigenous communities where workforce shortages are particularly evident.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72546515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents a literature review on performance measurement in health care institutions. This survey identifies seven main challenges to the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The external environment poses three different challenges: more rigorous regulation processes, increasingly diverse customer needs and stiffer competition. In the internal environment, the main challenges to health care management are: conflicts between management and physicians' interests, conflicts among value proposals for different kinds of customers, lack of performance measurement methods and inefficient information systems. The empirical part of the article discusses the use of performance measurement techniques by a sample of 15 Brazilian hospitals. The article shows that all the seven challenges found in the international literature are also present in the Brazilian healthcare institutions. Among other conclusions, its shows that healthcare institutions in Brazil make use of several performance measures in day-to-day management. However, the information produced by these measures is not linked to the hospitals' strategic planning. In general, the indicators are traditional and well-known and can be applied to any sector of activity. Only some financial and internal process indicators were specific to hospitals' needs and could also be found in the international literature. The indicators were distributed unequally across the four BSC perspectives. Much more accurate indicators were available for the financial and internal process approaches than for the other two approaches (clients and learning and growth). Performance measurement systems can thus be said to be much needed in Brazilian hospitals, and the focal task in implementing them is to link them with the strategic plan design. This article was presented at the 3rd CONFERENCE ON PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL, Nice, September 22-23, 2005.
{"title":"Seven Challenges for the Implementation of Balanced Scorecard in Hospitals","authors":"Bruno Folly Guimarães e Silva, V. Prochnik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.899343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.899343","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a literature review on performance measurement in health care institutions. This survey identifies seven main challenges to the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The external environment poses three different challenges: more rigorous regulation processes, increasingly diverse customer needs and stiffer competition. In the internal environment, the main challenges to health care management are: conflicts between management and physicians' interests, conflicts among value proposals for different kinds of customers, lack of performance measurement methods and inefficient information systems. The empirical part of the article discusses the use of performance measurement techniques by a sample of 15 Brazilian hospitals. The article shows that all the seven challenges found in the international literature are also present in the Brazilian healthcare institutions. Among other conclusions, its shows that healthcare institutions in Brazil make use of several performance measures in day-to-day management. However, the information produced by these measures is not linked to the hospitals' strategic planning. In general, the indicators are traditional and well-known and can be applied to any sector of activity. Only some financial and internal process indicators were specific to hospitals' needs and could also be found in the international literature. The indicators were distributed unequally across the four BSC perspectives. Much more accurate indicators were available for the financial and internal process approaches than for the other two approaches (clients and learning and growth). Performance measurement systems can thus be said to be much needed in Brazilian hospitals, and the focal task in implementing them is to link them with the strategic plan design. This article was presented at the 3rd CONFERENCE ON PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL, Nice, September 22-23, 2005.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83130979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why do firms take non-profit status? One of the most popular theories in the law and economics literature is that non-profit status is a signal of quality (Hansmann 1980; Glaeser & Shleifer 2001). This paper offers a simple, empirical test of this theory. If non-profit status signals quality, surely non-profit firms would want to ensure that consumers were aware of their non-profit status. A simple way firms could broadcast such a signal would be to add it to their names, but this sort of signaling is unheard of. Alternatively, firms might indicate their non-profit status on, e.g., their website or in yellow pages listings. Taking this cue, we conduct a survey of over 2800 firms in the hospital, nursing home and childcare industries. Our aim is to determine whether non-profit firms communicate their status to consumers on their websites or yellow pages listings. We conclude that non-profit status may signal quality, but the value of the signal is very poor. We infer this from the fact that firms that have other signals of quality, such as a religious or academic affiliation, are less likely to signal that they are non-profit. Firms only signal non-profit status, however, when it is cheap to do so. The most costly signals we examine are those in yellow pages listings, followed by home pages and then about-us pages on websites. Yet less than 7.5 percent of non-profit firms signal their status in yellow pages listings; only 25 percent do so on their home pages and 30 percent on their about-us pages. Indeed, over 35 percent never signal their non-profit status. Even among firms that have no other indicators of quality, roughly 70 percent of hospitals and 30 percent of nursing homes never signal their status on their websites.
{"title":"Forget Quality: Do Non-Profits Even Signal Their Status","authors":"A. Malani, G. David","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.811664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.811664","url":null,"abstract":"Why do firms take non-profit status? One of the most popular theories in the law and economics literature is that non-profit status is a signal of quality (Hansmann 1980; Glaeser & Shleifer 2001). This paper offers a simple, empirical test of this theory. If non-profit status signals quality, surely non-profit firms would want to ensure that consumers were aware of their non-profit status. A simple way firms could broadcast such a signal would be to add it to their names, but this sort of signaling is unheard of. Alternatively, firms might indicate their non-profit status on, e.g., their website or in yellow pages listings. Taking this cue, we conduct a survey of over 2800 firms in the hospital, nursing home and childcare industries. Our aim is to determine whether non-profit firms communicate their status to consumers on their websites or yellow pages listings. We conclude that non-profit status may signal quality, but the value of the signal is very poor. We infer this from the fact that firms that have other signals of quality, such as a religious or academic affiliation, are less likely to signal that they are non-profit. Firms only signal non-profit status, however, when it is cheap to do so. The most costly signals we examine are those in yellow pages listings, followed by home pages and then about-us pages on websites. Yet less than 7.5 percent of non-profit firms signal their status in yellow pages listings; only 25 percent do so on their home pages and 30 percent on their about-us pages. Indeed, over 35 percent never signal their non-profit status. Even among firms that have no other indicators of quality, roughly 70 percent of hospitals and 30 percent of nursing homes never signal their status on their websites.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87103747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study how market structure influenced the diffusion of new treatment technology (ICSI) among U.S. fertility clinics that performed in vitro fertilization (IVF). We find that competitive (i.e., non-monopoly) markets were more likely to have a clinic that offered ICSI than monopoly markets. Our results account for the potential endogeneity of market structure with respect to entry-foreclosing technology adoption and unobserved market characteristics that might increase the return from offering ICSI. We also provide evidence that ICSI diffused faster to competitive markets because the returns from the new technology were greater there. Early-adopting clinics in competitive markets experienced a significant increase in size, while early-adopting monopoly clinics did not. However, monopoly clinics that adopted ICSI soon after its invention were more likely to delay the entry of rival firms than monopolists that adopted ICSI later.
{"title":"Technology Diffusion and Market Structure: Evidence from Infertility Treatment Markets","authors":"B. Hamilton, Brian McManus","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.813826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.813826","url":null,"abstract":"We study how market structure influenced the diffusion of new treatment technology (ICSI) among U.S. fertility clinics that performed in vitro fertilization (IVF). We find that competitive (i.e., non-monopoly) markets were more likely to have a clinic that offered ICSI than monopoly markets. Our results account for the potential endogeneity of market structure with respect to entry-foreclosing technology adoption and unobserved market characteristics that might increase the return from offering ICSI. We also provide evidence that ICSI diffused faster to competitive markets because the returns from the new technology were greater there. Early-adopting clinics in competitive markets experienced a significant increase in size, while early-adopting monopoly clinics did not. However, monopoly clinics that adopted ICSI soon after its invention were more likely to delay the entry of rival firms than monopolists that adopted ICSI later.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83963955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of the UK Government’s ambitious programme of medical school expansion, it is important to have an understanding of how the medical school admissions process works, and with what effects. The issue is also relevant for the Schwartz Review (2004) into higher education admissions. Using individual-level data for two entire cohorts of medical student applicants in UK universities and exploiting the panel structure of the applicant-medical school information, we estimate models to analyse the probability that an individual student receives an offer of a place. We find that prior qualifications, school type, gender, age, social class and ethnic background are major influences on whether a student receives an offer from a medical school. We also find that the probability of receiving an offer from a particular medical school is influenced by the identity of other medical schools applied to. Finally, we find evidence that certain groups of applicants are particularly disadvantaged the later they apply within the application process.
{"title":"Doctor Who? Who Gets Admission Offers in UK Medical Schools","authors":"Wiji Arulampalam, R. Naylor, Jeremy P. Smith","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.826327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.826327","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the UK Government’s ambitious programme of medical school expansion, it is important to have an understanding of how the medical school admissions process works, and with what effects. The issue is also relevant for the Schwartz Review (2004) into higher education admissions. Using individual-level data for two entire cohorts of medical student applicants in UK universities and exploiting the panel structure of the applicant-medical school information, we estimate models to analyse the probability that an individual student receives an offer of a place. We find that prior qualifications, school type, gender, age, social class and ethnic background are major influences on whether a student receives an offer from a medical school. We also find that the probability of receiving an offer from a particular medical school is influenced by the identity of other medical schools applied to. Finally, we find evidence that certain groups of applicants are particularly disadvantaged the later they apply within the application process.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85756364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For 2400 years society has been confident that physicians will use their professional judgment in treating their patients. Recently the federal government has intruded into the patient-physician relationship by adopting a requirement that physicians provide free oral and written translation services to limited English proficient patients, without reimbursement, or face possible prosecution for national origin discrimination under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VI prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, color, or national origin. Neither language nor limited English proficiency status are protected classifications. This unprecedented expansion of Title VI is being challenged in Colwell v. United States Department of Health and Human Services. This paper argues that the federal government's intrusion into the patient-physician relationship is invalid. First, although the policy is a legislative rule creating new obligations for physicians, the government gave no prior notice of the policy change in violation of the notice and comment rulemaking requirements of the Administrative Procedures Act. Second, the rule is ulta vires because nothing in Title VI supports equating language with national origin. Third, the rule is overbroad and unconstitutionally vague in violation of the First Amendment.
{"title":"Feds Order Physicians and Health Care Providers to Provide Free Language Translation Services to Limited English Proficient Patients: Colwell V. United States Department of Health and Human Services","authors":"Sharon L. Browne","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.782364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.782364","url":null,"abstract":"For 2400 years society has been confident that physicians will use their professional judgment in treating their patients. Recently the federal government has intruded into the patient-physician relationship by adopting a requirement that physicians provide free oral and written translation services to limited English proficient patients, without reimbursement, or face possible prosecution for national origin discrimination under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VI prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, color, or national origin. Neither language nor limited English proficiency status are protected classifications. This unprecedented expansion of Title VI is being challenged in Colwell v. United States Department of Health and Human Services. This paper argues that the federal government's intrusion into the patient-physician relationship is invalid. First, although the policy is a legislative rule creating new obligations for physicians, the government gave no prior notice of the policy change in violation of the notice and comment rulemaking requirements of the Administrative Procedures Act. Second, the rule is ulta vires because nothing in Title VI supports equating language with national origin. Third, the rule is overbroad and unconstitutionally vague in violation of the First Amendment.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90542111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is limited trade in health services despite big differences in the price of health care across countries. Whether patients travel abroad for health care depends on the coverage of treatments by their health insurance plan. Under existing health insurance contracts, the gains from trade are not fully internalized by the consumer. The result is a strong"local-market bias"in the consumption of health care. A simple modification of existing insurance products can create sufficient incentives for consumers to travel. For just 15 highly tradable, low-risk treatments, the annual savings to the United States would be $1.4 billion even if only one in 10 patients who need these treatments went abroad. Half of these annual savings would accrue to the Medicare program alone. The authors examine how measures by destination countries to improve and credibly signal the quality of health care can enhance the scope for trade.
{"title":"Does Health Insurance Impede Trade in Health Care Services?","authors":"A. Mattoo, Randeep Rathindran","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-3667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3667","url":null,"abstract":"There is limited trade in health services despite big differences in the price of health care across countries. Whether patients travel abroad for health care depends on the coverage of treatments by their health insurance plan. Under existing health insurance contracts, the gains from trade are not fully internalized by the consumer. The result is a strong\"local-market bias\"in the consumption of health care. A simple modification of existing insurance products can create sufficient incentives for consumers to travel. For just 15 highly tradable, low-risk treatments, the annual savings to the United States would be $1.4 billion even if only one in 10 patients who need these treatments went abroad. Half of these annual savings would accrue to the Medicare program alone. The authors examine how measures by destination countries to improve and credibly signal the quality of health care can enhance the scope for trade.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89660006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-9310.2005.00381.X
R. Hermans, I. Kauranen
The objective of the study was to empirically verify impacts of intellectual capital (IC) to the anticipated future sales of small- and medium-sized companies within the biotechnology industry. The study creates and develops tools for the valuation of companies by relating the existing intangibles and the expected value creation of the companies in that industry displaying high growth prospects but long and insecure product development phases. Theoretically, IC is divided into the following three categories: human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), and relational capital (RC). In the empirical setting, survey data of small- and medium-sized Finnish biotechnology companies are used. In the econometric analyses, the interactions, or empirical co-variation, between the three categories of IC explain two-thirds of the variance in the anticipated future sales of the sample companies. Thus, it seems that a well-balanced combination of HC, SC, and RC implies value creation potential and high anticipated future sales.
{"title":"Value Creation Potential of Intellectual Capital in Biotechnology - Empirical Evidence from Finland","authors":"R. Hermans, I. Kauranen","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-9310.2005.00381.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9310.2005.00381.X","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study was to empirically verify impacts of intellectual capital (IC) to the anticipated future sales of small- and medium-sized companies within the biotechnology industry. The study creates and develops tools for the valuation of companies by relating the existing intangibles and the expected value creation of the companies in that industry displaying high growth prospects but long and insecure product development phases. Theoretically, IC is divided into the following three categories: human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), and relational capital (RC). In the empirical setting, survey data of small- and medium-sized Finnish biotechnology companies are used. In the econometric analyses, the interactions, or empirical co-variation, between the three categories of IC explain two-thirds of the variance in the anticipated future sales of the sample companies. Thus, it seems that a well-balanced combination of HC, SC, and RC implies value creation potential and high anticipated future sales.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79028296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-9701.2005.00668.X
J. C. Cohen, Kristina M.L. Acri née Lybecker
Developing nations are challenged to strike a balance between their patent obligations as members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and their drug pricing strategies. The Brazilian approach to pharmaceutical price negotiations has been strikingly effective. Describing the context of the Brazilian pharmaceutical sector, their public health system and the Brazilian AIDS policy, this paper examines the Brazilian strategy vis-a-vis the international pharmaceutical manufacturers to explore why their tactics were successful and the potential for wider application by other developing countries.
{"title":"Aids Policy and Pharmaceutical Patents: Brazil's Strategy to Safeguard Public Health","authors":"J. C. Cohen, Kristina M.L. Acri née Lybecker","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-9701.2005.00668.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9701.2005.00668.X","url":null,"abstract":"Developing nations are challenged to strike a balance between their patent obligations as members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and their drug pricing strategies. The Brazilian approach to pharmaceutical price negotiations has been strikingly effective. Describing the context of the Brazilian pharmaceutical sector, their public health system and the Brazilian AIDS policy, this paper examines the Brazilian strategy vis-a-vis the international pharmaceutical manufacturers to explore why their tactics were successful and the potential for wider application by other developing countries.","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85914731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teaching without harming the living: performing minimally invasive procedures on the newly dead.","authors":"Kenneth V Iserson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health care law & policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25850210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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