Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300072392
María Tausiet
Said one devil: ‘‘To see good people, look at the saludadores, who . . . claim they do possess virtue.’’ They took offence and said that it was true that they possessed it. And to this replied [another] devil: ‘‘How can it be that virtue is found in wanderers who do naught but blow?’’ The absence of any clear dividing line between the fields of medicine and religion in early modern Spain becomes particularly evident when looking at the figure of the socalled saludador (literally, a healer, or health-giver, from the verb saludar, to heal). As the term implies, these individuals claimed to have healing powers—powers that stemmed from the possession of a divine gift or innate grace bestowed upon only a chosen few. The concept of ‘‘virtue’’, understood as both an ability and a moral guarantee, expressed better than any other the widely held belief that disease and sin (and, therefore, health and spiritual perfection) were inextricably linked. Rather than operating at an individual and self-reflective level, this implicit assumption meant that both the causes of and cures for many illnesses were attributed to the qualities of good or evil of certain external agents supposedly endowed with extraordinary powers. Of these, the most prominent were, without doubt, witches and saludadores. The success of saludadores was based not only on curing disease, but also on pointing to its cause, and in particular, to discerning the influence of evil spells and witchcraft.
{"title":"Healing Virtue: Saludadores versus Witches in Early Modern Spain","authors":"María Tausiet","doi":"10.1017/S0025727300072392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300072392","url":null,"abstract":"Said one devil: ‘‘To see good people, look at the saludadores, who . . . claim they do possess virtue.’’ They took offence and said that it was true that they possessed it. And to this replied [another] devil: ‘‘How can it be that virtue is found in wanderers who do naught but blow?’’ The absence of any clear dividing line between the fields of medicine and religion in early modern Spain becomes particularly evident when looking at the figure of the socalled saludador (literally, a healer, or health-giver, from the verb saludar, to heal). As the term implies, these individuals claimed to have healing powers—powers that stemmed from the possession of a divine gift or innate grace bestowed upon only a chosen few. The concept of ‘‘virtue’’, understood as both an ability and a moral guarantee, expressed better than any other the widely held belief that disease and sin (and, therefore, health and spiritual perfection) were inextricably linked. Rather than operating at an individual and self-reflective level, this implicit assumption meant that both the causes of and cures for many illnesses were attributed to the qualities of good or evil of certain external agents supposedly endowed with extraordinary powers. Of these, the most prominent were, without doubt, witches and saludadores. The success of saludadores was based not only on curing disease, but also on pointing to its cause, and in particular, to discerning the influence of evil spells and witchcraft.","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"40 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0025727300072392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57090178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, 1865-1895.","authors":"Michael Foster, Thomas Henry Huxley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":" 28","pages":"1-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28391791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300072264
My dear Foster I have suggested an alteration in one paragraph of your draft – I have no doubt as to the value of the scientific results of the borings if they are carried to the bottom – but it is quite another question whether the R.S. would be justified in warranting the expenditure incurred. I should like to see the Zagazig boring carried to the bottom or at any rate until Miocene fossils are brought up by the borer – the results of this boring should then be carefully discussed and the ways & means of getting another made elsewhere considered – If we leave off before we touch Miocene bottom at Zagazig we shall have spent a good deal of money without getting any definite result. However it is something to know that there is no bottom at 66 feet. 1 I expect that fellow Figari Bey 2 drew a good deal on his imagination. I return all the papers herewith. The smashing of the G. O. M. appears to be pretty complete 3 – though he has unfortunately enough left to give him the means of playing an ugly game of obstruction in the next Parliament. You have rather taken the shine out of my exultation at Lubbock's majority 4 – though I confess I was disheartened to see so many educated men going in for the disruption policy. If it were not for Randolph I should turn Tory – but that fellow will someday oust Salisbury as Dizzy ousted old Derby – and sell his party to Parnell or anybody else who makes a good bid. We are flourishing on the whole. Sulphide of wife joins with me in love Ever yours T. H. H. 1 Stokes reports in his presidential address to the Royal Society in November 1886 that the committee had decided to extend the initial boring at Zagazig in the Nile delta and that money had been given from the Government Grant to supplement the funds from the Royal Society; see previous letter. 'Anniversary meeting', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1886, 41: 378. 2 Figari Bey, an Italian geologist in the service of the Egyptian Government, had published the results of a series of borings in different parts of the Nile delta. 3 Gladstone lost the general election of July 1886. 4 John Lubbock was the liberal unionist parliamentary candidate for …
{"title":"Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, Letters 201 through 233, 1865–1895","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0025727300072264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300072264","url":null,"abstract":"My dear Foster I have suggested an alteration in one paragraph of your draft – I have no doubt as to the value of the scientific results of the borings if they are carried to the bottom – but it is quite another question whether the R.S. would be justified in warranting the expenditure incurred. I should like to see the Zagazig boring carried to the bottom or at any rate until Miocene fossils are brought up by the borer – the results of this boring should then be carefully discussed and the ways & means of getting another made elsewhere considered – If we leave off before we touch Miocene bottom at Zagazig we shall have spent a good deal of money without getting any definite result. However it is something to know that there is no bottom at 66 feet. 1 I expect that fellow Figari Bey 2 drew a good deal on his imagination. I return all the papers herewith. The smashing of the G. O. M. appears to be pretty complete 3 – though he has unfortunately enough left to give him the means of playing an ugly game of obstruction in the next Parliament. You have rather taken the shine out of my exultation at Lubbock's majority 4 – though I confess I was disheartened to see so many educated men going in for the disruption policy. If it were not for Randolph I should turn Tory – but that fellow will someday oust Salisbury as Dizzy ousted old Derby – and sell his party to Parnell or anybody else who makes a good bid. We are flourishing on the whole. Sulphide of wife joins with me in love Ever yours T. H. H. 1 Stokes reports in his presidential address to the Royal Society in November 1886 that the committee had decided to extend the initial boring at Zagazig in the Nile delta and that money had been given from the Government Grant to supplement the funds from the Royal Society; see previous letter. 'Anniversary meeting', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1886, 41: 378. 2 Figari Bey, an Italian geologist in the service of the Egyptian Government, had published the results of a series of borings in different parts of the Nile delta. 3 Gladstone lost the general election of July 1886. 4 John Lubbock was the liberal unionist parliamentary candidate for …","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"166 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0025727300072264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300072409
Teresa Huguet-Termes
Over the last twenty-five years, the tendency of historians to see extreme distinctions between Catholic and Protestant health care provision has faded away, mainly thanks to the works of Brian Pullan on Venice and Jean-Pierre Gutton on Lyons. It has become generally accepted that Catholic areas pursued efficient and highly selective welfare policies, especially as regards the control of public begging, in order to achieve long-term social improvement by giving the poor both an education and opportunities to work.1 In order to centralize and co-ordinate the resources available, welfare services were improved by the creation of institutions under the auspices of the Church and lay authorities.2 Public begging was prohibited, and relief was limited to deserving local inhabitants and restricted to the period before they could be set to work, while the itinerant poor were given only the temporary assistance they required. It has also been generally assumed that Madrid was included among the towns where a programme of reform led by lay elites following the guidelines of the poor law tract De subventione pauperum (On Assistance to the Poor) by Juan Luis Vives (1526) prevailed from the second to the fourth decades of the sixteenth century. In accordance with this programme, hospitals for beggars and other “undeserving” poor were founded, supposedly reaching a peak in the seventeenth century. In the confines of such institutions, unworthy individuals could be punished if they resisted the obligation to work.3 However, measures for poor relief have primarily been studied in cities with a strong communal tradition and a sophisticated system of urban government. It is these studies, simplistically extrapolated to less well-researched cities like Madrid, that have provided the basis for the picture of the principal characteristics of the Catholic system of welfare.4 But what was the true situation in a villa—Madrid—which was essentially a creation of the early modern period, and which was designed by the Hapsburg dynasty to be the centre of government of the largest Catholic empire history has ever known? It is clear that both the history and character of Madrid (a small town that had become the capital and the home of the royal court in 1561) are very different from those of the republics, principalities and cities of Spain, Italy and France. The latter were endowed with municipal dynamism, strong manufacturing, trade and guild traditions, and possessed systems of relief that have attracted the attention of historians and have generally been regarded as pioneering. The aim of this paper is to summarize current research on poor relief in Madrid, including the policy towards the sick, between 1561 and 1700. After briefly reviewing the current state of research, two particular features will be focused on, the assistance given to the sick poor, and that which all other categories of poor people received. It will be argued that, in contrast with other Cath
{"title":"Madrid Hospitals and Welfare in the Context of the Hapsburg Empire","authors":"Teresa Huguet-Termes","doi":"10.1017/S0025727300072409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300072409","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last twenty-five years, the tendency of historians to see extreme distinctions between Catholic and Protestant health care provision has faded away, mainly thanks to the works of Brian Pullan on Venice and Jean-Pierre Gutton on Lyons. It has become generally accepted that Catholic areas pursued efficient and highly selective welfare policies, especially as regards the control of public begging, in order to achieve long-term social improvement by giving the poor both an education and opportunities to work.1 In order to centralize and co-ordinate the resources available, welfare services were improved by the creation of institutions under the auspices of the Church and lay authorities.2 Public begging was prohibited, and relief was limited to deserving local inhabitants and restricted to the period before they could be set to work, while the itinerant poor were given only the temporary assistance they required. It has also been generally assumed that Madrid was included among the towns where a programme of reform led by lay elites following the guidelines of the poor law tract De subventione pauperum (On Assistance to the Poor) by Juan Luis Vives (1526) prevailed from the second to the fourth decades of the sixteenth century. In accordance with this programme, hospitals for beggars and other “undeserving” poor were founded, supposedly reaching a peak in the seventeenth century. In the confines of such institutions, unworthy individuals could be punished if they resisted the obligation to work.3 However, measures for poor relief have primarily been studied in cities with a strong communal tradition and a sophisticated system of urban government. It is these studies, simplistically extrapolated to less well-researched cities like Madrid, that have provided the basis for the picture of the principal characteristics of the Catholic system of welfare.4 But what was the true situation in a villa—Madrid—which was essentially a creation of the early modern period, and which was designed by the Hapsburg dynasty to be the centre of government of the largest Catholic empire history has ever known? It is clear that both the history and character of Madrid (a small town that had become the capital and the home of the royal court in 1561) are very different from those of the republics, principalities and cities of Spain, Italy and France. The latter were endowed with municipal dynamism, strong manufacturing, trade and guild traditions, and possessed systems of relief that have attracted the attention of historians and have generally been regarded as pioneering. The aim of this paper is to summarize current research on poor relief in Madrid, including the policy towards the sick, between 1561 and 1700. After briefly reviewing the current state of research, two particular features will be focused on, the assistance given to the sick poor, and that which all other categories of poor people received. It will be argued that, in contrast with other Cath","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"64 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0025727300072409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57090340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Medical ideals in the Sephardic Diaspora: Rodrigo de Castro's portrait of the perfect physician in early seventeenth-century Hamburg.","authors":"Jon Arrizabalaga","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":" 29","pages":"107-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9846784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"La Mayson pour Distiller des Eaües at El Escorial: alchemy and medicine at the court of Philip II, 1556-1598.","authors":"Mar Rey Bueno","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":" ","pages":"26-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28771506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Medical pluralism in the Iberian kingdoms: the control of extra-academic practitioners in Valencia.","authors":"María Luz López Terrada","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":" ","pages":"7-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28771505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300072252
My dear Foster I have not received your prospectus of an Authors' company so I can't say yea or nay. Won't there be time to talk over it on Thursday. Mr Faunthorpe, 1 the Principal of Whitelands College has sent in a furious attack on us for the results of the examinations of his lambs – I think it will be necessary to direct their performances in detail. If you could come here on Thursday evening we could go over the business together. Ever yours T. H. Huxley I will go to the meeting of the Council of the [Assocn] for research if possible. Reverend Sir Do you see your way to entering Lankester in Athenaeum Books. I am quite prepared to second him. At present his name is not down, so that the Ctee can't take cognisance of him. With all exaggeration of his fault, there can't amount to an exclusion from the Club, and of all the Biologists etc, he from scientific eminence has to my mind prior claims. Ever thine M. Foster My dear mother is a little better & will I hope recover.
{"title":"Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, Letters 186 through 200, 1865–1895","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0025727300072252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300072252","url":null,"abstract":"My dear Foster I have not received your prospectus of an Authors' company so I can't say yea or nay. Won't there be time to talk over it on Thursday. Mr Faunthorpe, 1 the Principal of Whitelands College has sent in a furious attack on us for the results of the examinations of his lambs – I think it will be necessary to direct their performances in detail. If you could come here on Thursday evening we could go over the business together. Ever yours T. H. Huxley I will go to the meeting of the Council of the [Assocn] for research if possible. Reverend Sir Do you see your way to entering Lankester in Athenaeum Books. I am quite prepared to second him. At present his name is not down, so that the Ctee can't take cognisance of him. With all exaggeration of his fault, there can't amount to an exclusion from the Club, and of all the Biologists etc, he from scientific eminence has to my mind prior claims. Ever thine M. Foster My dear mother is a little better & will I hope recover.","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"153 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0025727300072252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300072331
Alter, Peter, The reluctant patron: science and the state in Great Britain, 1850–1920, transl. Angela Davies, Leamington Spa, Berg, 1986. Barr, Alan P. (ed.), Thomas Henry Huxley’s place in science and letters, Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press, 1997. Bibby, Cyril, T. H. Huxley: scientist, humanist, and educator, London, Watts, 1959. —— Scientist extraordinary: the life and scientific works of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1825–1895, Oxford and New York, Pergamon Press, [1972]. Clodd, Edward, Thomas Henry Huxley, Edinburgh, William Blackwood and Sons, 1902. Corfield, Richard, The silent landscape: in the wake of HMS Challenger, 1872–1876, London, John Murray, 2004. Dawson, Warren R., The Huxley papers: a descriptive catalogue of the correspondence, manuscripts and miscellaneous papers of the Rt. Hon. Thomas Henry Huxley, London, published for the Imperial College of Science and Technology by Macmillan, 1946. Deacon, Margaret, Scientists and the sea, 1650–1900, 2nd ed., Aldershot, Ashgate, 1997. Desmond, Adrian, Huxley: from devil’s disciple to evolution’s high priest, London, Penguin, 1997; originally published in 2 vols: Huxley, the devil’s disciple, London, Michael Joseph, 1994; Huxley: evolution’s high priest, London, Michael Joseph, 1997. Pages are cited from the Penguin edition. —— ‘Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895)’, in H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds), Oxford dictionary of national biography, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2004, vol. 29, pp. 99–111; http://www.oxforddnb.com di Gregorio, Mario A., T. H. Huxley’s place in natural science, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984. Eve, A. S., and Creasey, C. H., Life and work of John Tyndall, London, Macmillan, 1945. Foster, Michael, and Lankester, E. Ray (eds), The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley, London, Macmillan; and New York, D. Appleton, 1898–1902, 4 vols. Geison, Gerald L., Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: the scientific enterprise in late Victorian society, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978. Hall, Marie Boas, All scientists now: the Royal Society in the nineteenth century, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 1984. Heuss, Theodor, Anton Dohrn: a life for science, translated from the German by Liselotte Dieckmann, Berlin and New York, Springer, 1991. Huxley, Aldous, T.H. Huxley as a man of letters, London, Macmillan, 1932. Huxley, Leonard, Life and letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vols, London, Macmillan, 1900. Pages are cited from this two-volume English edition.
彼得·阿尔特:《不情愿的赞助人:英国的科学与国家，1850-1920》译。Angela Davies, Leamington Spa, Berg, 1986。巴尔，艾伦P.(编)，托马斯亨利赫胥黎在科学和文学的地位，雅典，佐治亚州，佐治亚大学出版社，1997年。《赫胥黎:科学家、人文主义者和教育家》，西里尔·毕比，瓦特，伦敦，1959年。——《非凡的科学家:托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎的生平和科学著作，1825-1895》，牛津和纽约，佩加蒙出版社，[1972]。爱德华·克劳德，托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎，爱丁堡，威廉·布莱克伍德和儿子们，1902年。Richard Corfield，《寂静的风景:1872-1876年，挑战者号之后》，伦敦，John Murray, 2004。道森，沃伦·R.，《赫胥黎论文:伦敦托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎阁下的信件、手稿和杂项论文的描述性目录》，麦克米伦出版社为帝国理工学院出版，1946年。Margaret Deacon，《科学家与海洋，1650-1900》，第二版，Aldershot, Ashgate, 1997。戴斯蒙德，阿德里安，《赫胥黎:从魔鬼的门徒到进化论的大祭司》，伦敦，企鹅出版社，1997年;最初出版于2卷:赫胥黎，魔鬼的门徒，伦敦，迈克尔·约瑟夫，1994;《赫胥黎:进化论的大祭司》，伦敦，迈克尔·约瑟夫，1997年。页面引用自企鹅版。——《赫胥黎，托马斯·亨利(1825-1895)》，载于h.c.g.马修和布莱恩·哈里森(编辑)，《牛津国家传记词典》，牛津和纽约，牛津大学出版社，2004年，第29卷，第99-111页;http://www.oxforddnb.com di Gregorio, Mario A.， t.h.赫胥黎在自然科学中的地位，纽黑文，耶鲁大学出版社，1984。Eve, a.s.和Creasey, c.h.，《约翰·廷德尔的生平与工作》，伦敦，麦克米伦，1945年。福斯特，迈克尔和兰克斯特，E.雷(编)，托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎的科学回忆录，伦敦，麦克米伦;纽约，D.阿普尔顿，1898-1902,4卷。Geison, Gerald L.， Michael Foster和剑桥生理学学院:维多利亚晚期社会的科学事业，普林斯顿，普林斯顿大学出版社，1978年。霍尔，玛丽·鲍亚士，《现在的所有科学家:19世纪的皇家学会》，剑桥和纽约，剑桥大学出版社，1984年。赫斯，西奥多，安东·多恩:科学的一生，利塞洛特·迪克曼译自德文，柏林和纽约，1991年10月10日。赫胥黎，Aldous, T.H.赫胥黎作为一个文学家，伦敦，麦克米伦，1932年。伦纳德·赫胥黎，《托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎的生平和书信》，2卷，伦敦，麦克米伦，1900年。页数引用自这本两卷本的英文版。
{"title":"Sources and Short Bibliography","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/S0025727300072331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300072331","url":null,"abstract":"Alter, Peter, The reluctant patron: science and the state in Great Britain, 1850–1920, transl. Angela Davies, Leamington Spa, Berg, 1986. Barr, Alan P. (ed.), Thomas Henry Huxley’s place in science and letters, Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press, 1997. Bibby, Cyril, T. H. Huxley: scientist, humanist, and educator, London, Watts, 1959. —— Scientist extraordinary: the life and scientific works of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1825–1895, Oxford and New York, Pergamon Press, [1972]. Clodd, Edward, Thomas Henry Huxley, Edinburgh, William Blackwood and Sons, 1902. Corfield, Richard, The silent landscape: in the wake of HMS Challenger, 1872–1876, London, John Murray, 2004. Dawson, Warren R., The Huxley papers: a descriptive catalogue of the correspondence, manuscripts and miscellaneous papers of the Rt. Hon. Thomas Henry Huxley, London, published for the Imperial College of Science and Technology by Macmillan, 1946. Deacon, Margaret, Scientists and the sea, 1650–1900, 2nd ed., Aldershot, Ashgate, 1997. Desmond, Adrian, Huxley: from devil’s disciple to evolution’s high priest, London, Penguin, 1997; originally published in 2 vols: Huxley, the devil’s disciple, London, Michael Joseph, 1994; Huxley: evolution’s high priest, London, Michael Joseph, 1997. Pages are cited from the Penguin edition. —— ‘Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895)’, in H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds), Oxford dictionary of national biography, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2004, vol. 29, pp. 99–111; http://www.oxforddnb.com di Gregorio, Mario A., T. H. Huxley’s place in natural science, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984. Eve, A. S., and Creasey, C. H., Life and work of John Tyndall, London, Macmillan, 1945. Foster, Michael, and Lankester, E. Ray (eds), The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley, London, Macmillan; and New York, D. Appleton, 1898–1902, 4 vols. Geison, Gerald L., Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: the scientific enterprise in late Victorian society, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978. Hall, Marie Boas, All scientists now: the Royal Society in the nineteenth century, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 1984. Heuss, Theodor, Anton Dohrn: a life for science, translated from the German by Liselotte Dieckmann, Berlin and New York, Springer, 1991. Huxley, Aldous, T.H. Huxley as a man of letters, London, Macmillan, 1932. Huxley, Leonard, Life and letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vols, London, Macmillan, 1900. Pages are cited from this two-volume English edition.","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"309 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0025727300072331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300072185
M. Foster, T. Huxley
{"title":"Michael Foster and Thomas Henry Huxley, Correspondence, Letters 1 through 19, 1865–1895","authors":"M. Foster, T. Huxley","doi":"10.1017/s0025727300072185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300072185","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74144,"journal":{"name":"Medical history. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0025727300072185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57089236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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