Background: The article is a review of three bitter vegetables consumed in South-eastern Nigeria (Gongronema latifolium, Vernonia amygdalina and Vitex doniana). These vegetables are not very palatable to taste but are highly famed because of the myriad of illnesses that they are reputed to cure and manage. The different aspects of these vegetables reviewed are their ethnobotany, zoo pharmacology, bioactivity, phytochemistry and toxicity. Materials and method: The literatures consulted were searched using electronic search engines (Google, Google scholar and Pubmed). Substantial amount of literature was consulted but only those directly related to the main review were selected. Result: The review revealed that the three bitter vegetables possessed phytochemicals like saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids among others that justify the claims of curing and managing many of the illnesses that traditional folks attribute to them. From literature, antimicrobial, antinflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti cancer activities were attributed to these three bitter herbs. Antinutritional substances like phytate and oxalate reported in these herbs were not regarded as harmful for human consumption because of the traditional method of processing the vegetables by squeeze washing in several changes of water. Conclusion: The three bitter herbs are regarded as beneficial for human consumption and the information should be disseminated to a large audience. Key words: V. amygdalina, V. doniana, G.
{"title":"BITTER HERBS OF EASTERN NIGERIA (GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM, VERNONIA AMYGDALINA AND VITEX DONIANA): A REVIEW","authors":"A. Chinwe U.","doi":"10.21010/ajtcam.v15i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v15i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The article is a review of three bitter vegetables consumed in South-eastern Nigeria (Gongronema \u0000latifolium, Vernonia amygdalina and Vitex doniana). These vegetables are not very palatable to taste but are highly \u0000famed because of the myriad of illnesses that they are reputed to cure and manage. The different aspects of these \u0000vegetables reviewed are their ethnobotany, zoo pharmacology, bioactivity, phytochemistry and toxicity. \u0000Materials and method: The literatures consulted were searched using electronic search engines (Google, Google \u0000scholar and Pubmed). Substantial amount of literature was consulted but only those directly related to the main review \u0000were selected. \u0000Result: The review revealed that the three bitter vegetables possessed phytochemicals like saponins, flavonoids, \u0000alkaloids among others that justify the claims of curing and managing many of the illnesses that traditional folks \u0000attribute to them. From literature, antimicrobial, antinflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti cancer activities \u0000were attributed to these three bitter herbs. Antinutritional substances like phytate and oxalate reported in these herbs \u0000were not regarded as harmful for human consumption because of the traditional method of processing the vegetables by \u0000squeeze washing in several changes of water. \u0000Conclusion: The three bitter herbs are regarded as beneficial for human consumption and the information should be \u0000disseminated to a large audience. \u0000Key words: V. amygdalina, V. doniana, G.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82967147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The article is a review of three bitter vegetables consumed in South-eastern Nigeria (Gongronema latifolium, Vernonia amygdalina and Vitex doniana). These vegetables are not very palatable to taste but are highly famed because of the myriad of illnesses that they are reputed to cure and manage. The different aspects of these vegetables reviewed are their ethnobotany, zoo pharmacology, bioactivity, phytochemistry and toxicity. Materials and method: The literatures consulted were searched using electronic search engines (Google, Google scholar and Pubmed). Substantial amount of literature was consulted but only those directly related to the main review were selected. Result: The review revealed that the three bitter vegetables possessed phytochemicals like saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids among others that justify the claims of curing and managing many of the illnesses that traditional folks attribute to them. From literature, antimicrobial, antinflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti cancer activities were attributed to these three bitter herbs. Antinutritional substances like phytate and oxalate reported in these herbs were not regarded as harmful for human consumption because of the traditional method of processing the vegetables by squeeze washing in several changes of water. Conclusion: The three bitter herbs are regarded as beneficial for human consumption and the information should be disseminated to a large audience. Key words: V. amygdalina, V. doniana, G.
{"title":"BITTER HERBS OF EASTERN NIGERIA (GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM, VERNONIA AMYGDALINA AND VITEX DONIANA): A REVIEW","authors":"U. Chinwe","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The article is a review of three bitter vegetables consumed in South-eastern Nigeria (Gongronema \u0000latifolium, Vernonia amygdalina and Vitex doniana). These vegetables are not very palatable to taste but are highly \u0000famed because of the myriad of illnesses that they are reputed to cure and manage. The different aspects of these \u0000vegetables reviewed are their ethnobotany, zoo pharmacology, bioactivity, phytochemistry and toxicity. \u0000Materials and method: The literatures consulted were searched using electronic search engines (Google, Google \u0000scholar and Pubmed). Substantial amount of literature was consulted but only those directly related to the main review \u0000were selected. \u0000Result: The review revealed that the three bitter vegetables possessed phytochemicals like saponins, flavonoids, \u0000alkaloids among others that justify the claims of curing and managing many of the illnesses that traditional folks \u0000attribute to them. From literature, antimicrobial, antinflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti cancer activities \u0000were attributed to these three bitter herbs. Antinutritional substances like phytate and oxalate reported in these herbs \u0000were not regarded as harmful for human consumption because of the traditional method of processing the vegetables by \u0000squeeze washing in several changes of water. \u0000Conclusion: The three bitter herbs are regarded as beneficial for human consumption and the information should be \u0000disseminated to a large audience. \u0000Key words: V. amygdalina, V. doniana, G.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"42 1","pages":"47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75444187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Lampiao, Samson Kafukiza, Denise Msowoya, Thokozire Phiri, Lina Wyson, L. Alfazema
Background: Kigelia africana fruit powder is being sold in Malawian retail pharmacies for the purported purpose of lowering blood sugar in diabetic patients when there is scant data on its hypoglycaemic activity. This study was aimed at evaluating the hypoglycaemic potential of the Kigelia africana fruit powder being sold in Malawian retail pharmacies. Materials and Methods: Hyperglycaemia was induced in rats via intra-peritoneal injection of dexamethasone. Albino rats were randomly allocated into five different groups of eight rats each. Group 1 consisted of non-hyperglycaemic rats receiving no treatment, group 2 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving no treatment, group 3 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving 25mg/kg of metformin, group 4 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving 0.5mL of Kigelia africana fruit powder filtered solution, and group 5 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving 1mL of Kigelia africana fruit powder solution. Results: The Kigelia africana fruit powder filtered solution administered to hyperglycaemic albino rats significantly lowered the sugar level which was comparable to the reduction caused by the pharmacological drug, metformin. Conclusions: Kigelia africana fruit powder has the potential of lowering glucose levels in white albino rats.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC POTENTIAL OF KIGELIA AFRICANA FRUIT POWDER BEING SOLD IN MALAWIAN RETAIL PHARMACIES","authors":"F. Lampiao, Samson Kafukiza, Denise Msowoya, Thokozire Phiri, Lina Wyson, L. Alfazema","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Kigelia africana fruit powder is being sold in Malawian retail pharmacies for the purported purpose of lowering blood sugar in diabetic patients when there is scant data on its hypoglycaemic activity. This study was aimed at evaluating the hypoglycaemic potential of the Kigelia africana fruit powder being sold in Malawian retail pharmacies. \u0000Materials and Methods: Hyperglycaemia was induced in rats via intra-peritoneal injection of dexamethasone. Albino rats were randomly allocated into five different groups of eight rats each. Group 1 consisted of non-hyperglycaemic rats receiving no treatment, group 2 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving no treatment, group 3 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving 25mg/kg of metformin, group 4 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving 0.5mL of Kigelia africana fruit powder filtered solution, and group 5 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats receiving 1mL of Kigelia africana fruit powder solution. \u0000Results: The Kigelia africana fruit powder filtered solution administered to hyperglycaemic albino rats significantly lowered the sugar level which was comparable to the reduction caused by the pharmacological drug, metformin. \u0000Conclusions: Kigelia africana fruit powder has the potential of lowering glucose levels in white albino rats.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81890983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achukwu U. Peter, Ufelle A Silas, Onyekwelu C Kenechukwu, Amadi N Millicent, A. O. Ngozika, Amadi N Francis
Background: Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of herbal medicine; however, these herbs have not been properly evaluated to ascertain their effect on the body organs. Materials and Methods: Effects of stem bark extract of Okoubaka aubrevillie on some visceral organs were investigated in Wistar rats. For acute toxicity testing, Wistar rats (n=16), grouped into 4, (A-D) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract and deaths recorded within 24 hours. For sub-acute study, Wistar rats (n=20) grouped into 5, (A-E) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract for 31 days. Blood samples were collected from each rat through retro-orbital puncture for biochemical analysis. The liver, kidney and stomach were excised and processed for light microscopy. For toxin inhibition studies, Wistar rats (n=24) grouped into 6 (A-F), were used. Groups A-C and D-F orally received graded doses of Dichlorvos. Groups A-C further received Okoubaka aubrevillie extract while D-F received water and death records observed. Results: For acute toxicity testing, lethal dose (LD50) of 7500 mg/kg body weight was obtained from the inverse of the log-dose. Sub-acute studies revealed significantly elevated mean body weight in group A (210 ± 4.5 gram) compared to control (178 ± 5.0 gram), (p
{"title":"EFFECTS OF STEM-BARK EXTRACT OF OKOUBAKA AUBREVILLIE ON SOME VISCERAL ORGANS OF WISTAR RATS","authors":"Achukwu U. Peter, Ufelle A Silas, Onyekwelu C Kenechukwu, Amadi N Millicent, A. O. Ngozika, Amadi N Francis","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of herbal medicine; however, these herbs have not been properly evaluated to ascertain their effect on the body organs. \u0000Materials and Methods: Effects of stem bark extract of Okoubaka aubrevillie on some visceral organs were investigated in Wistar rats. For acute toxicity testing, Wistar rats (n=16), grouped into 4, (A-D) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract and deaths recorded within 24 hours. For sub-acute study, Wistar rats (n=20) grouped into 5, (A-E) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract for 31 days. Blood samples were collected from each rat through retro-orbital puncture for biochemical analysis. The liver, kidney and stomach were excised and processed for light microscopy. For toxin inhibition studies, Wistar rats (n=24) grouped into 6 (A-F), were used. Groups A-C and D-F orally received graded doses of Dichlorvos. Groups A-C further received Okoubaka aubrevillie extract while D-F received water and death records observed. \u0000Results: For acute toxicity testing, lethal dose (LD50) of 7500 mg/kg body weight was obtained from the inverse of the log-dose. Sub-acute studies revealed significantly elevated mean body weight in group A (210 ± 4.5 gram) compared to control (178 ± 5.0 gram), (p","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75368131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: This study examined the in vitro antibacterial property of extracts of Moringa oleifera and the effect of different concentrations of the ethyl-acetate extract on cutaneous wound using an ointment delivery base. The aim of the study was to screen the extracts with best antibacterial property and evaluate effectiveness of different concentrations of the best extract when delivery is modified to ensure prolonged contact and reduced frequency of administration using an ointment base delivery vehicle. Materials and Methods: Dried and pulverized leaves of Moringa oleifera were screened for secondary metabolites. Successive gradient extraction was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Leaf extracts were screened against clinical wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis using agar cup diffusion technique. The ethyl acetate extract was investigated for its healing efficiency on excision wound model in rats. The study made use of wistar rats (150-180 kg), randomized into Gentamicin, M. oleifera ointment (5% and 3.25%), and ointment base treatment groups. Treatments were applied topically on days 0, 7 and 14. The percentage wound closure rate was measured and histopathology of the healed wounds carried out. Results: In vitro antimicrobial screening showed that ethyl-acetate extract was effective against the test isolates. Topical application of ointment with 3.25% of the plant extract resulted in faster wound closure rate, rapid epithelization, resolution of granulation tissue, and remodeling at histology. Conclusion: This may be due to less interference by components of M. oleifera which appear to retard wound healing at higher concentrations. Therefore, M. oleifera 3.25% ointment preparation is recommended topically for wound healing.
{"title":"). EVALUATION OF THE WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF OINTMENT PREPARATION OF ETHYL-ACETATE EXTRACT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA (LAM) IN RATS","authors":"M. Coker, G. Adejo, B. Emikpe, V. Oyebanji","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study examined the in vitro antibacterial property of extracts of Moringa oleifera and the effect of different concentrations of the ethyl-acetate extract on cutaneous wound using an ointment delivery base. The aim of the study was to screen the extracts with best antibacterial property and evaluate effectiveness of different concentrations of the best extract when delivery is modified to ensure prolonged contact and reduced frequency of administration using an ointment base delivery vehicle. \u0000Materials and Methods: Dried and pulverized leaves of Moringa oleifera were screened for secondary metabolites. Successive gradient extraction was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Leaf extracts were screened against clinical wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis using agar cup diffusion technique. The ethyl acetate extract was investigated for its healing efficiency on excision wound model in rats. The study made use of wistar rats (150-180 kg), randomized into Gentamicin, M. oleifera ointment (5% and 3.25%), and ointment base treatment groups. Treatments were applied topically on days 0, 7 and 14. The percentage wound closure rate was measured and histopathology of the healed wounds carried out. \u0000Results: In vitro antimicrobial screening showed that ethyl-acetate extract was effective against the test isolates. Topical application of ointment with 3.25% of the plant extract resulted in faster wound closure rate, rapid epithelization, resolution of granulation tissue, and remodeling at histology. \u0000Conclusion: This may be due to less interference by components of M. oleifera which appear to retard wound healing at higher concentrations. Therefore, M. oleifera 3.25% ointment preparation is recommended topically for wound healing.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81873871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shariff Halim, N. Mohamad, Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Rohayah Husain, K. Mat, Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar, M. Othman, Nur Atikah Muhammad, P. Ridzuan, Nor Zidah Ahmad
Background: Sodium ion is an essential ion that is implicated in many physiological functions. Recently, sodium ion was reported to facilitate the activation of Mu-Opioid Receptor (MOR) by binding at the allosteric site of the MOR. Zamzam water is water originated from Mecca. Couple of studies proved that Zamzam water has the therapeutic effect owing to its mineral. In this study, we want to determine the ion concentration of Zamzam water and then to investigate the effects of Zamzam water and co-treatment with methadone on the regulation of MOR-1gene after chronic morphine administration. Materials and Methods: Zamzam water, tap water and normal mineral water were analyzed using Ion chromatography. Meanwhile, in animal study, 50 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. All group of rat were made dependence on morphine using intraperitoneal injection except for normal group. Morphine dependent rats then were treated with methadone, Zamzam water and co-treatment methadone with Zamzam water for thirty days, respectively. The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of rat’s brain was dissected and subjected to real-time quantitative RT-PCR to determine the regulation of MOR-1 gene expression. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS v.11 software, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Post-test. Results: The data obtained showed that Zamzam water is significantly high in ion concentration compared to tap water and normal mineral water. Besides, the result from gene expression analysis showed co-treatment Zamzam water and methadone significantly prevented the downregulation of MOR as compared to methadone and Zamzam water treatment alone (P<0.05). A possible explanation for this might be due to the presence of sodium ion in Zamzam water which activate MOR then promote the endocytosis of the MOR. Conclusion: We concluded that co-treatment of methadone and Zamzam water significantly prevented downregulation of MOR-1 gene by promoting the endocytosis of MOR.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF ZAMZAM WATER AND METHADONE ON THE EXPRESSION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR-1 GENE IN MORPHINE-DEPENDENT RATS AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION","authors":"Shariff Halim, N. Mohamad, Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Rohayah Husain, K. Mat, Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar, M. Othman, Nur Atikah Muhammad, P. Ridzuan, Nor Zidah Ahmad","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sodium ion is an essential ion that is implicated in many physiological functions. Recently, sodium ion was reported to facilitate the activation of Mu-Opioid Receptor (MOR) by binding at the allosteric site of the MOR. Zamzam water is water originated from Mecca. Couple of studies proved that Zamzam water has the therapeutic effect owing to its mineral. In this study, we want to determine the ion concentration of Zamzam water and then to investigate the effects of Zamzam water and co-treatment with methadone on the regulation of MOR-1gene after chronic morphine administration. \u0000Materials and Methods: Zamzam water, tap water and normal mineral water were analyzed using Ion chromatography. Meanwhile, in animal study, 50 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. All group of rat were made dependence on morphine using intraperitoneal injection except for normal group. Morphine dependent rats then were treated with methadone, Zamzam water and co-treatment methadone with Zamzam water for thirty days, respectively. The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of rat’s brain was dissected and subjected to real-time quantitative RT-PCR to determine the regulation of MOR-1 gene expression. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS v.11 software, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Post-test. \u0000Results: The data obtained showed that Zamzam water is significantly high in ion concentration compared to tap water and normal mineral water. Besides, the result from gene expression analysis showed co-treatment Zamzam water and methadone significantly prevented the downregulation of MOR as compared to methadone and Zamzam water treatment alone (P<0.05). A possible explanation for this might be due to the presence of sodium ion in Zamzam water which activate MOR then promote the endocytosis of the MOR. \u0000Conclusion: We concluded that co-treatment of methadone and Zamzam water significantly prevented downregulation of MOR-1 gene by promoting the endocytosis of MOR.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"9 1","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78733167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Choi, J. Shin, C. Seo, S. Hong, Eun-Kyung Ahn, Y. Jung, J. Oh
Background: Plants still remain the prime source of drugs for the treatment of inflammation and can provide leads for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Material and methods: An in vitro bioassay guide revealed that the 80% ethanol (EtOH) extract of the whole plant, Amomum tsao-ko (Zingiberaceae), displayed anti-inflammatory activity after assessing its effects on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Result: Phytochemical study of the 80% EtOH extract of Amomum tsao-ko led to the isolation of eight compounds: 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid (1), meso-hannokinol (2), (+)-hannokinol (3), coumaric acid (4), 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (5), (+)-epicatechin (6), (-)-catechin (7), and myrciaphenone A (8). The results indicated that two of the isolated components, (+)-epicatechin (6) and (-)-catechin (7), inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) significantly in lipopolysaccharide treated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion: LPS-induced interleukin tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), IL-1β and IL-10 production was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that (+)-epicatechin (6) and (-)-catechin (7) reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and inhibited nuclear localization of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB).
{"title":"In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the components of Amomum tsao-ko in murine macrophage raw 264.7 cells","authors":"C. Choi, J. Shin, C. Seo, S. Hong, Eun-Kyung Ahn, Y. Jung, J. Oh","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plants still remain the prime source of drugs for the treatment of inflammation and can provide leads for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. \u0000Material and methods: An in vitro bioassay guide revealed that the 80% ethanol (EtOH) extract of the whole plant, Amomum tsao-ko (Zingiberaceae), displayed anti-inflammatory activity after assessing its effects on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. \u0000Result: Phytochemical study of the 80% EtOH extract of Amomum tsao-ko led to the isolation of eight compounds: 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid (1), meso-hannokinol (2), (+)-hannokinol (3), coumaric acid (4), 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (5), (+)-epicatechin (6), (-)-catechin (7), and myrciaphenone A (8). The results indicated that two of the isolated components, (+)-epicatechin (6) and (-)-catechin (7), inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) significantly in lipopolysaccharide treated RAW 264.7 cells. \u0000Conclusion: LPS-induced interleukin tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), IL-1β and IL-10 production was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that (+)-epicatechin (6) and (-)-catechin (7) reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and inhibited nuclear localization of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB).","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"5 1","pages":"26-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84472742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jazani, R. Maleki, A. Kazemi, Leila ghasemi matankolaei, Somayyeh Taheri Targhi, S. Kordi, B. Rahimi-esboei, Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi
Background: Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) has a history of almost 10,000 years with practice and experience aspects. The existing information and experiences of physicians such as Avicenna clearly show the vast amount of knowledge in the classification and treatment of pathogenic worms. The aim of this paper was the description of the various types of helminths along with their treatment in medieval Persia and comparing them with new medical findings. Materials and Methods: We searched main Traditional Persian Medical and pharmacological texts about etiology, manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of worms in the human digestive system and the out come was compared with the data extracted from modern medical sources. A list of medicinal plants was also extracted from traditional pharmacological books and the anthelmintic properties of these plants were checked in Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and Ulrich's databases. Results: The results show the existence of theories on pathogenicity, physiopathology, symptoms and the classification of worms in TPM. TPM philosophers have divided worms into four groups and there is not great difference between old Persian and Modern classification. The old Persian scholars have explained a treatment procedure using a list of 48 medicinal plants and the anthelmintic effect of 23 plants have been shown in modern medicine studies. Conclusion: This study shows a more in-depth and thorough classification of pathogenic worms, their pathogenicity, symptoms and treatments in Traditional Persian Medical compared to Greek Medicine so that old Persian classification may be the base of modern taxonomy. More clinical trials are suggested for the efficacy and safety of these plants.
{"title":"Intestinal helminths from the viewpoint of traditional Persian medicine versus modern medicine","authors":"A. Jazani, R. Maleki, A. Kazemi, Leila ghasemi matankolaei, Somayyeh Taheri Targhi, S. Kordi, B. Rahimi-esboei, Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) has a history of almost 10,000 years with practice and experience \u0000aspects. The existing information and experiences of physicians such as Avicenna clearly show the vast amount of \u0000knowledge in the classification and treatment of pathogenic worms. The aim of this paper was the description of the \u0000various types of helminths along with their treatment in medieval Persia and comparing them with new medical \u0000findings. \u0000Materials and Methods: We searched main Traditional Persian Medical and pharmacological texts about etiology, \u0000manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of worms in the human digestive system and the out come was compared with \u0000the data extracted from modern medical sources. A list of medicinal plants was also extracted from traditional \u0000pharmacological books and the anthelmintic properties of these plants were checked in Google Scholar, Scopus, \u0000PubMed and Ulrich's databases. \u0000Results: The results show the existence of theories on pathogenicity, physiopathology, symptoms and the classification \u0000of worms in TPM. TPM philosophers have divided worms into four groups and there is not great difference between \u0000old Persian and Modern classification. The old Persian scholars have explained a treatment procedure using a list of 48 \u0000medicinal plants and the anthelmintic effect of 23 plants have been shown in modern medicine studies. \u0000Conclusion: This study shows a more in-depth and thorough classification of pathogenic worms, their pathogenicity, \u0000symptoms and treatments in Traditional Persian Medical compared to Greek Medicine so that old Persian classification \u0000may be the base of modern taxonomy. More clinical trials are suggested for the efficacy and safety of these plants.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"15 1","pages":"58-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87232982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Muscle strength is an important component for performing different daily tasks and has significant effect on health. Grip strength can be considered as one of the parameters of the overall strength state of the individuals. This study aimed to evaluate immediate response of the capacity to gain handgrip strength after the application of acupuncture. Materials and Methods: The study was experimental, quantitative, and partially blind clinical trial with a control group. Sample consisted in 73 healthy volunteers of both sexes, not athletes, with average age 35 ± 10.01 years, which were divided by deterministic allocation with sequential alternation in three groups: acupuncture (GACP n=24), sham acupuncture (Gsham n=25) and control (GCRT n=24). Calibrated mechanical manual dynamometer and needles 0.25 x 40mm were used. The handgrip test was performed in all groups, in both hands. Average measures were used for statistical analysis, a procedure done before and after the intervention. GACP received needles in TE5 (Waiguan), ST36 (Zusanli) and GB34 (Yanglingquan). The Gsham received superficial needles placed out of the acupoints. Results: GACP showed a significant strength gain of 4.78 Kgf (p = 0.005), Gsham showed a non-significant gain of 1.13 Kgf (p = 0.370) and GCRT that did not receive acupuncture intervention showed a non-significant reduction of handgrip strength average of about 1.97 Kgf (p = 0.210). Conclusion: Acupuncture in a single intervention was able to promote an immediate significant average gain strength response in handgrip of 4.78 Kgf
{"title":"IMMEDIATE RESPONSE GAIN IN HANDGRIP STRENGTH WITH ACUPUNCTURE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY","authors":"Sandra Silvério-Lopes, M. Mota","doi":"10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/AJTCAMV15I2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Muscle strength is an important component for performing different daily tasks and has significant effect on health. Grip strength can be considered as one of the parameters of the overall strength state of the individuals. This study aimed to evaluate immediate response of the capacity to gain handgrip strength after the application of acupuncture. Materials and Methods: The study was experimental, quantitative, and partially blind clinical trial with a control group. Sample consisted in 73 healthy volunteers of both sexes, not athletes, with average age 35 ± 10.01 years, which were divided by deterministic allocation with sequential alternation in three groups: acupuncture (GACP n=24), sham acupuncture (Gsham n=25) and control (GCRT n=24). Calibrated mechanical manual dynamometer and needles 0.25 x 40mm were used. The handgrip test was performed in all groups, in both hands. Average measures were used for statistical analysis, a procedure done before and after the intervention. GACP received needles in TE5 (Waiguan), ST36 (Zusanli) and GB34 (Yanglingquan). The Gsham received superficial needles placed out of the acupoints. Results: GACP showed a significant strength gain of 4.78 Kgf (p = 0.005), Gsham showed a non-significant gain of 1.13 Kgf (p = 0.370) and GCRT that did not receive acupuncture intervention showed a non-significant reduction of handgrip strength average of about 1.97 Kgf (p = 0.210). Conclusion: Acupuncture in a single intervention was able to promote an immediate significant average gain strength response in handgrip of 4.78 Kgf","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"44 1","pages":"51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89302714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Liyou, Zhikui Liu, Hongwei Zhang, Guo-Qiang Wang
Background： The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency and safety of sodium aescinate injection for treating children suffering transplanted flap in children hand or foot. Materials and Methods： Ninety children patients with transplanted cutaneous nerve nutrition vascular flaps in hand or foot were selected and divided into “treatment” and “control” groups randomly by computer. The treatment group was prescribed intravenous sodium aescine injection and conventional therapy. The control group was only offered conventional therapy. Seven days following treatment, cumulative wound drainage, swelling of flap and adverse reactions were recorded. One month subsequent to treatment, two-point discrimination of flap was recorded. At the outset of treatment (0-d) and 1, 3, 7-days following treatment, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in venous blood were tested. Results： At the outset of treatment, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of CRP and MDA (P>0.05). At 3 and 7 day intervals following treatment, the concentrations of CRP and MDA in treatment group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). The treatment Group’s wound drainage, swelling of flap and two-point discrimination of flap was better than those recorded in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion： Sodium aescine injection can improve the concentrations of CRP and MDA in venous blood, reduce wound drainage, and promote flap sensory recovery. This has an effective and safe application for treating children with swelling in their hands or feet.
{"title":"SODIUM AESCINATE INJECTION FOR SKIN FLAP TRANSPLANTATION OF HAND OR FOOT IN CHILDREN","authors":"Wei Liyou, Zhikui Liu, Hongwei Zhang, Guo-Qiang Wang","doi":"10.21010/ajtcamv15i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcamv15i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background： The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency and safety of sodium aescinate injection for treating children suffering transplanted flap in children hand or foot. \u0000Materials and Methods： Ninety children patients with transplanted cutaneous nerve nutrition vascular flaps in hand or foot were selected and divided into “treatment” and “control” groups randomly by computer. The treatment group was prescribed intravenous sodium aescine injection and conventional therapy. The control group was only offered conventional therapy. Seven days following treatment, cumulative wound drainage, swelling of flap and adverse reactions were recorded. One month subsequent to treatment, two-point discrimination of flap was recorded. At the outset of treatment (0-d) and 1, 3, 7-days following treatment, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in venous blood were tested. \u0000Results： At the outset of treatment, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of CRP and MDA (P>0.05). At 3 and 7 day intervals following treatment, the concentrations of CRP and MDA in treatment group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). The treatment Group’s wound drainage, swelling of flap and two-point discrimination of flap was better than those recorded in control group (P<0.05). \u0000Conclusion： Sodium aescine injection can improve the concentrations of CRP and MDA in venous blood, reduce wound drainage, and promote flap sensory recovery. This has an effective and safe application for treating children with swelling in their hands or feet.","PeriodicalId":7408,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines","volume":"3 1","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83154689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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