In Nigeria, satisfactory degree of reliability has not been attained in the power system in recent times. The average duration of interruptions that customers experience is very high and the degree varies widely especially in urban and commercial cities of the country. This research paper therefore presents the sensitivity analysis of electrical distribution systems. Ten years of outage information from seven major distribution systems – Ibadan, Ilorin, Ikeja, Portharcourt, Kaduna, Kano and Benin were used as input data for computation of the mean and standard deviation for the system reliability indices using statistical analysis. The computed system reliability indices were used as input parameters in the analysis. A sensitivity analysis is performed to assess how the operation parameters could influence the numerical results. The results of the sensitivity studies indicate that Etete feeder of Benin distribution system has the highest SAIDI sensitivity of 0.5478 because of prolonged customers‘ interruptions on the feeder while waterworks feeder of Ilorin distribution system has the least SAIDI sensitivity of 0.0019. Cocoa feeder of Ibadan distribution system has the highest SAIFI sensitivity of 1.0459 because of the frequent interruptions while waterworks feeder of Ilorin distribution system has the least SAIFI sensitivity of 0.0268. Ikpoba Dam of Benin distribution system recorded the highest CAIDI sensitivity of 0.8466 with waterworks feeder also recording the least CAIDI sensitivity of 0.0075. The results from this research paper provides baseline information for planning and managing distribution system on Nigeria national grid. Keywords: Sensitivity, Reliability indices, Distribution systems, SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, Interruptions. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/77-07 Publication date :May 31 st 2019
{"title":"A Sensitivity Based Approach for Assessment of Reliability Indices of Electrical Distribution Systems.","authors":"G. Ajenikoko, O. J. Oyedele","doi":"10.7176/apta/77-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/77-07","url":null,"abstract":"In Nigeria, satisfactory degree of reliability has not been attained in the power system in recent times. The average duration of interruptions that customers experience is very high and the degree varies widely especially in urban and commercial cities of the country. This research paper therefore presents the sensitivity analysis of electrical distribution systems. Ten years of outage information from seven major distribution systems – Ibadan, Ilorin, Ikeja, Portharcourt, Kaduna, Kano and Benin were used as input data for computation of the mean and standard deviation for the system reliability indices using statistical analysis. The computed system reliability indices were used as input parameters in the analysis. A sensitivity analysis is performed to assess how the operation parameters could influence the numerical results. The results of the sensitivity studies indicate that Etete feeder of Benin distribution system has the highest SAIDI sensitivity of 0.5478 because of prolonged customers‘ interruptions on the feeder while waterworks feeder of Ilorin distribution system has the least SAIDI sensitivity of 0.0019. Cocoa feeder of Ibadan distribution system has the highest SAIFI sensitivity of 1.0459 because of the frequent interruptions while waterworks feeder of Ilorin distribution system has the least SAIFI sensitivity of 0.0268. Ikpoba Dam of Benin distribution system recorded the highest CAIDI sensitivity of 0.8466 with waterworks feeder also recording the least CAIDI sensitivity of 0.0075. The results from this research paper provides baseline information for planning and managing distribution system on Nigeria national grid. Keywords: Sensitivity, Reliability indices, Distribution systems, SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, Interruptions. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/77-07 Publication date :May 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74383319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Friction is a resisting force that acts as along the tangent to two surfaces in contact when one body slides over or attempts to slide across another. Friction plays a major role in our daily life. There are different types of friction: static, kinetic, deformation, rolling and the like. But the aim of this project is not to study the type of friction, the project focus on comparative study of frictional force between smooth and rough surfaces and to identify the problems that cause the students’ experimental value variation with in the same position of theoretical condition that are discussed in the classroom. For this study, the data were collected by the laboratory experimental values that were recorded by the students in mechanics of frictional forces at W.S.U. This collected data were analyzed in order to compare the experimental value of the smooth surface with the value of the rough surfaces given in the secondary data. Finally, the data is presented to show the causes that hinder the students to find to meet the coherence between the theoretical knowledge and the experimental value Keywords : frictional force, rough, smooth DOI : 10.7176/APTA/79-02 Publication date :September 30 th 2019
{"title":"Comparative Study Between Smooth and Rough Surface of Frictional Force in Mechanics Laboratory at Wolaita Sodo University","authors":"G. Kuma","doi":"10.7176/apta/79-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/79-02","url":null,"abstract":"Friction is a resisting force that acts as along the tangent to two surfaces in contact when one body slides over or attempts to slide across another. Friction plays a major role in our daily life. There are different types of friction: static, kinetic, deformation, rolling and the like. But the aim of this project is not to study the type of friction, the project focus on comparative study of frictional force between smooth and rough surfaces and to identify the problems that cause the students’ experimental value variation with in the same position of theoretical condition that are discussed in the classroom. For this study, the data were collected by the laboratory experimental values that were recorded by the students in mechanics of frictional forces at W.S.U. This collected data were analyzed in order to compare the experimental value of the smooth surface with the value of the rough surfaces given in the secondary data. Finally, the data is presented to show the causes that hinder the students to find to meet the coherence between the theoretical knowledge and the experimental value Keywords : frictional force, rough, smooth DOI : 10.7176/APTA/79-02 Publication date :September 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86949666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analysis images hazy is difficult problem, thus these images need to determined quality the after dehazing. In this paper, were compared to, HSV, YIQ color spaces, adopted in analyze the dust images. we designed the system captured images which graded for high to very low dusty by using HeNe laser, in these images we calculated the normalize mean square error (NMSE) for each components in HSV, YIQ and RGB color space separately, and the basic components in the structure similarity Index (SSIM) are (contrast, structure and luminance) moreover the mean for all has been calculated. We noted from results spaces, HSV, YIQ chromatic that there is a similarity in analysis of images dusty when compared. This means that the use of any color space gives almost the same results Keywords: The hazy image, contrast, Image quality, Intensity, luminance HSV, YIQ and RGB color spaces. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/76-03 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
{"title":"Using Color Spaces HSV, YIQ and Comparison in Analysis Hazy Image Quality","authors":"Firas S. Abdulameer","doi":"10.7176/apta/76-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/76-03","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis images hazy is difficult problem, thus these images need to determined quality the after dehazing. In this paper, were compared to, HSV, YIQ color spaces, adopted in analyze the dust images. we designed the system captured images which graded for high to very low dusty by using HeNe laser, in these images we calculated the normalize mean square error (NMSE) for each components in HSV, YIQ and RGB color space separately, and the basic components in the structure similarity Index (SSIM) are (contrast, structure and luminance) moreover the mean for all has been calculated. We noted from results spaces, HSV, YIQ chromatic that there is a similarity in analysis of images dusty when compared. This means that the use of any color space gives almost the same results Keywords: The hazy image, contrast, Image quality, Intensity, luminance HSV, YIQ and RGB color spaces. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/76-03 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88613808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an attempt was made to measure the excitation function for the disappearance residues recognized in the interaction of 12 C+ 128 Te and 14 N + 128 Te system with the observation to investigating the complete and incomplete fusion reaction dynamics in heavy ion induced reaction. The incentive of this study was break up of 12 C and 14 N in reaction below 7MeV/A and associate the excitation function for 12 C and 14 N with the same target 128 Te prominent different compound system. PACE-4 were used for analysis of the system, and the measured excitation functions for precise decay channel in two case i.e. ( 12 C+ 128 Te and 14 N + 128 Te) have been associated and established in Bohr assumption in case of complete fusion channels. The properties of coulomb barrier and other entrance channel parameters were established to be relatively significant in decisive the decay mode of composite system. Additionally the incomplete fusion dynamics were also perceived to be of significant importance in present energy section. Keywords : Complete Fusion, Incomplete fusion, non-α-emitting, α-emitting DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2019
{"title":"Study of Complete and Incomplete Fusion Reaction in the Interaction of 12C+ 128 Te and 14N + 128 Te system below 7 MeV/A.","authors":"Asnake Girma","doi":"10.7176/apta/81-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/81-01","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an attempt was made to measure the excitation function for the disappearance residues recognized in the interaction of 12 C+ 128 Te and 14 N + 128 Te system with the observation to investigating the complete and incomplete fusion reaction dynamics in heavy ion induced reaction. The incentive of this study was break up of 12 C and 14 N in reaction below 7MeV/A and associate the excitation function for 12 C and 14 N with the same target 128 Te prominent different compound system. PACE-4 were used for analysis of the system, and the measured excitation functions for precise decay channel in two case i.e. ( 12 C+ 128 Te and 14 N + 128 Te) have been associated and established in Bohr assumption in case of complete fusion channels. The properties of coulomb barrier and other entrance channel parameters were established to be relatively significant in decisive the decay mode of composite system. Additionally the incomplete fusion dynamics were also perceived to be of significant importance in present energy section. Keywords : Complete Fusion, Incomplete fusion, non-α-emitting, α-emitting DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82598180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work presents a study of the biological application (antibacterial activity) of ZnO/poly(o-toluidine) (POT) doped with organic acids dodecylbenzene sulfonate acid (DBSA) nanocomposites synthesized by in-situ polymerization of (o-toluidine) monomer in presence of 5% ZnO. The FTIR spectroscopy confirms the existence of an interaction between POT-DBSA matrix and ZnO particles. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the nanostructure nature of the obtained composite. The antibacterial activity of POT-DBSA/ZnO nanocomposite and POT-DBSA studied by agar well diffusion method, was found to increase with increasing concentration meanwhile POT/DBSA/ZnO exhibits better antibacterial activity compared to POT/DBSA and POT separately. Keywords: Poly(O-toluidine); Organic acid; ZnO; nanocomposite; antibacterial activity. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-04 Publication date: December 31 st 2019
{"title":"Excellent Anti-bacterial Activity of Poly(o-toluidine)-DBSA/ ZnO Nanocomposite","authors":"D. K. Thbayh, R. A. Talib, E. H. A. –. Tememe","doi":"10.7176/apta/81-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/81-04","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a study of the biological application (antibacterial activity) of ZnO/poly(o-toluidine) (POT) doped with organic acids dodecylbenzene sulfonate acid (DBSA) nanocomposites synthesized by in-situ polymerization of (o-toluidine) monomer in presence of 5% ZnO. The FTIR spectroscopy confirms the existence of an interaction between POT-DBSA matrix and ZnO particles. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the nanostructure nature of the obtained composite. The antibacterial activity of POT-DBSA/ZnO nanocomposite and POT-DBSA studied by agar well diffusion method, was found to increase with increasing concentration meanwhile POT/DBSA/ZnO exhibits better antibacterial activity compared to POT/DBSA and POT separately. Keywords: Poly(O-toluidine); Organic acid; ZnO; nanocomposite; antibacterial activity. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-04 Publication date: December 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83997032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In most cases, gamma radiation is the dominant dose contributor, but in specific configurations, neutron radiation can become significant for the overall dose rate. This occurs for canister storages where the amount of spent fuel is large and thick concrete shields or entry mazes are used for radiation protection. The design of the cask is based on the safety requirements for normal storage conditions under 10 CFR Part 72. A radiation shielding analysis of the spent fuel storage cask optimized for loading design basis fuels was performed for a single cask. For the single cask, dose rates at the external surface of the spent fuel storage cask, some distance away from the cask surface, were evaluated. The results of the shielding analysis for the single cask show that dose rates were considerably higher at the lower side (from the bottom of the cask to the bottom of the neutron shielding) of the cask. However, this is not considered to be a significant issue since additional shielding will be installed at the storage facility. The shielding analysis results showed exponential decrease with distance off the sources. The controlled area boundary was calculated to be approximately 280m from the array, with a dose rate of 20 mrem/yr. Actual dose rates within the controlled area boundary would be lower than 25mrem/yr, due to the decay of radioactivity of spent fuel in storage. Another finding of the study is that the burnup distribution of the spent fuel needs to be taken into account when assessing the yield of the neutron radiation source, because use of the assembly average burnup leads to underestimation of it. Keywords: disposal of spent nuclear fuel, radiation shielding, storage condition, dual-purpose cask, spent fuel assemblies DOI : 10.7176/APTA/79-05 Publication date :September 30 th 2019
{"title":"Radiation Shielding Analysis for a Spent Fuel Storage Cask under Normal Storage Conditions","authors":"D. Al-Othmany","doi":"10.7176/apta/79-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/79-05","url":null,"abstract":"In most cases, gamma radiation is the dominant dose contributor, but in specific configurations, neutron radiation can become significant for the overall dose rate. This occurs for canister storages where the amount of spent fuel is large and thick concrete shields or entry mazes are used for radiation protection. The design of the cask is based on the safety requirements for normal storage conditions under 10 CFR Part 72. A radiation shielding analysis of the spent fuel storage cask optimized for loading design basis fuels was performed for a single cask. For the single cask, dose rates at the external surface of the spent fuel storage cask, some distance away from the cask surface, were evaluated. The results of the shielding analysis for the single cask show that dose rates were considerably higher at the lower side (from the bottom of the cask to the bottom of the neutron shielding) of the cask. However, this is not considered to be a significant issue since additional shielding will be installed at the storage facility. The shielding analysis results showed exponential decrease with distance off the sources. The controlled area boundary was calculated to be approximately 280m from the array, with a dose rate of 20 mrem/yr. Actual dose rates within the controlled area boundary would be lower than 25mrem/yr, due to the decay of radioactivity of spent fuel in storage. Another finding of the study is that the burnup distribution of the spent fuel needs to be taken into account when assessing the yield of the neutron radiation source, because use of the assembly average burnup leads to underestimation of it. Keywords: disposal of spent nuclear fuel, radiation shielding, storage condition, dual-purpose cask, spent fuel assemblies DOI : 10.7176/APTA/79-05 Publication date :September 30 th 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85993740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the effects of the photo-responses of the near surface depletion layer and the deep bulk of gallium antimonide (GaSb) are investigated under different doping levels, injection level and illumination energies. First, the absorption rate of photons is described as a function of illumination energies at different locations inside the sample and as a function of the depth below the illuminated surface for photons with different energies. Then, the doping level dependence of the low injection level radiative, Auger and effective excess carrier lifetimes just under the surface and in the deep bulk are investigated by considering the variation of energy bending at the surface. The variation of the low injection level excess carrier lifetimes with the depth below the illuminated surface for samples with different doping levels is also described. This is followed by the description of the combined effects of doping and illumination energy on the photo-response of the entire bulk at slightly low injection level. Finally, the excess carrier injection level dependence of excess carrier lifetimes under the illuminated surface and deep bulk is also described for samples with different doping levels. Since photon absorption rate is directly related to the free carriers generation rate, the description of the photon absorption rate as functions of illumination energies and the depth below the illuminated surface is found to be the important and factors in the investigation in the photo-response of semiconductors along with the doping and the injection levels. The analysis of the results also shows that, the under surface region is insensitive to the doping level and that of the deep bulk is highly affected by the doping level. The injection level dependence of the photo-response of the under surface region is similar for all samples with different doping. The energy of illumination each photon mainly suppresses the photo-responses of the points situated closer to the penetration depths of each photon below the illuminated surface of the sample. Keywords: photo-response, direct band gap semiconductor, gallium antimonide GaSb DOI : 10.7176/APTA/75-03
{"title":"Effect of the Near Surface Depletion Layer on Photo-Response of Direct Band Gap Semiconductor","authors":"Keneni Taye Serdo","doi":"10.7176/apta/75-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/75-03","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of the photo-responses of the near surface depletion layer and the deep bulk of gallium antimonide (GaSb) are investigated under different doping levels, injection level and illumination energies. First, the absorption rate of photons is described as a function of illumination energies at different locations inside the sample and as a function of the depth below the illuminated surface for photons with different energies. Then, the doping level dependence of the low injection level radiative, Auger and effective excess carrier lifetimes just under the surface and in the deep bulk are investigated by considering the variation of energy bending at the surface. The variation of the low injection level excess carrier lifetimes with the depth below the illuminated surface for samples with different doping levels is also described. This is followed by the description of the combined effects of doping and illumination energy on the photo-response of the entire bulk at slightly low injection level. Finally, the excess carrier injection level dependence of excess carrier lifetimes under the illuminated surface and deep bulk is also described for samples with different doping levels. Since photon absorption rate is directly related to the free carriers generation rate, the description of the photon absorption rate as functions of illumination energies and the depth below the illuminated surface is found to be the important and factors in the investigation in the photo-response of semiconductors along with the doping and the injection levels. The analysis of the results also shows that, the under surface region is insensitive to the doping level and that of the deep bulk is highly affected by the doping level. The injection level dependence of the photo-response of the under surface region is similar for all samples with different doping. The energy of illumination each photon mainly suppresses the photo-responses of the points situated closer to the penetration depths of each photon below the illuminated surface of the sample. Keywords: photo-response, direct band gap semiconductor, gallium antimonide GaSb DOI : 10.7176/APTA/75-03","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86753480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research has been improved the brightness and contrast through a new algorithm suggestion based on the algorithm retinex and algorithm settle histogram. Use retinex algorithm for homogeneous regions and algorithm settle histogram for edge regions and using effective Sobel. The comparison showed between the three methods by calculating the quality standards (μ, σ) and by observing the results that the Suggested method has successfully in enhancement brightness and contrast are almost equal compared with other methods. Keywords: Image quality, Scale retinex, Histogram, Mean, Standard deviation, Brightness, Contrast. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/76-04 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
{"title":"Determine Image Quality Enhanced by Using the Suggested Algorithm","authors":"Firas S. Abdulameer","doi":"10.7176/apta/76-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/76-04","url":null,"abstract":"In this research has been improved the brightness and contrast through a new algorithm suggestion based on the algorithm retinex and algorithm settle histogram. Use retinex algorithm for homogeneous regions and algorithm settle histogram for edge regions and using effective Sobel. The comparison showed between the three methods by calculating the quality standards (μ, σ) and by observing the results that the Suggested method has successfully in enhancement brightness and contrast are almost equal compared with other methods. Keywords: Image quality, Scale retinex, Histogram, Mean, Standard deviation, Brightness, Contrast. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/76-04 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82808293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phenomenon of zero resistance below certain low temperature (critical temperature) leads to limitless current which implies that no dissipation in electrical energy for this occurrence. This property is immediately followed by expulsion of magnetic field from the interior of a material if this material is placed in external magnetic while it is below this low temperature. Materials that have these unique properties when they are below their critical temperature are superconductor materials which were discovered in 1911 by famous Dutch physicist H. K. Onnes. In addition to the above mentioned properties, superconductors have many exceptional positive properties and thus have excellent potentials for applications in every sector. The main problem of these materials is their low temperature which needs refrigerator for their applications elsewhere which is too costly compared to conventional conductors. Even though having room temperature superconductors is still a dream, if it is achieved we can extract energy from these materials with very low cost. In this review history of superconductors, their type and some of their applications have been considered. Keywords: Critical temperature; Superconductors; Zero resistance; Meissner effect; Limitless current DOI : 10.7176/APTA/77-02 Publication date :May 31 st 2019
在一定低温(临界温度)以下的零电阻现象导致无限电流，这意味着在这种情况下电能不会耗散。如果将材料置于外部磁场中，而温度低于这个低温，则该特性会立即导致材料内部的磁场被驱逐。在低于临界温度时具有这些独特性质的材料是超导体材料，它是由著名的荷兰物理学家H. K. Onnes于1911年发现的。除了上述性质外，超导体还具有许多特殊的正性质，因此在各个领域都具有良好的应用潜力。这些材料的主要问题是它们的低温，需要冰箱才能在其他地方应用，与传统导体相比，这太昂贵了。即使拥有室温超导体仍然是一个梦想，如果它实现了，我们可以以非常低的成本从这些材料中提取能量。本文回顾了超导体的发展历史，介绍了超导体的类型及其一些应用。关键词:临界温度;超导体;零阻力;迈斯纳效应;无限电流DOI: 10.7176/APTA/77-02出版日期:2019年5月31日
{"title":"Superperconductors, Their History and Applications","authors":"Adem Beriso","doi":"10.7176/apta/77-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/77-02","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of zero resistance below certain low temperature (critical temperature) leads to limitless current which implies that no dissipation in electrical energy for this occurrence. This property is immediately followed by expulsion of magnetic field from the interior of a material if this material is placed in external magnetic while it is below this low temperature. Materials that have these unique properties when they are below their critical temperature are superconductor materials which were discovered in 1911 by famous Dutch physicist H. K. Onnes. In addition to the above mentioned properties, superconductors have many exceptional positive properties and thus have excellent potentials for applications in every sector. The main problem of these materials is their low temperature which needs refrigerator for their applications elsewhere which is too costly compared to conventional conductors. Even though having room temperature superconductors is still a dream, if it is achieved we can extract energy from these materials with very low cost. In this review history of superconductors, their type and some of their applications have been considered. Keywords: Critical temperature; Superconductors; Zero resistance; Meissner effect; Limitless current DOI : 10.7176/APTA/77-02 Publication date :May 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73992223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reliance of a developing nation like Nigeria on hydro-electricity over time has led to power shortage which has hampered her economic and technological advancement because of its seasonal variation. The use of fossil fuel will not also be a better alternative since it is not environmental friendly. However, wind energy is free, clean, cheap and does not contribute to acid rain or global warming. The aim of this research is to carry out an assessment of wind potential in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria for power generation. The characteristics of the wind speed and energy potential in Minna, were examined using daily wind speed and direction data of 2 years, obtained using a metrological instrument; Davis 6162 Wireless Vantage Pro2 positioned at 100 m height. The collected data was analysed statistically and summarised in a simple and concise manner. The results show that the most probable wind speed was 0.4 ms -1 with extractable energy density of 25.04 Whm -2 while the wind speed corresponding to the maximum energy was 10.70 ms -1 delivering 45.96 kWh of energy. The average of the annual wind speed was 10.35 ms -1 which produced energy of 38.03 kWh. Though the average wind speed value revealed that the wind is suitable for wind-electric generation but has a low frequency, hence the power generation will do well for irrigation purposes. The prevailing wind direction was in the North-East direction with 14.84 % of the wind direction frequency. So a wind station will be more efficient if it is stationed in this predominant North-East direction. Keywords: Wind speed, wind direction, energy density, power, electricity DOI : 10.7176/APTA/76-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
像尼日利亚这样的发展中国家长期依赖水力发电，导致电力短缺，由于其季节性变化，阻碍了她的经济和技术进步。使用化石燃料也不会是一个更好的选择，因为它不环保。然而，风能是免费、清洁、廉价的，不会导致酸雨或全球变暖。本研究的目的是对尼日利亚尼日尔州Minna的风力发电潜力进行评估。利用气象仪器2年逐日风速和风向资料，分析了闽南市的风速和能量势特征;戴维斯6162无线优势Pro2定位在100米高。对收集到的数据进行了统计分析，并以简单而简洁的方式进行了总结。结果表明:最可能风速为0.4 ms -1，可提取能量密度为25.04 Whm -2;最大能量对应的风速为10.70 ms -1，可提取能量为45.96 kWh。年平均风速为10.35 ms -1，发电量为38.03 kWh。虽然平均风速值显示该风适合风力发电，但频率较低，因此发电可以很好地用于灌溉。主要风向为东北风，占风向频次的14.84%。因此，如果风力发电站建在主要的东北方向，效率会更高。关键词:风速，风向，能量密度，功率，电力DOI: 10.7176/APTA/76-01出版日期:2019年3月31日
{"title":"Assessment of Wind Potential Energy at Height 100 m in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Stephen, O. David, O. E. Babatunde","doi":"10.7176/apta/76-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/apta/76-01","url":null,"abstract":"The reliance of a developing nation like Nigeria on hydro-electricity over time has led to power shortage which has hampered her economic and technological advancement because of its seasonal variation. The use of fossil fuel will not also be a better alternative since it is not environmental friendly. However, wind energy is free, clean, cheap and does not contribute to acid rain or global warming. The aim of this research is to carry out an assessment of wind potential in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria for power generation. The characteristics of the wind speed and energy potential in Minna, were examined using daily wind speed and direction data of 2 years, obtained using a metrological instrument; Davis 6162 Wireless Vantage Pro2 positioned at 100 m height. The collected data was analysed statistically and summarised in a simple and concise manner. The results show that the most probable wind speed was 0.4 ms -1 with extractable energy density of 25.04 Whm -2 while the wind speed corresponding to the maximum energy was 10.70 ms -1 delivering 45.96 kWh of energy. The average of the annual wind speed was 10.35 ms -1 which produced energy of 38.03 kWh. Though the average wind speed value revealed that the wind is suitable for wind-electric generation but has a low frequency, hence the power generation will do well for irrigation purposes. The prevailing wind direction was in the North-East direction with 14.84 % of the wind direction frequency. So a wind station will be more efficient if it is stationed in this predominant North-East direction. Keywords: Wind speed, wind direction, energy density, power, electricity DOI : 10.7176/APTA/76-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":7386,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics Theories and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84588941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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