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Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds for Children in Indoor Air, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 室内空气中挥发性有机化合物对儿童健康的风险评估,乌兰巴托,蒙古
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.230028
Oyun-Erdene Otgonbyamba, G. Ganbat, Ser-Od Khuyag, Enkhjargal Altangerel, Bilguun Ganbold, Altangadas Bayanjargal, Altangerel Bat-Erdene, Bataa Chuluunbaatar, B. Badrakh, S. Batbaatar
This study presents levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured indoors for the first time in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and quantifies the health risk for children emphasizing the urgent need to improve control for indoor VOCs sources. The 583 samples collected at 144 sites, including new buildings, old apartments, schools, workplaces, kindergartens, baishin, and Mongolian traditional gers , hospitals, schools, and shopping centers are analyzed. Formaldehyde was detected in 95.7% of the samples, while benzene was in 24.2%. The levels of benzene, toluene, and xylene in new and old buildings and apartments exceed the recommended values of AGÖF for volatile organic compounds in indoor air. The probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method was used to estimate the risk exposure of four types of VOCs (benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, and m,p-xylene) to the health of the study population. The risk of cancer for benzene and formaldehyde is high in the age group of 7 months–4 years, m,p-xylene, and toluene show non-cancer risk in this age group.
本研究首次介绍了蒙古乌兰巴托室内挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的测量水平,并量化了儿童的健康风险,强调了改善室内VOCs来源控制的迫切需要。分析了在144个地点收集的583个样本,包括新建筑、旧公寓、学校、工作场所、幼儿园、白信和蒙古传统蒙古包、医院、学校和购物中心。甲醛的检出率为95.7%,苯的检出率为24.2%。新老建筑和公寓中苯、甲苯和二甲苯的含量超过了室内空气中挥发性有机化合物的建议值AGÖF。采用概率蒙特卡罗模拟法估算了四种VOCs(苯、甲醛、甲苯和对二甲苯)对研究人群健康的暴露风险。在7个月至4岁的年龄组中,苯和甲醛的致癌风险较高,而对二甲苯和甲苯在该年龄组中无致癌风险。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Heavy Industry Sector in North Korea 朝鲜重工业部门大气污染物排放估算
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.230066
Y. Lee, Y. Kim, M. Yeo
This study aims to estimate the amount of air pollutants emitted from heavy industrial facilities in North Korea. The heavy industry sector in North Korea was classified according to the South Korean definition, and the air pollutant emissions that it generated were estimated for 2017. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and sulfur oxides (SO x ) by the heavy industry sector in North Korea were 22, 73, and 31%, respectively, of those in South Korea’ air pollutant emissions. Moreover, the CO, NO x , and SO x emissions comprised 0.6, 124, and 24%, respectively, of the total air pollutant emission in North Korea estimated from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 5.0 (EDGAR v5.0). Geographically, the NO x emissions were concentrated in the western part of North Korea, while CO and SO x were concentrated in North Hamgyong Province.
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引用次数: 1
Advances in the Research on Brown Carbon Aerosols: Its Concentrations, Radiative Forcing, and Effects on Climate 棕碳气溶胶的浓度、辐射强迫及其对气候的影响研究进展
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.220336
Shuai Li, Hua Zhang, Zhili Wang, Yonghang Chen
Brown carbon (BrC) are important light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere, and it is of great significance to study the climate effects of BrC for regional or global climate change. This paper reviews recent advances in research on the radiative forcing of BrC, its effects on temperature and precipitation, and snow/ice albedo. Recent research suggests that: (1) Climate effects of aerosols can be represented more accurately when including BrC absorption in climate models; the regions with the highest global mean surface BrC concentrations estimated by models are mostly Southeast Asia and South America (biomass burning), East Asia and northeast India (biofuel burning), and Europe and North America (secondary sources); estimates of BrC radiative forcing are quite erratic, with a range of around 0.03–0.57 W m –2 . (2) BrC heating lead to tropical expansion and a reduction in deep convective mass fluxes in the upper troposphere; cloud fraction and cloud type have a substantial impact on the heating rate estimates of BrC. The inclusion of BrC in the model results in a clear shift in the cloud fraction, liquid water path, precipitation, and surface flux. BrC heating decreases precipitation on a global scale, particularly in tropical regions with high convective and precipitation intensity, but different in some regions. (3) Uncertain optical properties of BrC, mixing ratio of radiation-absorbing aerosols in snow, snow grain size and snow coverage lead to higher uncertainties and lower confidence in the simulated distribution and radiative forcing of BrC in snow than BC. To reduce the uncertainty of its climate effects, future research should focus on improving model research, creating reliable BrC emission inventories, and taking into account the photobleaching and lense effects of BrC.
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引用次数: 0
Do the Street Sweeping and Washing Work for Reducing the Near-ground Levels of Fine Particulate Matter and Related Pollutants? 扫街和洗街对减少近地细颗粒物及相关污染物水平有效吗?
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.220338
Sheng-Lun Lin, Yunzhou Deng, M. Lin, Shih-Wei Huang
This research focuses on the properties of near-ground fine particles (PM 2.5 ), ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in traffic area. The effects of street sweeping and washing on pollutant levels are evaluated. The X Road with sewage ditch was selected for the stationary samplings to determine the differences between the atmospheric PM 2.5 mass concentration, their composition, and potential sources before/after street cleaning processes, as well as the effect of the sewage existence. Results show that there were certain reductions of PM 2.5 after the street washing, especially for the road section with drainage ditch. The chemical mass balance model then pointed out the traffic contribution on PM 2.5 significantly reduced on the downwind site (from 25.7% to 16.5%). Besides, the spatial distribution of the near-ground PM 2.5 , UFP, BC, and PAHs were monitored by a mobile platform on an appropriate long, straight, and not heavily traffic Road Y. The monitoring took place at 1 h-before, during washing/sweeping, at 1 h-after, at 1 d-after, at 2 d-after three cleaning strategies, including only sweeping, washing-before-sweeping, and sweeping-before-washing. The monitoring then mapped out the hot spot distribution of pollutants. The PM 2.5 mass, UFP number, BC, and PAH concentrations before the street sweeping is 155 µ g m –3 , 1.2 × 104 # cm –3 , BC 3633 ng m –3 , and 36 ng m –3 . The UFP number concentration of suspended particles after street washing had a trend to reduce, avoided the deterioration of air quality. The strategy, “sweeping-before-washing”, was the best operation method among three to suppress the UFP number concentration by 42%, while all three strategies could effectively reduce the PAH levels. The primary pollutants are more easily reduced by the street-cleaning process, while the secondary one did not.
摘要
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引用次数: 2
Comparison of Aerosol Acidity Based on a Direct Measurement Method and a Chemical Thermodynamic Model 基于直接测量法和化学热力学模型的气溶胶酸度比较
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.230096
Qinping Song, Kazuo Osada
Aerosol acidity is an important parameter in aerosol science that affects many chemical reactions in the atmosphere, and it is often estimated using chemical thermodynamic models. The Extended Aerosol Inorganic Model IV (E-AIM IV) is frequently used for this purpose; however, due to the limited number of available direct measurement methods of aerosol acidity, there is still a certain degree of uncertainty with regard to how accurately the simulation results reflect reality. In this study, a new pH testing paper method for the direct measurement of aerosol pH is used to measure the pH (pHmeas) of aerosol particle samples. Based on the data of the ionic constituents of the samples, the E-AIM IV model is then used to estimate aerosol pH (pHest). This study provides a comparison of pHmeas and pHest, revealing that the relationship is satisfactorily approximated by a simple linear regression of pHest = 1.05pHmeas + 0.38 (R2 = 0.90). The strong correlation and slope very close to unity indicate that the pH testing paper method corroborates the outputs of the E-AIM IV model.
气溶胶酸度是气溶胶科学中的一个重要参数,它影响大气中的许多化学反应,通常使用化学热力学模型来估计。扩展气溶胶无机模型IV (E-AIM IV)经常用于这一目的;然而,由于可用的气溶胶酸度直接测量方法数量有限,模拟结果反映现实的准确性仍存在一定程度的不确定性。本研究采用一种新的直接测量气溶胶pH值的pH试纸方法,对气溶胶颗粒样品的pH值(pHmeas)进行测量。基于样品的离子组分数据,利用E-AIM IV模型估算气溶胶pH值(pHest)。本研究提供了pHmeas和pHest的比较,发现pHest = 1.05pHmeas + 0.38 (R2 = 0.90)的简单线性回归可以令人满意地近似于两者之间的关系。强相关性和斜率非常接近统一,表明pH试纸方法与E-AIM IV模型的结果一致。
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引用次数: 0
Composition Analysis of Airborne Microbiota in Outdoor and Indoor Based on Dust Separated by Micro-sized and Nano-sized 基于微、纳米粉尘分离的室内外空气微生物群组成分析
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.210231
Jinho Yang, J. Seo, Y. Jee, Yoon Kim, J. Sohn
Airborne microorganisms are associated with human health and awareness of the important influence of nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) on health has risen. Thus, we analyzed the micro-sized microbes (m-MBs) and nano-sized microbial EVs (n-MEVs) of outdoor and indoor air through a field study in Seoul, Korea. We conducted 16S rDNA-based metagenomic analysis of m-MBs and n-MEVs in outdoor airborne dust (OAD), indoor airborne dust (IAD), and indoor dust from carpets (IDC). The dominant taxa in OAD were altered depending upon the outside environment, such as sunny, haze, and rainy. Also, dominant taxa in IAD and IDC were changed depending on the outside environment. In addition, there were differences of microbiome composition and diversity between the m-MB and n-MEV in OAD, IAD, and IDC. m-MB in OAD were more correlated with that of IDC, whereas n-MEVs in OAD were more related to those in IAD. Thus, indoor bioaerosols can be affected by different source according to bioaerosol size. Additionally, risk of bioaerosols can be different according to dominant taxa, and therefore we suggested that further study for risk of dominant taxa according to environments is necessary. We suggested that nano-sized microbial EVs should be included as parameters to manage air quality
空气传播的微生物与人类健康密切相关,纳米细胞外囊泡(ev)对健康的重要影响已引起人们的重视。因此,我们通过在韩国首尔进行实地研究,分析了室外和室内空气中的微尺度微生物(m- mb)和纳米尺度微生物ev (n- mev)。我们对室外空气粉尘(OAD)、室内空气粉尘(IAD)和室内地毯粉尘(IDC)中的m- mb和n- mev进行了基于16S rdna的宏基因组分析。OAD的优势类群随外界环境(如晴天、雾霾和雨天)的变化而变化。此外,IAD和IDC的优势类群也随着外界环境的变化而发生变化。此外,在OAD、IAD和IDC中,m-MB和n-MEV之间的微生物组组成和多样性存在差异。OAD的m-MB与IDC的相关性更强,而OAD的n- mev与IAD的相关性更强。因此,根据生物气溶胶的大小,不同的来源会对室内生物气溶胶产生影响。此外,生物气溶胶的风险因优势类群的不同而不同,因此我们认为有必要根据环境进一步研究优势类群的风险。我们建议将纳米级微生物电动汽车作为空气质量管理的参数
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引用次数: 0
Implications of the Improvement in Atmospheric Fine Particles: A Case Study of COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Taiwan 大气细颗粒物改善的意义——以台湾北部新冠肺炎大流行为例
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.220329
Chuanqun Huang, Yi-Ru Ko, Tzu-Chi Lin, Yu-Hsiang Cheng, Yu-Cheng Chen, Y. Ting
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in northern Taiwan led to the implementation of Level 3 alert measures during 2021 and thereby impacted the air quality significantly, which provided an unprecedented opportunity to better understand the control strategies on air pollutants in the future. This study investigated the variations in sources, chemical characteristics and human health risks of PM2.5 comprehensively. The PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased from pre-alert to Level 3 alert by 49.4%, and the inorganic ions, i.e., NH4+, NO3- and SO42-, dropped even more by 71%, 90% and 52%, respectively. Nonetheless, organic matter (OM) and elemental carbon (EC) simply decreased by 36% and 13%, which caused the chemical composition of PM2.5 to change so that the carbonaceous matter in PM2.5 dominated instead of the inorganic ions. Correlation-based hierarchical clustering analysis further showed that PM2.5 was clustered with carbonaceous matter during the Level 3 alert, while that clustered with inorganic ions during both pre-alert and post-alert periods. Moreover, 6 sources of PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), in which secondary nitrate (i.e., aging traffic aerosols) exhibited the most significant decrease and yet primary traffic-related emissions, dominated by carbonaceous matter, changed insignificantly. This implied that secondary traffic-related aerosols could be easily controlled when traffic volume declined, while primary traffic source needs more efforts in the future, especially for the reduction of carbonaceous matter. Therefore, cleaner energy for vehicles is still needed. Assessments of both carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk induced by the trace elements in PM2.5 showed insignificant decrease, which can be attributed to the factories that did not shut down during Level 3 alert. This study serves as a metric to underpin the mitigation strategies of air pollution in the future and highlights the importance of carbonaceous matter for the reduction in PM2.5.
2019冠状病毒病疫情在台湾北部爆发,导致2021年实施三级预警措施,从而对空气质量产生重大影响,这为更好地了解未来空气污染物的控制策略提供了前所未有的机会。本研究全面调查了PM2.5的来源、化学特征和人体健康风险的变化。PM2.5质量浓度从预警到三级预警下降了49.4%,无机离子NH4+、NO3-和SO42-的降幅更大,分别下降了71%、90%和52%。而有机质(OM)和单质碳(EC)分别下降了36%和13%,这导致PM2.5的化学成分发生变化,PM2.5中的碳质物质取代无机离子占主导地位。基于相关性的聚类分析进一步表明,PM2.5在3级预警期间与碳质物质聚集在一起,而在预警前后与无机离子聚集在一起。此外,通过正矩阵分解(PMF)识别出PM2.5的6个来源,其中二次硝酸盐(即老化的交通气溶胶)的减少最为显著,而以碳质物质为主的交通相关的一次排放变化不显著。这意味着当交通量下降时,与二次交通相关的气溶胶可以很容易地控制,而未来主要交通源需要更多的努力,特别是碳质物质的减少。因此,汽车仍然需要更清洁的能源。PM2.5中微量元素诱发的致癌风险和非致癌风险评估均出现了不显著的下降,这可以归因于在三级预警期间没有关停的工厂。这项研究可以作为未来空气污染缓解策略的一个指标,并强调了碳质物质对减少PM2.5的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Particle Removal and Antibacterial of Nanofiber Doped with Metal and Ions Prepared by Electrospinning 静电纺丝法制备金属离子掺杂纳米纤维的微粒去除与抗菌
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.220342
Yinglu Jiang, RD Hope Tamboboy Cayron, Yu-Chen Cheng, Chang-Tang Chang
Due to the increase in human activities and the application of nanotechnology, people's exposure to nano and submicron particles is increasing. Conventional particle separation technologies, such as electrostatic precipitators, cyclone, wet washing, and filtration method, cannot work well. In addition, the fiber diameter and pore size of the traditional fiber filter material is too large, and the bulk density is difficult to control. Nanofiber membranes have a large surface area, small pore size and high porosity. The nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning technology are easy to intercept submicron and nanoparticles. Furthermore, the electrospinning technology is simple to operate, makes fibers of various materials easy, and is convenient for assembly and replacement. The most common bacteria are Escherichia coli, which harms the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, this study used bacteria and particles as the target pollutants and controlled by prepared nanostructured materials doped with metals and ions. In order to improve the treatment efficiency of particles and bacteria, this study added various metals and ions to nylon 6 nanofibers and explored the antibacterial and filterability of artificial fibrils. Different operation parameters, such as types of metal, types of ion, metal and concentration, and surface velocity, were also investigated to prepare various fibers to make the best performance fiber. In addition, the best-operating conditions could be obtained through a filtration test. Different salts, metals and metal ions with different concentrations, three metal oxides (TiO 2 , CeO 2 , and ZnO) and three ions (Ag + , K + , and Na + ) were used to test the filtration performance of various particle sizes for the best metal ion concentration, best filtration and bacterial removal performance. The experimental results show that the filtration efficiency of the composite fiber can reach 99%, and the composite fiber sprayed with a self-made antibacterial liquid has the best antibacterial ability.
由于人类活动的增加和纳米技术的应用,人们接触到的纳米和亚微米粒子越来越多。传统的颗粒分离技术,如静电除尘器、旋风、湿洗和过滤法,不能很好地工作。此外,传统纤维过滤材料的纤维直径和孔径过大,堆积密度难以控制。纳米纤维膜具有表面积大、孔径小、孔隙率高等特点。静电纺丝技术制备的纳米纤维膜易于拦截亚微米和纳米颗粒。此外,静电纺丝技术操作简单,使各种材料的纤维易于加工,便于组装和更换。最常见的细菌是大肠杆菌,它危害生态环境和人体健康。因此,本研究以细菌和颗粒为目标污染物,通过制备掺杂金属和离子的纳米结构材料进行控制。为了提高对颗粒和细菌的处理效率,本研究在尼龙6纳米纤维中添加了各种金属和离子,并探索了人造纤维的抗菌和过滤性能。研究了金属种类、离子种类、金属和浓度、表面速度等不同的操作参数,以制备出性能最佳的纤维。此外,还通过过滤试验获得了最佳操作条件。采用不同的盐、不同浓度的金属和金属离子、三种金属氧化物(tio2、ceo2、ZnO)和三种离子(Ag +、K +、Na +)对不同粒径的过滤性能进行了测试,以获得最佳的金属离子浓度、最佳的过滤性能和除菌性能。实验结果表明,复合纤维的过滤效率可达99%,用自制抗菌液喷射的复合纤维抗菌能力最好。
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引用次数: 0
Photocatalytic Degradation of Gaseous Acetone by Photocatalysts with Visible Light and their Potential Applications in Painting 可见光光催化降解气态丙酮及其在涂料中的潜在应用
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.220358
Yu-hua Li, Sheng-Hua Yang, C. Yuan, Huazhen Shen, C. Hung
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are air pollutants associated with health problem. Paints mixed with photocatalytic (PC) materials are considered to be effective in the removal of VOCs. Therefore, this investigation aimed to produce a novel visible induced photocatalyst component in paint. The synthesized photocatalysts (i.e., Ag-TiO 2 and Fe-TiO 2 ) were self-prepared by sol-gel method and further used to produce paints. The effects of the paints on VOC (i.e., acetone) degradation under the irradiation of visible light were tested in a batch PC reactor and an environmental chamber. In order to evaluate the control effect of VOCs using the paint, a simulated test was conducted in a real room. The results of batch experiments showed that the degradation efficiencies of acetone by the paints were lower than that by the related photocatalysts. The paints made of 3% Fe-TiO 2 and 1% Ag-TiO 2 achieved the highest acetone degradation efficiency of 32.7 and 21.3%, respectively. The degradation test conducted in the environmental chamber indicated that the degradation efficiencies of acetone were 24.9, 46.2, and 32.4% for the paints made of TiO 2 , 3% Fe-TiO 2 and 1% Ag-TiO 2 , respectively. It was evidently provided that the paint made of 3% Fe-TiO 2 could effectively degrade organic pollutants in indoor environments.
挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是与健康问题相关的空气污染物。涂料与光催化(PC)材料混合被认为是有效的去除挥发性有机化合物。因此,本研究旨在制备一种新型的涂料可见光诱导光催化剂。采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了ag - tio2和fe - tio2光催化剂,并将其用于涂料的制备。在间歇式PC反应器和环境箱中测试了涂料在可见光照射下对VOC(即丙酮)降解的影响。为了评价该涂料对VOCs的控制效果,在实际室内进行了模拟试验。批量实验结果表明,涂料对丙酮的降解效率低于相关光催化剂。由3% fe - tio2和1% ag - tio2组成的涂料对丙酮的降解效率最高,分别为32.7%和21.3%。在环境室中进行的降解试验表明,对于由tio2、3% fe - tio2和1% ag - tio2制成的涂料,丙酮的降解效率分别为24.9%、46.2和32.4%。结果表明,含3% fe - tio2的涂料能有效降解室内环境中的有机污染物。
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引用次数: 3
Beehive Fireworks Festival Effect on the Nearby Atmospheric PM2.5 Level 蜂巢花炮节对附近大气PM2.5水平的影响
IF 4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.220389
Chih-Chung Lin, J. Tsai, Y. Hsieh, Shui-Jen Chen
Sudden short-term air pollution episode is now widely considered to harm human health. Previous research has found that firework activities rapidly raise the PM 2.5 level in the ambient air. This study investigates the influence of Yanshuei Beehive Fireworks Festival on atmospheric PM 2.5 from February 9 th to 12 th , 2017. The PM 2.5 samples were gathered at 8 sampling sites around Yanshuei and Xinying before (background (B)), trial (T), during (D), and after (A) beehive firework display periods during the Yanshuei Beehive Fireworks Festival. The temporospatial differences of atmospheric PM 2.5 before and after fireworks activities were explored. The atmospheric PM 2.5 level in major activity areas was significantly higher from the background level in the trial and festival periods, and even after the activity. The study revealed that PM 2.5 level reached the highest value of 327 µ g m –3 at the major activity areas, which is 6.6 and 5.9 times those at upwind (49.8 µ g m –3 ) and downwind (55.5 µ g m –3 ) sites, respectively. Additionally, the T/B and D/B ratios were 3.01 and 7.19, respectively, around the major activity area. Conversely, the wind rose diagrams and contour lines of PM 2.5 concentrations evaluated using Surfer 10.0 around the ambient air demonstrate that the atmospheric PM 2.5 levels at Yanshuei and Xinying were similar to each other (35–45 µ g m –3 ). However, the PM 2.5 hardly diffused to distant places and accumulated in the local area around the boundary between Yanshuei and Xinying during the Beehive Fireworks Festival, since the wind speed was usually low or even stayed calm. The iso-concentration contour maps show that K + , Cl – , Mg 2+ , and NO 3– are related to firework release during the festival.
目前,人们普遍认为短期空气污染突发事件会危害人体健康。此前的研究发现,烟花活动会迅速提高环境空气中的pm2.5水平。本研究考察了2017年2月9日至12日盐水蜂窝花炮节对大气PM 2.5的影响。pm2.5样本采集于盐水和新英周边8个采样点,采集于盐水蜂窝节烟花燃放前(背景(B))、试验(T)、燃放期间(D)和燃放后(A)。探讨了烟花燃放前后大气PM 2.5的时空差异。在试验和节日期间,主要活动区的大气PM 2.5水平明显高于背景水平,甚至在活动结束后也是如此。研究结果显示,主要活动区的pm2.5浓度最高为327µg m -3,分别是迎风区(49.8µg m -3)和下风区(55.5µg m -3)的6.6倍和5.9倍。此外,在主要活动区附近,T/B和D/B比率分别为3.01和7.19。相反,使用Surfer 10.0计算的风玫瑰图和pm2.5浓度等高线表明,盐水和新英的大气pm2.5水平相似(35-45µg m -3)。但在蜂窝花炮节期间,由于风速通常较低,甚至保持平稳,pm2.5几乎没有向远处扩散,而是在盐水与新英边界附近局部地区积累。等浓度等高线图显示,K +、Cl -、mg2 +和no3 -与烟花释放有关。
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引用次数: 1
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Aerosol and Air Quality Research
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