This work presents a quantum mechanical calculation of corrections in energy levels of muonic hydrogen atom using a potential due to finite size proton. Muonic hydrogen (μ-p) is an exotic atom in which the muon (μ − ) replaces the electron "orbiting around" the proton in normal atomic hydrogen. Corrections in energy levels of Muonic hydrogen atom are calculated using a potential due to finite size proton. This Thesis analyzes the implications of Muonic hydrogenic atoms compared to standard hydrogenic atoms. These calculations are performed with Schrodinger wave functions with Coulomb potential using perturbation theory. The finite size of proton gives values of Lamb shift higher than that of point charge. The fine structure correction is very small compared to the Lamb shift values of Muonic hydrogen as we can see from the literature review. Therefore, as we have seen through all the above calculation of 1s, 2s and 2p, the application of perturbation theory has shown us that the energy correction is very small at each state. So the perturbation at higher order become small and small compared to the zero order at each state and even it can be ignored for higher orders. From this we can say that the interaction of electron with proton at higher state will be low which justifies that proton is not a large spherical shaped but it has finite size. Keywords: coulomb potential; Point proton; Finite size proton; muonic hydrogen atom; Energy levels corrections; Lamb shift. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-02 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"Investigating Muonic Hydrogen Atom Energy Spectrum Using Perturbation Theory in Lowest Order","authors":"Firew Meka","doi":"10.7176/apta/83-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/83-02","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a quantum mechanical calculation of corrections in energy levels of muonic hydrogen atom using a potential due to finite size proton. Muonic hydrogen (μ-p) is an exotic atom in which the muon (μ − ) replaces the electron \"orbiting around\" the proton in normal atomic hydrogen. Corrections in energy levels of Muonic hydrogen atom are calculated using a potential due to finite size proton. This Thesis analyzes the implications of Muonic hydrogenic atoms compared to standard hydrogenic atoms. These calculations are performed with Schrodinger wave functions with Coulomb potential using perturbation theory. The finite size of proton gives values of Lamb shift higher than that of point charge. The fine structure correction is very small compared to the Lamb shift values of Muonic hydrogen as we can see from the literature review. Therefore, as we have seen through all the above calculation of 1s, 2s and 2p, the application of perturbation theory has shown us that the energy correction is very small at each state. So the perturbation at higher order become small and small compared to the zero order at each state and even it can be ignored for higher orders. From this we can say that the interaction of electron with proton at higher state will be low which justifies that proton is not a large spherical shaped but it has finite size. Keywords: coulomb potential; Point proton; Finite size proton; muonic hydrogen atom; Energy levels corrections; Lamb shift. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-02 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"26 1","pages":"7-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78460152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental pollution from petroleum and petrochemical products has been recognized as one of the most serious problems associated with accidental spills on a large scale. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of automotive gas oil (ago) on geotechnical properties of lateritic soil. Test carried out included Optimum Moisture Content, Maximum Dry Density, Sieve Analysis, Liquid Limits, Plastic Limits, Plasticity Index, Specific Gravity and Unconfined Compressive Test. Certain percentages of AGO (0 %, 4 %, 8 %, 12 %, 16 %) were mixed with the lateritic soil sample. Based on the results obtained, Optimum Moisture, Maximum Dry Density, specific gravity and unconfined compressive test decreased as the percentage of automotive gas oil (AGO) increased, while Atterberg limits and Sieve analysis increased as the percentage of automotive gas oil (AGO) increased. Addition of AGO to the soil led to the reduction of porosity and permeability resulting from the entrapment of the AGO within the pore spaces of the soil. Keywords: Automotive Gas Oil, Geotechnical Properties, Lateritic Soil, Contaminants DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Effect of Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) on Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil","authors":"A. Akankpo, E. Umoren","doi":"10.7176/apta/82-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/82-03","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution from petroleum and petrochemical products has been recognized as one of the most serious problems associated with accidental spills on a large scale. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of automotive gas oil (ago) on geotechnical properties of lateritic soil. Test carried out included Optimum Moisture Content, Maximum Dry Density, Sieve Analysis, Liquid Limits, Plastic Limits, Plasticity Index, Specific Gravity and Unconfined Compressive Test. Certain percentages of AGO (0 %, 4 %, 8 %, 12 %, 16 %) were mixed with the lateritic soil sample. Based on the results obtained, Optimum Moisture, Maximum Dry Density, specific gravity and unconfined compressive test decreased as the percentage of automotive gas oil (AGO) increased, while Atterberg limits and Sieve analysis increased as the percentage of automotive gas oil (AGO) increased. Addition of AGO to the soil led to the reduction of porosity and permeability resulting from the entrapment of the AGO within the pore spaces of the soil. Keywords: Automotive Gas Oil, Geotechnical Properties, Lateritic Soil, Contaminants DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84079012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The influence of iron on lead sulphide(PbS) and Copper Sulphide (CuS) thin films deposited on glass substrates via successive ionic layer adsorption (SILAR) Technique using lead acetate, Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 , Cupric Acetate Cu(CH 3 COO) 2 , thioacetamide ( S 2 H 5 NS) , Iron (II) Chloride dehydrate(Fe Cl 2 . 2H 2 O), ethanol and ammonia by in alkaline medium annealed between 283K and 500K was investigated. The structural and morphological studies were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) respectively. The Uv-visible studies were done using spectrometer in the Technical University, Ibadan. The XRD showed films of cubic crystalline PbS thin films, cubic and face-centred crystalline PbSFe thin films, cubic CuS thin film, hexagonal Cu 2 S thin films and cubic and hexagonal crystalline natured CuSFe thin films with the preferential (111),(002)(004) (311) orientations. Keywords : Copper Sulphide thin Films: Lead Sulphide thin Films: Absorbance: structural properties DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Comparative Studies of the Optical Absorbance and Structural Properties of Ironcopper Sulphide(CuS-Fe) and Iron Lead Sulphide(PbS-Fe) Thin Films Deposited by Silar Method","authors":"V. N. Udeajah, D. Onah","doi":"10.7176/apta/82-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/82-04","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of iron on lead sulphide(PbS) and Copper Sulphide (CuS) thin films deposited on glass substrates via successive ionic layer adsorption (SILAR) Technique using lead acetate, Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 , Cupric Acetate Cu(CH 3 COO) 2 , thioacetamide ( S 2 H 5 NS) , Iron (II) Chloride dehydrate(Fe Cl 2 . 2H 2 O), ethanol and ammonia by in alkaline medium annealed between 283K and 500K was investigated. The structural and morphological studies were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) respectively. The Uv-visible studies were done using spectrometer in the Technical University, Ibadan. The XRD showed films of cubic crystalline PbS thin films, cubic and face-centred crystalline PbSFe thin films, cubic CuS thin film, hexagonal Cu 2 S thin films and cubic and hexagonal crystalline natured CuSFe thin films with the preferential (111),(002)(004) (311) orientations. Keywords : Copper Sulphide thin Films: Lead Sulphide thin Films: Absorbance: structural properties DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73047519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to Einstein, a universal time does not exist. But what if time is different than what we think of it? Cosmic Microvawe Background Radiation was accepted as a reference for a universal clock and a new time concept has been constructed. According to this new concept, time was tackled as two-dimensional having both a wavelength and a frequency. What our clocks measure is actually a derivation of the frequency of time. A relativistic time dilation actually corresponds to an increase in the wavelength of time. At the point where time wavelength and time frequency is equal, where light is positioned, quantum-world and macro-world are seperated. Gravity was redefined with respect to time and the new two dimensional time fabric of the universe was speculated to be the source of dark energy causing the universe to expand. According to this new point of view quantum realm and macro-world can be better understood. This new time concept provide a basis for our understanding of quantum gravity and provide the long-sought answers to well known problems of it. A prediction of the presented theory is that the universe will expand at various rates at different regions due to the fact that particular surroundings will create different gravities and cause a different gravity- time wavelength effect yielding various time delays for calculating this rate of expansion. Keywords: General Relativity, Gravitation, Time and frequency, Quantum mechanics DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-08 Publication date : May 30 th 2020
{"title":"New Insights on Time and Quantum Gravity","authors":"O. Oztekin","doi":"10.7176/apta/83-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/83-08","url":null,"abstract":"According to Einstein, a universal time does not exist. But what if time is different than what we think of it? Cosmic Microvawe Background Radiation was accepted as a reference for a universal clock and a new time concept has been constructed. According to this new concept, time was tackled as two-dimensional having both a wavelength and a frequency. What our clocks measure is actually a derivation of the frequency of time. A relativistic time dilation actually corresponds to an increase in the wavelength of time. At the point where time wavelength and time frequency is equal, where light is positioned, quantum-world and macro-world are seperated. Gravity was redefined with respect to time and the new two dimensional time fabric of the universe was speculated to be the source of dark energy causing the universe to expand. According to this new point of view quantum realm and macro-world can be better understood. This new time concept provide a basis for our understanding of quantum gravity and provide the long-sought answers to well known problems of it. A prediction of the presented theory is that the universe will expand at various rates at different regions due to the fact that particular surroundings will create different gravities and cause a different gravity- time wavelength effect yielding various time delays for calculating this rate of expansion. Keywords: General Relativity, Gravitation, Time and frequency, Quantum mechanics DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-08 Publication date : May 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"156 1","pages":"53-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78062989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sumariyah, A. Khuriati, S. H. Pratiwi, E. Fachriyah
Ionic wind drying or High Electric Field Drying is a convective drying technique. It is a non-thermal plasma technology that can effectively remove product moisture whilst retaining heat-sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characterization of the dried Andrographis paniculate leaves. The ionic wind is generated using high voltage DC 4 kV is applied on the pin-three rings concentric electrode by the distance between the 4 mm electrodes. Drying time is 5 to 35 minutes at 5 minute intervals. The results showed that the bitter leaf experienced a reduction in mass during drying and obtained values of the drying rate of 11 x 10 -3 db/min, shrinkage of 10.5% and energy efficiency of 2086 kJ/gram at 30 minutes. Keywords: Ion wind drying, Drying rate. Shrinkage, Andrographis paniculate leaves DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
{"title":"Ionic Wind Drying for Leaves of Andrographis Paniculata Bush Plant","authors":"Sumariyah, A. Khuriati, S. H. Pratiwi, E. Fachriyah","doi":"10.7176/apta/83-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/83-04","url":null,"abstract":"Ionic wind drying or High Electric Field Drying is a convective drying technique. It is a non-thermal plasma technology that can effectively remove product moisture whilst retaining heat-sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characterization of the dried Andrographis paniculate leaves. The ionic wind is generated using high voltage DC 4 kV is applied on the pin-three rings concentric electrode by the distance between the 4 mm electrodes. Drying time is 5 to 35 minutes at 5 minute intervals. The results showed that the bitter leaf experienced a reduction in mass during drying and obtained values of the drying rate of 11 x 10 -3 db/min, shrinkage of 10.5% and energy efficiency of 2086 kJ/gram at 30 minutes. Keywords: Ion wind drying, Drying rate. Shrinkage, Andrographis paniculate leaves DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"26 1","pages":"25-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87182744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As many scientists wrote repeatedly, quantum mechanics is a naturalistic theory and it flourished in 1920s, so as to solve physical problems through empirical experiment. It is the most vivacious empirical science to explain cosmological puzzles for the last one hundred years consistently. Philosophers of physics evidently argue that the nature of quantum mechanics (sometimes so-called quantum theory or physics) in physics can be associated with the coming of logical positivism (empiricist philosophy) on the philosophy segment. As history of physics showed quantum physics is a one among the many scientific theories which is the most fruitful and applied over. Though scientists were raised intentionally or unintentionally metaphysical questions, but they applied quantum mechanical stance. Accordingly, till 20 th c physicists were simply defending on experiment based reality only (but failed)! However, mid-20 th century later theoretical physicists have changed this experimental physics and it follows revolutionized science. Therefore, there was a paradigm shift from the quantum mechanics stance to quantum metaphysics posture because the revolution in physics is not only to review and reading about the physical world, but also the world of metaphysics too. Thus, in modern societies, a strange and new theoretical quantum science was developed in 1967’s by Gerald Feinberg, so called quantum metaphysics which can justify through Tachyon particles so as to realize metaphysical mien. Based on quantum physics postures, Feinberg puts forward an assumption of quantum metaphysics and Tachkyonic particles in general. Keywords: Quantum Physics, Physics, Metaphysics, Quantum Metaphysics, Tachyons, Feinberg DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Tachyons Particles as a Paradigm for the Existing of the Status of Quantum Metaphysics","authors":"K. Belew","doi":"10.7176/apta/82-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/82-02","url":null,"abstract":"As many scientists wrote repeatedly, quantum mechanics is a naturalistic theory and it flourished in 1920s, so as to solve physical problems through empirical experiment. It is the most vivacious empirical science to explain cosmological puzzles for the last one hundred years consistently. Philosophers of physics evidently argue that the nature of quantum mechanics (sometimes so-called quantum theory or physics) in physics can be associated with the coming of logical positivism (empiricist philosophy) on the philosophy segment. As history of physics showed quantum physics is a one among the many scientific theories which is the most fruitful and applied over. Though scientists were raised intentionally or unintentionally metaphysical questions, but they applied quantum mechanical stance. Accordingly, till 20 th c physicists were simply defending on experiment based reality only (but failed)! However, mid-20 th century later theoretical physicists have changed this experimental physics and it follows revolutionized science. Therefore, there was a paradigm shift from the quantum mechanics stance to quantum metaphysics posture because the revolution in physics is not only to review and reading about the physical world, but also the world of metaphysics too. Thus, in modern societies, a strange and new theoretical quantum science was developed in 1967’s by Gerald Feinberg, so called quantum metaphysics which can justify through Tachyon particles so as to realize metaphysical mien. Based on quantum physics postures, Feinberg puts forward an assumption of quantum metaphysics and Tachkyonic particles in general. Keywords: Quantum Physics, Physics, Metaphysics, Quantum Metaphysics, Tachyons, Feinberg DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80979185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The displaced squeezed vacuum state is produced by application of displaced operator on squeezed vacuum state. With help of density operator we find Q function, with the Q function mean, variance and quadrature variance would be calculated. From this we can determine the system has superpoissonian statics, the squeezed parameter is direct proportion with both mean and variance of photon number, but inversely proportion with quadrature variance. The squeezing occurs in plus quadrature with the maximum squeezing of 99.7% for r=3. Keywords: Quantum nature, displaced state, squeezed vacuum state DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Quantum Natures of Single-Mode Displaced Squeezed Vacuum State","authors":"A. Getahun","doi":"10.7176/apta/82-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/82-01","url":null,"abstract":"The displaced squeezed vacuum state is produced by application of displaced operator on squeezed vacuum state. With help of density operator we find Q function, with the Q function mean, variance and quadrature variance would be calculated. From this we can determine the system has superpoissonian statics, the squeezed parameter is direct proportion with both mean and variance of photon number, but inversely proportion with quadrature variance. The squeezing occurs in plus quadrature with the maximum squeezing of 99.7% for r=3. Keywords: Quantum nature, displaced state, squeezed vacuum state DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74042757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this theoretical work, the subject of stopping power is investigated for slow hydrogen dicluster by using random phase approximation. The projectile is stopped by variance solids of different Wigner Seitz radiuses. The considered stopping power is related to the interaction between a low velocity dicluster of zero damping interacts with (Au, C, Al, and Cs) targets mediums based on an electron gas model.The subject of an ionic dicluster stopping power has been calculated by using Random Phase Approximation (RPA) at low velocity for the first and second approximation order, where the influence of damping has been ignored. The obtained results of this study show detailed behavior of the ionic dicluster of its duality interaction with several electron density targets mediums of long range collision belongs to aggregation effect, their affected parameters as internuclear distance of dicluster, and its velocity are studied.The results have been achieved by using programs of Fortran-90 language which performed for the numerical calculation. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
{"title":"Stopping of Slow Hydrogen Dicluster by Different Solid Materials","authors":"M. Akraa, Khalid A. Ahmed, I. Al-Alawy","doi":"10.7176/apta/82-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/82-05","url":null,"abstract":"In this theoretical work, the subject of stopping power is investigated for slow hydrogen dicluster by using random phase approximation. The projectile is stopped by variance solids of different Wigner Seitz radiuses. The considered stopping power is related to the interaction between a low velocity dicluster of zero damping interacts with (Au, C, Al, and Cs) targets mediums based on an electron gas model.The subject of an ionic dicluster stopping power has been calculated by using Random Phase Approximation (RPA) at low velocity for the first and second approximation order, where the influence of damping has been ignored. The obtained results of this study show detailed behavior of the ionic dicluster of its duality interaction with several electron density targets mediums of long range collision belongs to aggregation effect, their affected parameters as internuclear distance of dicluster, and its velocity are studied.The results have been achieved by using programs of Fortran-90 language which performed for the numerical calculation. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74348585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melt mixing method was used in the preparation of Polystyrene (PS)/graphite composite with different graphite weight %.The electrical and structural properties of the composite were studied using Keithley two-point probe and GBC EMMA X-ray diffractometer (XRD) respectively. The result showed that the electrical conductivity of the composites was improved as the weight percentage of graphite content increases but the percolation threshold was observed at 0.10wt%. The conductivity of the composites was also observed to increase at higher temperatures. The structural result showed that the amorphous structure of polystyrene was converted to crystalline as the weight% of the graphite increases which influences the degree of crystallinity. Keywords: polymer, graphite, composite, percolation threshold, electrical conductivity DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-03 Publication date: December 31 st 2019
采用熔融混合法制备了不同石墨质量%的聚苯乙烯(PS)/石墨复合材料。采用Keithley两点探针和GBC EMMA x射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了复合材料的电学性能和结构性能。结果表明，随着石墨含量的增加，复合材料的电导率有所提高，但渗透阈值在0.10wt%时出现。在较高的温度下，复合材料的电导率也有所提高。结构结果表明，随着石墨含量的增加，聚苯乙烯的非晶态结构向结晶转变，而石墨含量的增加影响了聚苯乙烯的结晶度。关键词:聚合物，石墨，复合材料，渗透阈值，电导率DOI: 10.7176/APTA/81-03出版日期:2019年12月31日
{"title":"Electrical and Structural Properties of Polystyrene/Graphite Composite by Direct Mixing Method","authors":"S. Ezeonu, E. Ogonnaya, C. Nweze","doi":"10.7176/apta/81-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/81-03","url":null,"abstract":"Melt mixing method was used in the preparation of Polystyrene (PS)/graphite composite with different graphite weight %.The electrical and structural properties of the composite were studied using Keithley two-point probe and GBC EMMA X-ray diffractometer (XRD) respectively. The result showed that the electrical conductivity of the composites was improved as the weight percentage of graphite content increases but the percolation threshold was observed at 0.10wt%. The conductivity of the composites was also observed to increase at higher temperatures. The structural result showed that the amorphous structure of polystyrene was converted to crystalline as the weight% of the graphite increases which influences the degree of crystallinity. Keywords: polymer, graphite, composite, percolation threshold, electrical conductivity DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-03 Publication date: December 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83001939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper the displaced squeezed vacuum state is produced by application of displaced operator on squeezed vacuum state. With help of density operator we find Q function, with the Q function mean, variance and quadrature variance would be calculated. From this we can determine the system has superpoissonian statics, the squeezed parameter is direct proportion with both mean and variance of photon number, but inversely proportion with quadrature variance. The squeezing occurs in plus quadrature with the maximum squeezing of 99.7% for r=3. Keywords: Quantum nature, displaced state, squeezed vacuum state DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-02 Publication date: December 31 st 2019
{"title":"Statistical Properties of Single-Mode Displaced Squeezed Vacuum State","authors":"Ruth Birhanu","doi":"10.7176/apta/81-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/81-02","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the displaced squeezed vacuum state is produced by application of displaced operator on squeezed vacuum state. With help of density operator we find Q function, with the Q function mean, variance and quadrature variance would be calculated. From this we can determine the system has superpoissonian statics, the squeezed parameter is direct proportion with both mean and variance of photon number, but inversely proportion with quadrature variance. The squeezing occurs in plus quadrature with the maximum squeezing of 99.7% for r=3. Keywords: Quantum nature, displaced state, squeezed vacuum state DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-02 Publication date: December 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76665914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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