JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2026.100136

Gregory A. Brown , Brandon S. Shaw , Ina Shaw

Background

Recent research has shown that prepubertal males outperform females in running competitions; however, prior studies have focused on distances of 100–1600 m and most have relied on U.S.-based data. This study evaluated sex-based differences in running performance among under-8, under-9, and under-10 athletes in 70 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m races at the 2024 Little Athletics New South Wales (NSW) Regional Track & Field Championships in Australia.

Methods

Official race times for all competitors (n = 1442 males; 1405 females) from all seven NSW regional meets were analyzed. Performance was compared by sex for both preliminary and final times using two-way ANOVA. Additional analyses examined time gaps between successive finishers within each sex and time differences between male and female athletes placing in the same ordinal position, using ANOVA on ranks.

Results

Males ran significantly faster than females across all events and age groups (P < 0.05), with an average advantage of 4.88 ± 0.57 % and medium to large effect sizes (Hedges’ g = 0.451–0.878). In contrast, within-sex time gaps between successive finishers did not differ significantly (males: 1.63 ± 0.12 %; females: 1.71 ± 0.17 %).

Conclusions

These findings confirm previously reported male performance advantages in prepubertal children and extend the evidence to a shorter sprint distance (70 m) and to Australian data. Notably, between-sex performance differences were more than twice as large as the variability within sex among comparably placed finishers. These results may help inform research and practice on youth sport talent identification and development.

最近的研究表明，青春期前的男性在跑步比赛中表现优于女性；然而，先前的研究主要集中在100-1600米的距离上，而且大多数都依赖于美国的数据。本研究评估了在澳大利亚举办的2024年新南威尔士（NSW）地区田径锦标赛上，8岁、9岁和10岁以下运动员在70米、100米、200米和400米比赛中的性别差异。方法分析来自新南威尔士州7个地区比赛的所有选手（n = 1442名男性，1405名女性）的官方比赛时间。使用双向方差分析对初步和最终时间的表现按性别进行比较。进一步的分析使用方差分析检查了男女运动员在相同顺序位置上连续完成比赛的时间差距和男女运动员在相同顺序位置上的时间差异。结果在所有项目和年龄组中，男性跑得都明显快于女性（P < 0.05），平均优势为4.88±0.57% （Hedges ' g = 0.451-0.878）。相比之下，连续完赛者的性别内时间差距无显著差异（男性：1.63±0.12%；女性：1.71±0.17%）。这些发现证实了先前报道的男性在青春期前儿童中的表现优势，并将证据扩展到更短的短跑距离（70米）和澳大利亚的数据。值得注意的是，在成绩相当的运动员中，性别之间的成绩差异是性别差异的两倍多。研究结果对青少年体育人才的识别与培养具有一定的指导意义。

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引用次数: 0

Do psychophysiological responses to competitive anxiety predict competition outcomes? A pilot study in elite female karate athletes 对竞争焦虑的心理生理反应能否预测竞争结果？一项针对优秀女空手道运动员的初步研究

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100132

Maryam Kenshloo , Behrouz Golmohammadi , Vahid Khashani , Amir Hossien Mehrsafar

Evaluating psychophysiological markers is key to understanding the allostatic burden of official competitions. This study investigated the associations between responses to competitive anxiety and salivary biomarkers—cortisol (sCort), interleukin-6 (sIL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (sTNF-α)—in elite female karate athletes during competition. Thirty participants (mean age = 21.8 ± 3.4 years) completed the Persian version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R) approximately 1 h prior to competition to assess cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Saliva samples were collected 30 min before the competition to quantify biomarker levels. Significant positive associations were observed between sCort and both somatic and cognitive anxiety (p < 0.05), whereas no significant associations were detected between anxiety subscales or self-confidence and sIL-6 or sTNF-α (all p > 0.05). Multiple regression results showed that cognitive and somatic anxiety significantly predicted sCort (p < 0.05), while none of the CSAI-2R variables significantly predicted sIL-6 (p > 0.05) or sTNF-α (p > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that somatic anxiety significantly predicted competition outcome (p < 0.05), whereas other variables did not. These findings highlight the potential utility of monitoring somatic anxiety as a marker of competitive anxiety in elite female karate athletes.

评估心理生理指标是了解正式比赛适应负荷的关键。本研究调查了优秀女空手道运动员在比赛期间对竞争焦虑的反应与唾液生物标志物皮质醇（scot）、白细胞介素-6 （sIL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α (sTNF-α)之间的关系。30名参与者（平均年龄= 21.8±3.4岁）在比赛前约1小时完成波斯语版竞争状态焦虑量表-2修订（CSAI-2R），以评估认知焦虑、躯体焦虑和自信。比赛前30分钟采集唾液样本，量化生物标志物水平。sct与躯体焦虑和认知焦虑之间存在显著正相关（p < 0.05），而焦虑亚量表或自信与sIL-6或sTNF-α之间无显著相关（p < 0.05）。多元回归结果显示，认知焦虑和躯体焦虑显著预测score (p < 0.05)，而CSAI-2R变量均未显著预测sIL-6 （p > 0.05）或sTNF-α (p > 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示，躯体焦虑对比赛结果有显著的预测作用（p < 0.05），而其他变量对比赛结果没有显著的预测作用。这些发现强调了监测躯体焦虑作为优秀女空手道运动员竞争焦虑的标记的潜在效用。

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引用次数: 0

Comparing indoor tracking of golf ball and club metrics: Consistency and absolute agreement of the Flightscope Mevo+ and Trackman 4 launch monitors 比较高尔夫球和球杆的室内跟踪指标：Flightscope Mevo+和Trackman 4发射监视器的一致性和绝对一致性

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100128

Alex Bliss , Ben L. Langdown

Background

This study aimed to compare the Flightscope Mevo + launch monitor against a previously validated system (Trackman 4) during full golf swings in an indoor setting.

Methods

Mevo+ and Trackman 4 were compared concurrently for driver (n = 118, 118, 174 shots, respectively). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) reported consistency and absolute agreement. Bland–Altman plots reported limits of agreement.

Results

Moderate to excellent consistency was reported for all values for driver (ICC = 0.66–0.996), 7-iron (ICC = 0.50–0.996) and pitching wedge (ICC = 0.55–1.00) except angle of attack which was poor for both 7-iron and pitching wedge (ICC = 0.06 & 0.03, respectively). For absolute agreement, Mevo + demonstrated moderate to excellent levels for most driver (ICC range = 0.58–0.98), 7-iron (ICC range = 0.83–0.94) and pitching wedge (ICC range = 0.77–0.999) variables. Driver swing plane (ICC absolute = 0.24), 7-iron angle of attack, clubhead speed, dynamic loft and spin rate (ICC absolute = 0.02, 0.44, 0.23, 0.49, 0.42, respectively) and pitching wedge angle of attack, dynamic loft, and swing plane (ICC absolute = 0.01, 0.25, 0.43, respectively) had poor agreement.

Conclusion

Mevo+ is consistent with Trackman 4 for all variables except angle of attack. It does however provide different absolute values, but usually in a consistent, systematic manner, across a number of variables. Coaches, club fitters, golfers, and scientists should be aware of these systematic differences when attempting to compare performance across launch monitors or when solely using the Mevo + system to aid performance, club building and fitting, or for research purposes.

本研究旨在比较Flightscope Mevo +发射监视器与先前验证的系统（Trackman 4）在室内环境下的全高尔夫挥杆过程。方法同时比较smevo +和Trackman 4作为驾驶员（n = 118、118、174）。类内相关系数（ICC）报告的一致性和绝对一致性。布兰德-奥特曼地块报告了协议的局限性。ResultsModerate优秀一致性报告所有值司机(ICC = 0.66 - -0.996), 7-iron (ICC = 0.50 - -0.996)和俯仰楔(ICC = 0.55 - -1.00)除了攻角是贫穷7-iron和俯仰楔(ICC = 0.06和0.03,分别)。对于绝对一致性，evo +在大多数驱动（ICC范围= 0.58-0.98），7-铁杆（ICC范围= 0.83-0.94）和俯角楔（ICC范围= 0.77-0.999）变量上表现出中等到优秀的水平。推杆挥杆面（ICC绝对值= 0.24）、7-铁攻角、杆头速度、动伸度和自旋率（ICC绝对值分别为0.02、0.44、0.23、0.49、0.42）和俯仰楔攻角、动伸度和挥杆面（ICC绝对值分别为0.01、0.25、0.43）的一致性较差。结论除攻角外，mevo +与Trackman 4在所有变量上均一致。然而，它确实提供了不同的绝对值，但通常以一致的、系统的方式，跨多个变量。教练、球杆装配员、高尔夫球手和科学家在试图比较不同发射监视器的性能时，或者仅使用evo +系统来帮助性能、球杆建设和装配或用于研究目的时，应该意识到这些系统差异。

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引用次数: 0

Pelvic floor symptoms in 746 female field hockey players in Australia. A retrospective survey 澳大利亚746名女子曲棍球运动员骨盆底症状分析回顾性调查

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2026.100135

Emily C. Bell , Sally Mastwyk , Madeline C. Hannington , Erin Smyth , Matthew G. King

Objective

To explore the proportion of female field hockey players who experienced urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic floor symptoms, and the impact their symptoms have on their participation and healthcare-seeking behaviour.

Methods

We employed a retrospective study design utilising an anonymous survey to address the study aim. Female field hockey players aged 14 and above who participated in the 2023 winter competition in Australia at any level were eligible to participate in the study. We collected demographic data, the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID) and the impact of pelvic floor symptoms on participation. Demographic data were reported as proportions, with all data analysed at the cohort level and stratified based on primary age group competition (Juniors, Seniors, Masters).

Results

746 females consented to answer the survey about pelvic floor function with an average age of 33.6 years (range 14–74). One in four participants reported some kind of UI, however; just 30 % of females with symptoms saw a health professional for their symptoms. Frequency of symptoms increased by level of competition (i.e., more frequent in Masters compared to Juniors or Seniors). Most females who reported symptoms (∼50 %) during exercise did not change their participation; however, 22 %–36 % modified or stopped their activities.

Conclusion

Symptoms of UI in female field hockey players are frequent, with the majority not seeking health care assistance for their symptoms. Therefore, education programs focused on UI management strategies such as early identification and healthcare referral should be prioritised within female field hockey.

目的探讨女子曲棍球运动员出现尿失禁和盆底症状的比例，以及这些症状对其参与和就诊行为的影响。方法采用回顾性研究设计，采用匿名调查来解决研究目的。参加2023年澳大利亚冬季比赛的14岁及以上的任何级别的女子曲棍球运动员都有资格参加这项研究。我们收集了人口统计数据、尿失禁诊断问卷（QUID）和盆底症状对参与的影响。人口统计数据按比例报告，所有数据在队列水平上进行分析，并根据小学年龄组竞争（青少年、老年人、硕士）分层。结果746名女性同意接受盆底功能调查，平均年龄33.6岁（14 ~ 74岁）。然而，四分之一的参与者报告了某种程度的UI；只有30%出现症状的女性去看了专业医生。症状的出现频率随着比赛水平的提高而增加（即，与初级或高级选手相比，硕士选手出现频率更高）。大多数在运动期间报告症状的女性（约50%）没有改变她们的参与；然而，22% - 36%的人修改或停止了他们的活动。结论女子曲棍球运动员尿失禁症状较为常见，且多数患者未因症状寻求医疗救助。因此，教育计划侧重于UI管理策略，如早期识别和医疗转诊应优先考虑在女子曲棍球。

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引用次数: 0

Improving penalty shoot-out performance in skilled youth soccer players: An imagery modality-based approach 提高技术青年足球运动员点球决胜表现：一种基于图像模式的方法

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100125

Vincent Joseph-Jacques , Roland Seux , Laurent Dominique , Vanessa Hatchi , Nicolas Robin

Background

Since their introduction in professional football, penalty shoot-outs represent key moments in matches. Motor imagery (MI) can improve soccer performance, but different MI modalities can be used to mentally simulate motor actions. This study aimed to evaluate whether the MI modality used by the players would influence their penalty shoot-out performance.

Methods

Twenty youth skilled football players from the Elite Center of the French Regions of America (CERFA) voluntarily participated in this experiment (M_age = 16.4 years). After an assessment of their MI ability, the participants completed 4 counterbalanced experimental sessions spread over 4 weeks, each including the completion of 5 penalty shoot-outs. The sessions consisted of a control condition (count-down and actual execution) and 3 MI conditions during which the players had to mentally imagine themselves performing a penalty shoot-out according to one of the MI modalities: Internal Visual Imagery (IVI), External Visual Imagery (EVI), or Kinesthetic Imagery (KI), before kicking. Number of goals scored, shooting accuracy and ball speed were measured and served as dependent variables.

Results

The soccer players benefited from MI. Indeed, in both the IVI and KI conditions, their performances were significantly higher than in the no-MI (i.e., control) condition with respect to the total number of goals scored and shooting accuracy variables.

Conclusions

Practically, we suggest skilled football players imagine, from an internal perspective, taking a successful penalty kick before shooting.

自从在职业足球比赛中被引入以来，点球大战一直是比赛中的关键时刻。运动想象（MI）可以提高足球表现，但不同的MI模式可以用于心理模拟运动动作。本研究旨在评估球员使用的MI模式是否会影响他们在点球决胜中的表现。方法来自美国法裔精英中心（CERFA）的20名青少年技术足球运动员自愿参加实验，年龄为16.4岁。在对他们的MI能力进行评估后，参与者完成了4个为期4周的平衡实验，每个实验包括完成5次点球大战。这些训练包括一个控制条件（倒计时和实际执行）和3个MI条件，在此期间，球员必须在踢前根据MI模式之一（内部视觉意象（IVI），外部视觉意象（EVI）或动觉意象（KI））在心理上想象自己正在进行点球大战。测量进球数、射门精度和球速作为因变量。结果足球运动员从MI中获益。事实上，在IVI和KI条件下，他们的表现在总进球数和射门精度变量方面都显著高于无MI（即对照组）条件。实际上，我们建议熟练的足球运动员在射门前从内心的角度想象一个成功的点球。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing neuromuscular symmetry through load-progressive closed-chain upper limb training: An EMG-based approach 通过负荷渐进式上肢闭合链训练优化神经肌肉对称性：基于肌电图的方法

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100133

Rafid Qaduri , Taha Jasim , Hiba Hamadi , Safaa Ismaeel , Shaimaa Shihab , Mohammed Al-Jahni

Background

Bilateral neuromuscular symmetry is a critical factor for safe and effective resistance training. Limited evidence exists on how progressive closed-chain resistance exercises influence upper-limb muscle activation and interlimb balance.

Methods

Forty healthy, recreationally trained males (mean age 22.8 ± 1.9 years; height 176.2 ± 4.7 cm; weight 73.5 ± 6.2 kg) performed bilateral elbow flexion and extension at 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % of one-repetition maximum (1RM). Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded bilaterally from the biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Muscle activity was quantified using root mean square (RMS) values, and bilateral coordination was assessed through symmetry indices.

Results

EMG amplitude increased significantly with higher load intensities (p < 0.001). Bilateral symmetry improved at 90 % 1RM, as reflected by lower symmetry index values and non-significant interlimb differences. At lower intensities, moderate asymmetries persisted, particularly in antagonist muscles.

Conclusion

Progressive closed-chain resistance training enhances neuromuscular activation and promotes interlimb symmetry in the upper limbs, especially under near-maximal loading. These findings suggest that higher load intensities acutely enhance muscle coordination and reduce asymmetry during bilateral resistance exercise.

背景：双侧神经肌肉对称是安全有效的抗阻训练的关键因素。关于渐进式闭式阻力运动如何影响上肢肌肉激活和肢间平衡的证据有限。方法40例健康男性，平均年龄22.8±1.9岁，身高176.2±4.7 cm，体重73.5±6.2 kg，分别以50%、75%和90%的单次最大重复量（1RM）完成双侧肘关节屈伸。记录双侧肱二头肌和肱三头肌的表面肌电图。用均方根（RMS）值量化肌肉活动，通过对称指数评估双侧协调性。结果随着载荷强度的增加，肌电信号振幅显著增加（p < 0.001）。双侧对称性在90% 1RM时得到改善，反映在较低的对称指数值和不显著的肢间差异上。在较低强度下，中度不对称持续存在，特别是在拮抗剂肌肉中。结论渐进式闭链阻力训练可增强神经肌肉的激活，促进上肢肢间对称性，尤其是在接近最大负荷时。这些发现表明，在双侧阻力运动中，较高的负荷强度可显著增强肌肉协调性，减少不对称性。

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引用次数: 0

Martial arts striking sports prehabilitation programme (MASS-12): Jump higher, move safer, and feel better 武术打击运动康复课程（MASS-12）：跳得更高，动作更安全，感觉更好

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100134

Rowan Wilson , James Brighton , Colette Christiansen , Matthew Hughes , Wendi Bacon

Background

Martial arts involve cutting, jumping and landing movements known to increase injury risk. Martial artists frequently sustain injuries. Recreational martial arts have yet to implement an evidence-informed prehabilitation programme to prevent these injuries. Here, we evaluate the Martial Arts Striking Sports prehabilitation programme (MASS-12) in a recreational setting.

Methods

Three traditional martial arts warm-ups and two MASS-12 warm-ups were delivered over 2 weeks as a recreational Jiu Jitsu club hall. A coach and seven athletes (five male, two female), ranging in experience from white belt to brown belt, participated. Main Outcome Measures were the Frontal plane projection angle (FPPA), a measure of dynamic knee valgus and Single leg vertical hops (SLVH), a measure of performance.

Results

Over half of recreational athletes reported previous, serious lower limb injuries. Athlete FFPA and SLVH significantly improved (−11.9° to −1.93°, 25.2 vs 27.5 cm, respectively) after the MASS-12. Athletes appreciated the increased feedback and sense of preparedness. The coach found it easy to teach and perceived improvements in performance.

Conclusions

The MASS-12 is easy for coaches to implement; improves lower limb alignment; and is accepted by athletes. A significant improvement on current practices, the MASS-12 should be widely implemented in recreational martial arts.

武术包括切割、跳跃和落地动作，这些动作会增加受伤的风险。武术家经常受伤。娱乐性武术尚未实施循证康复方案，以防止这些伤害。在这里，我们评估武术打击运动康复计划（MASS-12）在娱乐环境。方法在2周内进行3次传统武术热身和2次MASS-12热身，作为休闲的柔术俱乐部大厅。一名教练和七名运动员（五男两女）参加了比赛，他们的经验从白带到棕带不等。主要观察指标为动态膝外翻的前平面投影角（FPPA）和运动表现的单腿垂直跳（SLVH）。结果超过一半的休闲运动员有过严重的下肢损伤。在MASS-12后，运动员的FFPA和SLVH显著改善（分别为- 11.9°到- 1.93°，25.2和27.5 cm）。运动员们很欣赏这种反馈的增加和准备的感觉。教练发现教起来很容易，并且发现学生的表现有所提高。结论MASS-12易于教练员实施；改善下肢对齐；并且被运动员所接受。在现有练习的基础上，MASS-12应该在休闲武术中广泛应用。

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引用次数: 0

The Athlete-IQ: Evaluating iron knowledge of female athletes and staff; with insights into practices among dietitians and iron experts 运动员智商：评价女运动员和工作人员的铁知识对营养学家和铁专家的实践有深入的了解

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100118

Michael Pengelly , Kate Pumpa , David B. Pyne , Naroa Etxebarria

Background

Iron deficiency (ID) is common in female athletes, with variable diagnostic criteria and supplementation protocols used to determine deficient athletes. Understanding iron rich food sources is fundamental to optimal nutrition intake. Purpose: Our aim was to characterise the iron knowledge of female athletes and affiliated staff and explore factors influencing iron deficiency practices among dietitians and iron experts (sports physiologists and iron researchers).

Methods

A cross-sectional design was employed using a web-based iron questionnaire (adapted from previously validated questionnaires). Part One consisted of 16 items (11 iron questions) and was completed by female athletes and staff. Participants achieving a score >75 % (percentage of correct answers) were deemed to have adequate iron knowledge. Part Two consisted of 22 items (14 on iron deficiency practice) and was completed by dietitians and iron experts. Descriptive statistics were used for multiple choice questions and open responses were coded thematically.

Results

Sixty-two participants (athletes n = 42; staff n = 20) across 10 sports completed Part One. Iron knowledge scores ranged from 21 % to 88 % among athletes (46 % ± 13 %) and staff (60 % ± 16 %). Twenty-eight practitioners (sports dietitians: n = 14; other professions: n = 14) across 28 sports completed Part Two. Between 10 % and 56 % of practitioners applied established criteria for diagnosing iron deficiency. Supplementation protocols varied between 20 and 100 mg/day or bi-daily of elemental iron for earlier stages of iron deficiency increasing to 60–200 mg/day or bi-daily for anaemic athletes.

Conclusion

Iron knowledge is highly variable in female athletes and club staff. Teams and organisations should promote valid nutrition resources when access to a sports dietitian is not feasible. Practitioners may adopt heightened criteria to categorise iron deficiency but should adjust individual thresholds based on factors underpinning fluctuations in iron status.

背景：缺铁（ID）在女运动员中很常见，有不同的诊断标准和补充方案用于确定缺铁运动员。了解富含铁的食物来源是优化营养摄入的基础。目的：我们的目的是描述女运动员及其附属工作人员的铁知识特征，并探讨影响营养学家和铁专家（运动生理学家和铁研究人员）缺铁实践的因素。方法采用横断面设计，采用基于网络的铁问卷（改编自先前有效的问卷）。第一部分包括16个项目（11个铁题），由女运动员和工作人员完成。达到75%（正确答案的百分比）的参与者被认为具有足够的铁知识。第二部分包括22个项目（14个关于缺铁实践），由营养师和铁专家完成。多项选择题采用描述性统计，开放式回答采用主题编码。结果共有62名参与者（运动员42人，工作人员20人）完成了第一部分，涉及10个项目。运动员（46%±13%）和工作人员（60%±16%）的铁知识得分从21%到88%不等。28名从业人员（运动营养师：n = 14；其他职业：n = 14）完成了第二部分，涉及28个运动项目。10%至56%的从业人员应用已建立的诊断缺铁的标准。对于早期缺铁阶段，补充方案从20 - 100毫克/天或每天两次增加到60-200毫克/天或每天两次增加到贫血运动员。结论女运动员和俱乐部工作人员对铁的认知存在较大差异。当找不到运动营养师时，团队和组织应该推广有效的营养资源。从业者可以采用更高的标准来分类缺铁，但应根据影响铁状态波动的因素调整个人阈值。

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引用次数: 0

Developing disability inclusive coaching principles within community recreational sport programming for children 在社区儿童娱乐体育项目中制定包容残疾的指导原则

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100109

Roxy H. O’Rourke , Tara Joy Knibbe , Amy C. McPherson , Guy E. Faulkner , F. Virginia Wright , Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos

Background

Positive sport experiences for children are essential to establish long-term sport engagement. Coaches play a key role in fostering quality sport experiences for all children. For children with disabilities, caregivers are often closely involved in their sport participation, particularly when additional support is needed, and their perspectives can offer valuable insight into sport program experiences. The purpose of this study was to understand the role coaches have in optimizing the participation experiences of children in recreation-level sport programs. Specifically, this study aimed to explore children’s, caregivers', and coaches' perceptions of the coaching role in recreational sport programs that involve children with and without disabilities.

Methods

Individual interviews were conducted with 14 children (seven with disabilities), 15 caregivers, and 12 recreational sport coaches. Interview transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Four themes were generated during the analysis: (a) creating avenues for connection (two subthemes), (b) an environment focused on child empowerment (two subthemes), (c) autonomy-supportive coaching practices (three subthemes), and (d) flexibility and adapting the program to suit everyone (two subthemes). A family-centered coaching approach that prioritizes developing rapport with caregivers to enhance the child’s participation needs is key, especially in sport settings that include children with diverse abilities.

Conclusions

Coaches should employ autonomy-supportive coaching, supporting child connections without forcing them, and provide each child with opportunities for challenge and success. Doing so can help to foster quality participation experiences for children during this formative time to contribute to lasting sport involvement.

儿童积极的体育体验对于建立长期的体育参与至关重要。教练在为所有儿童提供高质量的体育体验方面发挥着关键作用。对于残疾儿童，照顾者通常密切参与他们的体育活动，特别是在需要额外支持的情况下，他们的观点可以为体育项目经验提供有价值的见解。本研究的目的是了解教练在优化儿童在娱乐水平的体育项目参与体验中的作用。具体而言，本研究旨在探讨儿童、照顾者和教练在涉及残疾儿童和非残疾儿童的休闲体育项目中对教练角色的看法。方法对14名儿童（7名残疾儿童）、15名护理人员和12名休闲运动教练员进行单独访谈。访谈记录分析采用归纳主题分析。结果在分析过程中产生了四个主题：(a)创造联系途径（两个副主题），(b)专注于儿童赋权的环境（两个副主题），(c)自主支持的指导实践（三个副主题），以及(d)灵活性和调整计划以适应每个人（两个副主题）。以家庭为中心的教练方法，优先发展与照顾者的关系，以提高儿童的参与需求是关键，特别是在包括不同能力儿童的体育环境中。结论教师应采用自主支持的指导，支持孩子们建立联系，而不是强迫他们，并为每个孩子提供挑战和成功的机会。这样做有助于在这一形成时期为儿童培养高质量的参与经验，从而促进持久的体育参与。

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引用次数: 0

Mixed-methods evaluation of multi-sport activity days for children and adolescents with disability in Australia 澳大利亚残疾儿童和青少年多运动活动日的混合方法评价

JSAMS plus

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100116

Nicole Halim , Indigo Willing , Rochelle Eime , Leanne Hassett , Katherine B. Owen

Background

Children and adolescents with disability (CAWD) face many barriers to sport participation and report lower levels of physical activity compared with children and adolescents without disability. Multi-sport activity days (MSADs) could address several barriers to sport participation faced by CAWD. This study examined the experiences of CAWD at MSADs, including both facilitators and barriers to participation that these children and adolescents faced.

Methods

This study was a mixed-methods evaluation of MSADs in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This included surveys of the parents/carers of CAWD who attended a MSAD and interviews with CAWD who attended a MSAD. The survey assessed facilitators and barriers to participation, and the interviews explored CAWD's experiences at MSADs.

Results

The 15 MSADs held across NSW reached a total of 1839 CAWD. Of these, 86 (5 %) parents/carers completed a survey, and 6 CAWD participated in an interview. The interviews revealed that CAWD who attended the MSADs reported positive experiences, highlighting social connections, a sense of commonality and belonging, increased self-esteem, confidence, skills development, and a sense of joy (interview data). Common barriers to sport participation included cost (32 %), not knowing where to play (28 %), lack of appropriate sporting competitions (28 %), lack of interest (28 %), and not knowing how to play (26 %) (survey data).

Conclusions

MSADs can provide positive sport experiences and overcome some barriers to participation for CAWD. However, ongoing support and accessible participation pathways are required to translate initial engagement into sustained involvement in sport.

残疾儿童和青少年（CAWD）在参与体育运动方面面临许多障碍，与非残疾儿童和青少年相比，他们的身体活动水平较低。多运动活动日（MSADs）可以解决慢性病患者参与体育活动面临的几个障碍。本研究调查了在msad的CAWD经历，包括这些儿童和青少年所面临的参与促进者和障碍。方法采用混合方法对澳大利亚新南威尔士州（NSW）的msad进行评价。这包括对参加MSAD的自闭症儿童的父母/照顾者的调查，以及对参加MSAD的自闭症儿童的访谈。调查评估了参与的促进因素和障碍，访谈探讨了CAWD在msad的经验。结果在新南威尔士州举行的15次msad共达到1839 CAWD。其中，86名（5%）家长/照顾者完成了调查，6名CAWD参加了访谈。访谈显示，参加msad的CAWD报告了积极的经历，突出了社会联系，共同感和归属感，自尊，自信，技能发展和快乐感（访谈数据）。参与体育运动的常见障碍包括成本（32%）、不知道在哪里玩（28%）、缺乏适当的体育比赛（28%）、缺乏兴趣（28%）和不知道如何玩（26%）（调查数据）。结论smsads能够提供积极的运动体验，克服一些障碍。然而，需要持续的支持和无障碍的参与途径，才能将最初的参与转化为持续的参与。

{"title":"Mixed-methods evaluation of multi-sport activity days for children and adolescents with disability in Australia","authors":"Nicole Halim , Indigo Willing , Rochelle Eime , Leanne Hassett , Katherine B. Owen","doi":"10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsampl.2025.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children and adolescents with disability (CAWD) face many barriers to sport participation and report lower levels of physical activity compared with children and adolescents without disability. Multi-sport activity days (MSADs) could address several barriers to sport participation faced by CAWD. This study examined the experiences of CAWD at MSADs, including both facilitators and barriers to participation that these children and adolescents faced.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study was a mixed-methods evaluation of MSADs in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This included surveys of the parents/carers of CAWD who attended a MSAD and interviews with CAWD who attended a MSAD. The survey assessed facilitators and barriers to participation, and the interviews explored CAWD's experiences at MSADs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 15 MSADs held across NSW reached a total of 1839 CAWD. Of these, 86 (5 %) parents/carers completed a survey, and 6 CAWD participated in an interview. The interviews revealed that CAWD who attended the MSADs reported positive experiences, highlighting social connections, a sense of commonality and belonging, increased self-esteem, confidence, skills development, and a sense of joy (interview data). Common barriers to sport participation included cost (32 %), not knowing where to play (28 %), lack of appropriate sporting competitions (28 %), lack of interest (28 %), and not knowing how to play (26 %) (survey data).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>MSADs can provide positive sport experiences and overcome some barriers to participation for CAWD. However, ongoing support and accessible participation pathways are required to translate initial engagement into sustained involvement in sport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74029,"journal":{"name":"JSAMS plus","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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