Background: Salivary glands are affected in acute and chronic stressful conditions. Ocimum basilicum (OB), basil, possesses anxiolytic and antidepressant like effect so this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on the structure of salivary glands of mice and the efficacy of OB in relieving this effect. Material and Methods: Forty male mice were distributed equally into four groups; the control, CUMS (exposed to the CUMS for 4 weeks), CUMS+Fluoxetine (treated with Fluoxetine after exposure to CUMS), CUMS+OB (treated with OB after exposure to CUMS). Treatments continued for 2 weeks. Behavioral changes and serum corticosterone level were assessed at the end of the experiment. Submandibular and parotid glands were histopathologically examined and stained with anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and anti-brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) antibodies. Results: A depressive behavior was observed in mice exposed to the CUMS. Serum corticosterone level significantly increased in these mice compared to the control (130.9±8.8 versus 21.03±2.1, p<0.001). Structural affection of salivary acinar and myoepithelial cells of stressed mice was evident. BDNF expression in the salivary ductal system significantly (p<0.001) increased in the stressed mice and treatment with FLU or OB significantly increased it more (p=0.03, p=0.04) when compared to the untreated mice. Conclusion: Ocimum basilicum improved chronic stress-induced depressive status and structural changes in the salivary glands. This effect might be mediated through up-regulating salivary BDNF secretion by the glands so it is the time to test OB effectiveness in relieving stress-associated salivary changes on human being.
{"title":"Can Ocimum basilicum (Basil) relief the impact of chronic unpredictable mild stress on the mice salivary glands","authors":"N. Ayuob, S. Ali, M. A. E. Wahab","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Salivary glands are affected in acute and chronic stressful conditions. Ocimum basilicum (OB), basil, \u0000possesses anxiolytic and antidepressant like effect so this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the chronic unpredictable \u0000mild stress (CUMS) on the structure of salivary glands of mice and the efficacy of OB in relieving this effect. \u0000Material and Methods: Forty male mice were distributed equally into four groups; the control, CUMS (exposed to the \u0000CUMS for 4 weeks), CUMS+Fluoxetine (treated with Fluoxetine after exposure to CUMS), CUMS+OB (treated with OB \u0000after exposure to CUMS). Treatments continued for 2 weeks. Behavioral changes and serum corticosterone level were \u0000assessed at the end of the experiment. Submandibular and parotid glands were histopathologically examined and stained \u0000with anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and anti-brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) antibodies. \u0000Results: A depressive behavior was observed in mice exposed to the CUMS. Serum corticosterone level significantly \u0000increased in these mice compared to the control (130.9±8.8 versus 21.03±2.1, p<0.001). Structural affection of salivary \u0000acinar and myoepithelial cells of stressed mice was evident. BDNF expression in the salivary ductal system significantly \u0000(p<0.001) increased in the stressed mice and treatment with FLU or OB significantly increased it more (p=0.03, p=0.04) \u0000when compared to the untreated mice. \u0000Conclusion: Ocimum basilicum improved chronic stress-induced depressive status and structural changes in the salivary \u0000glands. This effect might be mediated through up-regulating salivary BDNF secretion by the glands so it is the time to test \u0000OB effectiveness in relieving stress-associated salivary changes on human being.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89925888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Fenton-Navarro, M. Martínez, Bb. Fiscal Castro, O. Castillo, -. M.López, Rodríguez, S. Arellanes, A. Hernández
Background: Watercress is a semi-aquatic plant used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as flu, cough, avitaminosis, and anorexia; it is also used as a diuretic and for hypoglycemia treatment in diabetes. In this study, we report the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity of orally administered aqueous (WAQE), acetonic (WAE), and alcoholic (WOHE) watercress extracts. The effect of subchronic administration of watercress extracts on oxidative stress was also studied. Materials and Methods: WAQE, WAE, and WOHE were obtained and administered orally. Alloxan (200 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) were applied to induce hyperglycemia in male Wistar rats. Phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant activity of the extracts were measured. The acute and subchronic effects (8 weeks) of WAQE were evaluated. The activity of antioxidant enzymes levels of malondialdehyde, hepatic enzyme markers in the serum, and renal function markers, were assessed. Histopathological evaluation of the pancreas, kidney, and liver was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results: Watercress extracts have high concentrations of phenols, polyphenols, and flavonoids, in addition to a very high antioxidant effect. The hypoglycemic effect of WAQE upon acute administration was 76.6% higher than that of insulin. When administered chronically, glucose levels were normalized on the third week up to the eighth week. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters improved. Conclusion: WAQE administration to diabetic rats reduced oxidative stress damage and decreased glucose levels. This study supports the use of this plant for the treatment of diabetes.
{"title":"ANTIOXIDANT AND HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF WATERCRESS (NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE) EXTRACTS IN DIABETIC RATS","authors":"B. Fenton-Navarro, M. Martínez, Bb. Fiscal Castro, O. Castillo, -. M.López, Rodríguez, S. Arellanes, A. Hernández","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Watercress is a semi-aquatic plant used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as flu, cough, avitaminosis, and anorexia; it is also used as a diuretic and for hypoglycemia treatment in diabetes. In this study, we report the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity of orally administered aqueous (WAQE), acetonic (WAE), and alcoholic (WOHE) watercress extracts. The effect of subchronic administration of watercress extracts on oxidative stress was also studied. \u0000Materials and Methods: WAQE, WAE, and WOHE were obtained and administered orally. Alloxan (200 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) were applied to induce hyperglycemia in male Wistar rats. Phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant activity of the extracts were measured. The acute and subchronic effects (8 weeks) of WAQE were evaluated. The activity of antioxidant enzymes levels of malondialdehyde, hepatic enzyme markers in the serum, and renal function markers, were assessed. Histopathological evaluation of the pancreas, kidney, and liver was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. \u0000Results: Watercress extracts have high concentrations of phenols, polyphenols, and flavonoids, in addition to a very high antioxidant effect. The hypoglycemic effect of WAQE upon acute administration was 76.6% higher than that of insulin. When administered chronically, glucose levels were normalized on the third week up to the eighth week. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters improved. \u0000Conclusion: WAQE administration to diabetic rats reduced oxidative stress damage and decreased glucose levels. This study supports the use of this plant for the treatment of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"36 1","pages":"68-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83253418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Hongwei, Wei Liyou, Zhao Gang, Liu Shuzheng, Z. Jing
Background：Kangfuxin Liquid is extracted from America periplaneta, which is effective for treating gastrointestinal ulcers and repairing gastrointestinal mucosal tissue. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of Kangfuxin Liquid on improving intestinal barrier dysfunction in elderly patients using mechanical ventilation and effectively restraining the concentration of D-lactate. Materials and Methods： Elderly patients with mechanical ventilation were selected, and divided into “control” and “treatment” groups by using a random number table. Patients in both groups were given conventional treatment. Patients in “treatment group” additionally received Kangfuxin Liquid. At baseline and at 3, 7days following treatment, recordings for the concentration of D-lactate, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and bowel sounds were conducted. The duration of mechanical ventilation, the time of stay in ICU and the mortality rate during 28 days were recorded. Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences in the terms of the concentrations of D-lactate, IAP and bowel sounds in the two groups (P>0.05). At 3 and 7days following treatment, the concentration of D-lactate, IAP and bowel sounds in the “treatment group” were better than those in the “control group”. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The duration of mechanical ventilation and the time of stay in intensive care unit (ICU) in the treatment group were less than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Kangfuxin Liquid can restrain the concentration of D-lactate, improves intestinal mucosal permeability, enhances the intestinal barrier, and improves the condition in elderly patients with mechanical ventilation.
{"title":"EFFECT OF KANGFUXIN LIQUID ON INTESTINAL BARRIER IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT","authors":"Z. Hongwei, Wei Liyou, Zhao Gang, Liu Shuzheng, Z. Jing","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background：Kangfuxin Liquid is extracted from America periplaneta, which is effective for treating gastrointestinal ulcers and repairing gastrointestinal mucosal tissue. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of Kangfuxin Liquid on improving intestinal barrier dysfunction in elderly patients using mechanical ventilation and effectively restraining the concentration of D-lactate. \u0000Materials and Methods： Elderly patients with mechanical ventilation were selected, and divided into “control” and “treatment” groups by using a random number table. Patients in both groups were given conventional treatment. Patients in “treatment group” additionally received Kangfuxin Liquid. At baseline and at 3, 7days following treatment, recordings for the concentration of D-lactate, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and bowel sounds were conducted. The duration of mechanical ventilation, the time of stay in ICU and the mortality rate during 28 days were recorded. \u0000Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences in the terms of the concentrations of D-lactate, IAP and bowel sounds in the two groups (P>0.05). At 3 and 7days following treatment, the concentration of D-lactate, IAP and bowel sounds in the “treatment group” were better than those in the “control group”. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The duration of mechanical ventilation and the time of stay in intensive care unit (ICU) in the treatment group were less than those in the control group (P<0.05). \u0000Conclusion: Kangfuxin Liquid can restrain the concentration of D-lactate, improves intestinal mucosal permeability, enhances the intestinal barrier, and improves the condition in elderly patients with mechanical ventilation.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"16 1","pages":"111-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83201660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Adeoye-Isijola, O. Olajuyigbe, S. Jonathan, R. Coopoosamy
Background: The continuous search for new lead compounds of therapeutic importance has become necessary in the face of treatment failures and multidrug resistance plaguing the world. While many plants and higher fungi are sources of bioactive compounds yet to be fully harnessed, understanding the bioactive components in macrofungus could serve as a lead for investigating its biological activities and medicinal potentials. Materials and Methods: The bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of Lentinus Squarrosulus, an edible Nigerian macrofungus, were investigated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: There were nine bioactive compounds in this edible macrofungus. Of these compounds, 9,12-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (37.39%; RT:39.815) was the highest in quantity, followed by Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (14.49%; RT:36.550). Other fatty acids, their ethyl esters and other compounds identified included 2-Butenethioic acid,3-(ethylthio)-S-(1-methylethyl) ester (4.51%; RT:15.866), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.74%; RT:36.034), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (11.88%; RT:39.429), 9,17-Octadecadienal,(Z)- (5.01%; RT:39.500), ethyl oleate (5.27%; RT:39.898), 3a,6-Methano-3aH-indene,2,3,6,7 tetrahydro (4.04%; RT:48.379), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,2 hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (12.68%; RT:48.682). Some of these compounds have antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic as well as cancer preventive activities amongst others. Conclusion: This study showed the bioactive components of therapeutic potentials in L. squarrosulus while creating a platform for screening, isolating and identifying many bioactive components which may be useful in the treatment of the various ailments, disorders and diseases in the nearest future.
{"title":"Bioactive compounds in ethanol extract of Lentinus squarrosulus Mont - a Nigerian medicinal macrofungus","authors":"M. Adeoye-Isijola, O. Olajuyigbe, S. Jonathan, R. Coopoosamy","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The continuous search for new lead compounds of therapeutic importance has become necessary in the face of treatment failures and multidrug resistance plaguing the world. While many plants and higher fungi are sources of bioactive compounds yet to be fully harnessed, understanding the bioactive components in macrofungus could serve as a lead for investigating its biological activities and medicinal potentials. \u0000Materials and Methods: The bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of Lentinus Squarrosulus, an edible Nigerian macrofungus, were investigated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. \u0000Results: There were nine bioactive compounds in this edible macrofungus. Of these compounds, 9,12-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (37.39%; RT:39.815) was the highest in quantity, followed by Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (14.49%; RT:36.550). Other fatty acids, their ethyl esters and other compounds identified included 2-Butenethioic acid,3-(ethylthio)-S-(1-methylethyl) ester (4.51%; RT:15.866), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.74%; RT:36.034), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (11.88%; RT:39.429), 9,17-Octadecadienal,(Z)- (5.01%; RT:39.500), ethyl oleate (5.27%; RT:39.898), 3a,6-Methano-3aH-indene,2,3,6,7 tetrahydro (4.04%; RT:48.379), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,2 hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (12.68%; RT:48.682). Some of these compounds have antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic as well as cancer preventive activities amongst others. \u0000Conclusion: This study showed the bioactive components of therapeutic potentials in L. squarrosulus while creating a platform for screening, isolating and identifying many bioactive components which may be useful in the treatment of the various ailments, disorders and diseases in the nearest future.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"52 1","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81044985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Bakır, Mansor Boufars, Mertcan Karadeniz, S. Ünal
Background: Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, Ramaria fennica, Boletus edulis, and Craterellus cornucopioides are all wild edible mushroom species from the Kastamonu province. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant properties and amino acid contents of these mushrooms. Materials and Methods: The mushrooms were analyzed for their free amino acid compositions using a high performance Amino Acid analyzer (Biochrom 30). Also, antioxidant activity and total phenolic concentrations of five different mushroom species were studied by using spectrophotometric methods. Results: The mushrooms contained 17 amino acids (g/100 g): Glutamic acid (2.56–1.11), Alanine (1.49–0.54), Arginine (1.62–6.77), Aspartic acid (1.45–0.81), Leucine (1.08–0.64), Methionine (1.05–0.06), Valine (1.05–0.66), Lysine (1.01–0.57), Serine (0.68–0.38), Cysteine (0.88–0.11), Isoleucine (0.61–0.39), Glycine (0.82–0.35), Threonine (0.82–0.44), Phenylalanine (0.66–0.42), Proline (0.60–0.47), Tyrosine (0.58–0.38), and Histidine (0.48–0.22). The total free amino acid (TAA) contents ranged from 169.2 mg/g in Boletus edulis to 89.1 mg/g in Hydnum repandum. These five different mushroom species contain eight essential amino acid species except tryptophan. The antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and IC50 values (mg/mL). The percentage of inhibition ranged from 2.38% to 88.05% and IC50 values ranged from 0.03 to 13.98 mg/mL. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.66 to 7.74 mg/g of dry mushroom extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Boletus edulis showed the highest phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity. As a result, the significant linear correlation between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was corroborated in all of the investigated mushroom species, with the exception of Craterellus cornucopioides.
{"title":"Amino acid composition and antioxidant properties of five edible mushroom species from Kastamonu, Turkey","authors":"T. Bakır, Mansor Boufars, Mertcan Karadeniz, S. Ünal","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, Ramaria fennica, Boletus edulis, and Craterellus cornucopioides are all wild edible mushroom species from the Kastamonu province. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant properties and amino acid contents of these mushrooms. \u0000Materials and Methods: The mushrooms were analyzed for their free amino acid compositions using a high performance Amino Acid analyzer (Biochrom 30). Also, antioxidant activity and total phenolic concentrations of five different mushroom species were studied by using spectrophotometric methods. \u0000Results: The mushrooms contained 17 amino acids (g/100 g): Glutamic acid (2.56–1.11), Alanine (1.49–0.54), Arginine (1.62–6.77), Aspartic acid (1.45–0.81), Leucine (1.08–0.64), Methionine (1.05–0.06), Valine (1.05–0.66), Lysine (1.01–0.57), Serine (0.68–0.38), Cysteine (0.88–0.11), Isoleucine (0.61–0.39), Glycine (0.82–0.35), Threonine (0.82–0.44), Phenylalanine (0.66–0.42), Proline (0.60–0.47), Tyrosine (0.58–0.38), and Histidine (0.48–0.22). The total free amino acid (TAA) contents ranged from 169.2 mg/g in Boletus edulis to 89.1 mg/g in Hydnum repandum. These five different mushroom species contain eight essential amino acid species except tryptophan. The antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and IC50 values (mg/mL). The percentage of inhibition ranged from 2.38% to 88.05% and IC50 values ranged from 0.03 to 13.98 mg/mL. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.66 to 7.74 mg/g of dry mushroom extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. \u0000Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Boletus edulis showed the highest phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity. As a result, the significant linear correlation between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was corroborated in all of the investigated mushroom species, with the exception of Craterellus cornucopioides.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"12 1","pages":"80-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72532697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josephine Tibitondwa, K. Ikwap, A. Tamale, Gabriel Tumwine, J. Kateregga, S. Wamala, C. Kato
Background: Chronic disease conditions like cancer, diabetes, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS compromise the immune system thus necessitating immune boasting. The use of medicinal herbs in immunomodulation is now common, albeit with limited evidence regarding efficacy. We therefore investigated the immunomodulatory activity of the total crude leaf and stem extract of Chenopodium opulifolium in mice. Materials and methods: An experimental study was conducted using four groups of rats each with 6 animals with treatments administered daily for 29 days. Group one served as the positive control and received 20mg/kg of levamisole. Group 2, the negative control received 2 ml of an olive oil and normal saline mixture. Groups 3 and 4 received 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg bwt of the total crude leaf and stem extract respectively. On the 15th day, whole blood was collected for complete blood count and delayed type hypersensitivity response determination, haemagglutination antibody titer assay was done on blood collected on the 29th day. Results: Results revealed that the extract had a significant (P< 0.05) effect on haemagglutination antibody titers with the highest response observed in the extract group at 200mg/kg (30.67±1.33). The mean WBC (3.13±0.71×103/μl), neutrophil (0.93±0.48 cells/ μl) and lymphocyte (2.20±0.00 cells/ μl) counts in the 200mg/kg bwt extract group were elevated to levels comparable to the positive control. Conclusion: The total crude extract of Chenopodium opulifolium exhibits immunomodulatory activity in a dose dependent manner. Future studies utilizing pure extracts in order to pin point to the extract mechanism responsible for Immunomodulation are required for more conclusive results.
{"title":"IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF THE CHENOPODIUM OPULIFOLIUM TOTAL CRUDE EXTRACT IN WISTER ALBINO RATS","authors":"Josephine Tibitondwa, K. Ikwap, A. Tamale, Gabriel Tumwine, J. Kateregga, S. Wamala, C. Kato","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chronic disease conditions like cancer, diabetes, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS compromise the immune system thus necessitating immune boasting. The use of medicinal herbs in immunomodulation is now common, albeit with limited evidence regarding efficacy. We therefore investigated the immunomodulatory activity of the total crude leaf and stem extract of Chenopodium opulifolium in mice. \u0000Materials and methods: An experimental study was conducted using four groups of rats each with 6 animals with treatments administered daily for 29 days. Group one served as the positive control and received 20mg/kg of levamisole. Group 2, the negative control received 2 ml of an olive oil and normal saline mixture. Groups 3 and 4 received 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg bwt of the total crude leaf and stem extract respectively. On the 15th day, whole blood was collected for complete blood count and delayed type hypersensitivity response determination, haemagglutination antibody titer assay was done on blood collected on the 29th day. \u0000Results: Results revealed that the extract had a significant (P< 0.05) effect on haemagglutination antibody titers with the highest response observed in the extract group at 200mg/kg (30.67±1.33). The mean WBC (3.13±0.71×103/μl), neutrophil (0.93±0.48 cells/ μl) and lymphocyte (2.20±0.00 cells/ μl) counts in the 200mg/kg bwt extract group were elevated to levels comparable to the positive control. \u0000Conclusion: The total crude extract of Chenopodium opulifolium exhibits immunomodulatory activity in a dose dependent manner. Future studies utilizing pure extracts in order to pin point to the extract mechanism responsible for Immunomodulation are required for more conclusive results.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"22 1","pages":"96-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83091104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baiaan H. Alsaadi, Shoaa Alharbi, S. Ibrahim, Amal A El-Kholy, Dina S. El-Agamy, G. Mohamed
Background: Liver diseases are a common cause of mortality and morbidity over the world. It is caused mainly by toxic chemicals and chemotherapeutic agents. Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) (Zingiberaceae) is widely employed in various traditional medicines for the prevention and treatment of different aliments. The purpose of this study is to assess the protective effect of C. speciosus rhizomes MeOH extract against the injury of the liver induced by paracetamol (PA) in mice. Material and Methods: The mice were pretreated for seven days with distilled H2O, silymarin 12 mg/kg or 100 and 200 mg/kg MeOH extract. Then, PA (750 mg/kg) was also intra-peritoneal administrated once a day. Animals were euthanatized 24 h after the damage inducement. The levels of the serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase, in addition to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were determined. Moreover, the histopathological examination was carried out. Results: Administration of the MeOH extract (200 mg/kg) showed improvement in the toxic effects of PA through significant fall on the serum markers enzymes of liver damage: AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as TNF-α, compared to silymarin. In parallel, the histopathological profile in the mice` liver also proved that extract markedly minimized the PA toxicity and maintained the liver tissues` histoarchitecture to near the normal ones more than that achieved by silymarin. Conclusion: The findings suggested that C. speciosus extract acts as a potential hepatoprotective agent against PA-induced liver toxicity. This hepato-protection effect may be due to the existence of steroids, saponins, different glycosides, and phenolic compounds in C. speciosus.
{"title":"HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF COSTUS SPECIOSUS (KOEN. EX. RETZ.) AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE","authors":"Baiaan H. Alsaadi, Shoaa Alharbi, S. Ibrahim, Amal A El-Kholy, Dina S. El-Agamy, G. Mohamed","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Liver diseases are a common cause of mortality and morbidity over the world. It is caused mainly by toxic chemicals and chemotherapeutic agents. Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) (Zingiberaceae) is widely employed in various traditional medicines for the prevention and treatment of different aliments. The purpose of this study is to assess the protective effect of C. speciosus rhizomes MeOH extract against the injury of the liver induced by paracetamol (PA) in mice. \u0000Material and Methods: The mice were pretreated for seven days with distilled H2O, silymarin 12 mg/kg or 100 and 200 mg/kg MeOH extract. Then, PA (750 mg/kg) was also intra-peritoneal administrated once a day. Animals were euthanatized 24 h after the damage inducement. The levels of the serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase, in addition to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were determined. Moreover, the histopathological examination was carried out. \u0000Results: Administration of the MeOH extract (200 mg/kg) showed improvement in the toxic effects of PA through significant fall on the serum markers enzymes of liver damage: AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as TNF-α, compared to silymarin. In parallel, the histopathological profile in the mice` liver also proved that extract markedly minimized the PA toxicity and maintained the liver tissues` histoarchitecture to near the normal ones more than that achieved by silymarin. \u0000Conclusion: The findings suggested that C. speciosus extract acts as a potential hepatoprotective agent against PA-induced liver toxicity. This hepato-protection effect may be due to the existence of steroids, saponins, different glycosides, and phenolic compounds in C. speciosus.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"130 1","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80634876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Yeonggyechulgam-tang (YGCGT) is a well-known classic herbal formula and has been used clinically in Korea for the treatment of chest congestion. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) was performed for the simultaneous analysis of eight bioactive components, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, coumarin, liquiritigenin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, glycyrrhizin, and atractylenolide III in a YGCGT decoction. Materials and Methods: For simultaneous analysis using HPLC, the eight components were separated using a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (250 mm 4.6 mm; particle size 5 m) eluted with a gradient of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile at 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature and injection volume were 40C and 10 L. Results: Correlation coefficients of the eight compounds ranged between 0.9996 and 1.0000. The lower limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were 0.01–0.09 and 0.02–0.28 g/mL, respectively. Recovery of the eight compounds was 97.63–102.70% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3.00%. The RSDs of intra and interday precision were 0.06–2.07% and 0.02–1.95%, respectively. The amounts of the eight compounds in a lyophilized YGCGT were in the range 0.18 to 10.34 mg/g. Conclusion: The optimized and validated HPLC analytical method used in the present study is expected to be useful for evaluation the quality of YGCGT decoctions or related herbal prescriptions.
{"title":"SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF THE BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF AN EXTRACT OF YEONGGYECHULGAM-TANG, A TRADITIONAL HERBAL PRESCRIPTION, USING HPLC–DAD","authors":"C. Seo, Hyeun-kyoo Shin","doi":"10.21010/ajtcamv15i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcamv15i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Yeonggyechulgam-tang (YGCGT) is a well-known classic herbal formula and has been used clinically in Korea for the treatment of chest congestion. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) was performed for the simultaneous analysis of eight bioactive components, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, coumarin, liquiritigenin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, glycyrrhizin, and atractylenolide III in a YGCGT decoction. Materials and Methods: For simultaneous analysis using HPLC, the eight components were separated using a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (250 mm 4.6 mm; particle size 5 m) eluted with a gradient of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile at 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature and injection volume were 40C and 10 L. Results: Correlation coefficients of the eight compounds ranged between 0.9996 and 1.0000. The lower limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were 0.01–0.09 and 0.02–0.28 g/mL, respectively. Recovery of the eight compounds was 97.63–102.70% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3.00%. The RSDs of intra and interday precision were 0.06–2.07% and 0.02–1.95%, respectively. The amounts of the eight compounds in a lyophilized YGCGT were in the range 0.18 to 10.34 mg/g. Conclusion: The optimized and validated HPLC analytical method used in the present study is expected to be useful for evaluation the quality of YGCGT decoctions or related herbal prescriptions.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"49 1","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82094468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Wongkattiya, C. Akekawatchai, P. Sanguansermsri, I. Fraser, C. Pratoomsoot, Donruedee Sanguansermsr
Background: Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston are spices for flavouring in indigenous Thai food. They are traditionally used as an aromatic, astringent, antimicrobial, antiseptic and antidiabetic agent. The purpose of this study is to examine their chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties of the essential oils. Materials and Methods: The essential oils of Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella were analysed for phytochemical constituents by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was determined against several bacteria using the microdilution method. Antioxidant capacity was determined by free radical scavenger 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. The anticancer activity was determined with two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and the normal African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cell line and using MTT assay. Results: Sabinene (22.51%) and terpinene-4-ol (32.33%) were found to be major components of Z. rhetsa essential oil while limonene (57.94%) and alpha-phelladrene (15.54%) were the major components of Z. limonella essential oil. Essential oil from Z. limonella exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella essential oils exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The essential oil from Z. rhetsa possessed the ability to inhibit breast cancer cell (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) proliferation and cell viability. Conclusion: This study suggest that the essential oils from Z. limonella and Z. rhetsa could be applied as safe antibacterial and antioxidant agents for food and have the potential for further development of new anticancer agents.
{"title":"Chemical compositions and biological properties of essential oils from Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston","authors":"N. Wongkattiya, C. Akekawatchai, P. Sanguansermsri, I. Fraser, C. Pratoomsoot, Donruedee Sanguansermsr","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston are spices for flavouring in indigenous Thai food. They are traditionally used as an aromatic, astringent, antimicrobial, antiseptic and antidiabetic agent. The purpose of this study is to examine their chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties of the essential oils. \u0000Materials and Methods: The essential oils of Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella were analysed for phytochemical constituents by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was determined against several bacteria using the microdilution method. Antioxidant capacity was determined by free radical scavenger 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. The anticancer activity was determined with two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and the normal African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cell line and using MTT assay. \u0000Results: Sabinene (22.51%) and terpinene-4-ol (32.33%) were found to be major components of Z. rhetsa essential oil while limonene (57.94%) and alpha-phelladrene (15.54%) were the major components of Z. limonella essential oil. Essential oil from Z. limonella exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella essential oils exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The essential oil from Z. rhetsa possessed the ability to inhibit breast cancer cell (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) proliferation and cell viability. \u0000Conclusion: This study suggest that the essential oils from Z. limonella and Z. rhetsa could be applied as safe antibacterial and antioxidant agents for food and have the potential for further development of new anticancer agents.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"557 1","pages":"12-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83711123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the version of this article initially published, there were errors resulting from merged authors’ names. The following sentences highlight the errors and the corrected details: Authors’ Names: Nuha bakeet Al-Johani 1 , Madeha N. Al-seeni 1 , Youssri Mohamed Ahmed 1,2,3* Should read: Nuha bakheet Al-Johani 1 , Madeha N. Al-seeni 1 , Youssri Mohamed Ahmed 1,2,3*
在这篇文章最初发表的版本中，由于合并了作者的名字而出现了错误。作者姓名:Nuha bakheet Al-Johani 1, Madeha N. Al-seeni 1, Youssri Mohamed Ahmed 1,2,3*应阅读:Nuha bakheet Al-Johani 1, Madeha N. Al-seeni 1, Youssri Mohamed Ahmed 1,2,3*
{"title":"Erratum: Optimization of alkaline α-amylase production by thermophilic Bacillus subtilis","authors":"C. Adewunmi","doi":"10.4314/AJTCAM.V15I4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJTCAM.V15I4","url":null,"abstract":"In the version of this article initially published, there were errors resulting from merged authors’ names. The following sentences highlight the errors and the corrected details: Authors’ Names: Nuha bakeet Al-Johani 1 , Madeha N. Al-seeni 1 , Youssri Mohamed Ahmed 1,2,3* Should read: Nuha bakheet Al-Johani 1 , Madeha N. Al-seeni 1 , Youssri Mohamed Ahmed 1,2,3*","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"120 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89042055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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