Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300071805
Pierre-François Olive Rayer
{"title":"The history of albuminous nephritis. 1840.","authors":"Pierre-François Olive Rayer","doi":"10.1017/s0025727300071805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071805","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":" 24","pages":"14-72; discussion 73-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0025727300071805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25159207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300071854
It is axiomatic that in the absence of acceptable descriptive terms that could be replicated, drawings of nephritic kidneys were a priceless asset and provided the greatest contribution to our present-day image and understanding of the types of lesions that the nineteenth century renal physicians were depicting. Although injected Malpighian corpuscles or glomeruli could be seen on the surface of the kidney using a hand lens (Rayer described them as ‘‘petits points rouges’’), prior to microscopic examination workers could only report on the crude morbid anatomical appearance of the kidney. The terms used related to size, weight, shape, colour, hardness, adherence of the capsule and the presence or absence of granulations. It is difficult to assess the value of contemporary classifications of the time unless the findings are accompanied by drawings and all the best studies did so, including those of Rayer, Bright and Martin Solon. If we compare Rayer’s extended six-form classification of nephritic kidney with Bright’s original three forms some interesting facts emerge. Most nephritic patients, other than those who survived scarlatina nephritis and were unavailable for ‘‘observations’’, died, often at different stages of the disease perhaps days, weeks or months after the onset of the nephritic process. The latter would explain the disparity in the appearances of the kidney. Bright described the three classical forms corresponding to three clinical presentations which we have simply dubbed as the ‘‘large red’’ of acute nephritis, the ‘‘large white’’ of the nephrotic syndrome and the ‘‘contracted granular’’ of chronic end stage nephritis, and remained agnostic about the existence of any other forms. Modern nephrologists are agreed that it would have been difficult at that time to improve on Bright’s classifications. One can identify these three forms within Rayer’s collection of six forms. With the advantage of hindsight it is tempting to postulate that Rayer’s extra three forms were merely examples of the Bright three but at different stages of the disease process, for example sub-acute nephritis. This hypothesis cannot be proved as nowadays nephritic patients do not usually come to post mortem and it is difficult to compare present-day biopsies with the nineteenth-century morbid anatomical appearance of the kidney. This theory may be further considered by examination of Rayer’s and Bright’s classifications and their accompanying plates. Rayer is at great pains to express in words the differences and alterations that he discusses during his post mortem ‘‘observations’’ and from his illustrated plates. The descriptions tend to be over elaborate as he searches for intermediate changes that extend the spectrum of Bright’s three basic kidneys. He places a good deal of emphasis on lobulation, which we now know is a normal variant but which could have been accentuated in a swollen kidney. Although it can never be conclusively proven it is likely that as t
{"title":"Appendix 2 Notes on Classifications and Drawings of Nephritic Kidneys in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/S0025727300071854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300071854","url":null,"abstract":"It is axiomatic that in the absence of acceptable descriptive terms that could be replicated, drawings of nephritic kidneys were a priceless asset and provided the greatest contribution to our present-day image and understanding of the types of lesions that the nineteenth century renal physicians were depicting. Although injected Malpighian corpuscles or glomeruli could be seen on the surface of the kidney using a hand lens (Rayer described them as ‘‘petits points rouges’’), prior to microscopic examination workers could only report on the crude morbid anatomical appearance of the kidney. The terms used related to size, weight, shape, colour, hardness, adherence of the capsule and the presence or absence of granulations. It is difficult to assess the value of contemporary classifications of the time unless the findings are accompanied by drawings and all the best studies did so, including those of Rayer, Bright and Martin Solon. If we compare Rayer’s extended six-form classification of nephritic kidney with Bright’s original three forms some interesting facts emerge. Most nephritic patients, other than those who survived scarlatina nephritis and were unavailable for ‘‘observations’’, died, often at different stages of the disease perhaps days, weeks or months after the onset of the nephritic process. The latter would explain the disparity in the appearances of the kidney. Bright described the three classical forms corresponding to three clinical presentations which we have simply dubbed as the ‘‘large red’’ of acute nephritis, the ‘‘large white’’ of the nephrotic syndrome and the ‘‘contracted granular’’ of chronic end stage nephritis, and remained agnostic about the existence of any other forms. Modern nephrologists are agreed that it would have been difficult at that time to improve on Bright’s classifications. One can identify these three forms within Rayer’s collection of six forms. With the advantage of hindsight it is tempting to postulate that Rayer’s extra three forms were merely examples of the Bright three but at different stages of the disease process, for example sub-acute nephritis. This hypothesis cannot be proved as nowadays nephritic patients do not usually come to post mortem and it is difficult to compare present-day biopsies with the nineteenth-century morbid anatomical appearance of the kidney. This theory may be further considered by examination of Rayer’s and Bright’s classifications and their accompanying plates. Rayer is at great pains to express in words the differences and alterations that he discusses during his post mortem ‘‘observations’’ and from his illustrated plates. The descriptions tend to be over elaborate as he searches for intermediate changes that extend the spectrum of Bright’s three basic kidneys. He places a good deal of emphasis on lobulation, which we now know is a normal variant but which could have been accentuated in a swollen kidney. Although it can never be conclusively proven it is likely that as t","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"98 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0025727300071854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57088188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300071933
Anthony Daffy
Farr beyond any Medicament yet known, and is found so agreeable to Nature, that it effects all its Operations, as Nature would have it, and as a virtual Expedient proposed by her, for reducing all her Extreams unto an equal Temper; the same being fitted unto all Ages, Sexes, Complexions and Constitutions, and highly fortifying Nature against any noxious humour, invading or offending the Noble Parts.
{"title":"Daffy's Elixir Pamphlet","authors":"Anthony Daffy","doi":"10.1017/s0025727300071933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071933","url":null,"abstract":"Farr beyond any Medicament yet known, and is found so agreeable to Nature, that it effects all its Operations, as Nature would have it, and as a virtual Expedient proposed by her, for reducing all her Extreams unto an equal Temper; the same being fitted unto all Ages, Sexes, Complexions and Constitutions, and highly fortifying Nature against any noxious humour, invading or offending the Noble Parts.","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"38 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0025727300071933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57088329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Walking the Paris hospitals: diary of an Edinburgh medical student, 1834-1835.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":" 23","pages":"vii-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24901649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300073609
J. Watts, Jun, A. H. Stevens
/69r cont'd/ Monday June Jst. Come to the last month of my stay in Paris. Went to the Hotel Dieu-Roux has a case of pistol wound in a young man 1-ball entered anterior to the tendon achille's /69v/& passed out at the outer ankle, breaking the malleolus2 Tapirus[?]-the treatment is the constant application of cold-he has a case of tumor in the internal aspect of thigh three or four inches above knee-he intends operating tomorrow moming. Went on to H. St. Louis-was too late for Biett-he has commenced now making his visit at 9 o'clock-went round with Alibert-he had nothing of any importance-he is treating all his cases by local applications-he lectures on Wednesday on the Dermatoses Teignenses [sic]3-very interesting & difficult division to treat-At Me. Lachapelle's tonight had very easy manoeuvres-seizing feet of inft., when there is breech presentation-supposing, that any thing should require such an operation. Tuesday June 2nd. Went down to Hotel Dieu this morning. Went round with Breschet-nothing very particular-Roux performed extirpation of the tumor this morning-it was osteo sarcoma4 & attached by means of an osseous peduncle5 to the femur-this he was forced to cut away with the saw. Mott from New York was at the operation. A very gentlemanly looking man with something of the precise manners of a quaker about him.6 Tonight at Me. Lachapelle's we applied the crochet in presentations of lower extrem'. & hips.7 l Dupuytren had held a course at the H6tel Dieu on gunshot and sabre wounds. (Warner, Against the spirit of system, p. 115.) This would seem to indicate that the presentation of such wounds was not exactly a rare event despite the ban on duelling. 2Malleolus: ankle. This is the diminutive of malleus from its supposed resemblance to a mallet. 3Dermatoses Teignenses: dermatoses is a general term for skin diseases. Bateman criticises Alibert, to whose lectures the diarist is referring, for confusing Willan's classification of skin diseases by adopting "the ancient confusion of terms". This confusion includes his use of "les teignes" for the Willanist group of porrigos, contagious conditions, marked by the development of pustules and fever. The group includes porrigo scutulata or ringworm. (Bateman, A practical synopsis of cutaneous diseases, pp. xvi, 225-6.) 4In the entry for Sunday, November 9, 1834, the diarist writes the term as a single word: osteosarcoma. In this present case the fleshy tumour or excrescence was developing on the femur …
{"title":"June 1835","authors":"J. Watts, Jun, A. H. Stevens","doi":"10.1017/s0025727300073609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300073609","url":null,"abstract":"/69r cont'd/ Monday June Jst. Come to the last month of my stay in Paris. Went to the Hotel Dieu-Roux has a case of pistol wound in a young man 1-ball entered anterior to the tendon achille's /69v/& passed out at the outer ankle, breaking the malleolus2 Tapirus[?]-the treatment is the constant application of cold-he has a case of tumor in the internal aspect of thigh three or four inches above knee-he intends operating tomorrow moming. Went on to H. St. Louis-was too late for Biett-he has commenced now making his visit at 9 o'clock-went round with Alibert-he had nothing of any importance-he is treating all his cases by local applications-he lectures on Wednesday on the Dermatoses Teignenses [sic]3-very interesting & difficult division to treat-At Me. Lachapelle's tonight had very easy manoeuvres-seizing feet of inft., when there is breech presentation-supposing, that any thing should require such an operation. Tuesday June 2nd. Went down to Hotel Dieu this morning. Went round with Breschet-nothing very particular-Roux performed extirpation of the tumor this morning-it was osteo sarcoma4 & attached by means of an osseous peduncle5 to the femur-this he was forced to cut away with the saw. Mott from New York was at the operation. A very gentlemanly looking man with something of the precise manners of a quaker about him.6 Tonight at Me. Lachapelle's we applied the crochet in presentations of lower extrem'. & hips.7 l Dupuytren had held a course at the H6tel Dieu on gunshot and sabre wounds. (Warner, Against the spirit of system, p. 115.) This would seem to indicate that the presentation of such wounds was not exactly a rare event despite the ban on duelling. 2Malleolus: ankle. This is the diminutive of malleus from its supposed resemblance to a mallet. 3Dermatoses Teignenses: dermatoses is a general term for skin diseases. Bateman criticises Alibert, to whose lectures the diarist is referring, for confusing Willan's classification of skin diseases by adopting \"the ancient confusion of terms\". This confusion includes his use of \"les teignes\" for the Willanist group of porrigos, contagious conditions, marked by the development of pustules and fever. The group includes porrigo scutulata or ringworm. (Bateman, A practical synopsis of cutaneous diseases, pp. xvi, 225-6.) 4In the entry for Sunday, November 9, 1834, the diarist writes the term as a single word: osteosarcoma. In this present case the fleshy tumour or excrescence was developing on the femur …","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"177 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0025727300073609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57094424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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