Background: Food-borne diseases are a global public health problem, most especially in developing countries. Food handlers with a low level of personal hygiene may be colonized or infected by a wide range of enteric pathogenic micro-organisms including intestinal parasites and bacteria. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among male food handlers in Laghouat province, southern Algeria. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, stool samples and fingernail samples of both hands were collected from 155 randomly selected male food handlers. Stool specimens were examined by direct wet mount, formalinether concentration, xenic invitro culture and staining methods for parasitological identification. For bacterial isolation, standard culture media including Hektoen agar, Salmonella-Shigella (SS), Mannitol salt, and Blood agar plates were used. Conventional biochemical tests were used for identification of S. Typhi and S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed for bacterial isolates by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data analysis was done using Minitab version 19 software, and Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to determine association between categorical variables. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence rate of intestinal parasites among the study subjects was 40% (62/155). Blastocystis spp was the most frequent parasite isolated (16.8%), followed by Giardia intestinalis (8.4%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (7.7%), Entamoeba coli (3.2%), Trichomonas intestinalis (2.6%) and Endolimax nana (1.3%). Stool cultures revealed 4 (2.6%) positive samples for S. Typhi, and S. aureus was isolated from fingernail contents of 23 (14.8%) subjects. All S. Typhi isolates were sensitive to imipenem and ciprofloxacin while S. aureus isolates show high sensitivity to pristinamycin. Hand washing with soap, finger nail status and clinical manifestations were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections, while clinical manifestation was the only factor associated with S. aureus infection. Conclusion: The present study indicates a high prevalence of pathogenic micro-organisms among male food handlers which highlight the important role of food handlers in the spread and transmission of foodborne infections, and thus requires more attention.
背景:食源性疾病是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，尤其是在发展中国家。个人卫生水平低的食品处理人员可能被多种肠道致病微生物(包括肠道寄生虫和细菌)定植或感染。本研究的目的是确定阿尔及利亚南部Laghouat省男性食品加工人员中伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肠道寄生虫的流行情况。方法:在本横断面研究中，随机抽取155名男性食品处理人员的粪便样本和双手指甲样本。粪便标本采用直接湿法、甲醛浓度法、体外培养法和染色法进行寄生虫学鉴定。用于细菌分离，标准培养基包括Hektoen琼脂，沙门氏菌-志贺菌(SS)，甘露醇盐和血琼脂板。采用常规生化试验对伤寒沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定。采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法对分离菌进行药敏试验(AST)。使用Minitab version 19软件进行数据分析，使用Pearson’s卡方检验确定分类变量之间的相关性。P值< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:研究对象肠道寄生虫总体患病率为40%(62/155)。最常见的寄生虫是囊虫(16.8%)，其次是肠贾第虫(8.4%)、溶组织内阿米巴(7.7%)、大肠内阿米巴(3.2%)、肠毛滴虫(2.6%)和奈多利莫原虫(1.3%)。粪便培养检出4例(2.6%)伤寒沙门氏菌阳性，23例(14.8%)指甲标本检出金黄色葡萄球菌。所有伤寒沙门氏菌对亚胺培南和环丙沙星敏感，而金黄色葡萄球菌对普司他霉素敏感。用肥皂洗手、指甲状况和临床表现与肠道寄生虫感染显著相关，临床表现是与金黄色葡萄球菌感染唯一相关的因素。结论:本研究提示男性食品加工人员中病原微生物感染率较高，说明食品加工人员在食源性感染传播中的重要作用，应引起重视。
{"title":"Prevalence of Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among male food handlers in Laghouat Province, Algeria","authors":"S. Sebaa, D. Baroudi, A. Hakem","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Food-borne diseases are a global public health problem, most especially in developing countries. Food handlers with a low level of personal hygiene may be colonized or infected by a wide range of enteric pathogenic micro-organisms including intestinal parasites and bacteria. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among male food handlers in Laghouat province, southern Algeria. \u0000Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, stool samples and fingernail samples of both hands were collected from 155 randomly selected male food handlers. Stool specimens were examined by direct wet mount, formalinether concentration, xenic invitro culture and staining methods for parasitological identification. For bacterial isolation, standard culture media including Hektoen agar, Salmonella-Shigella (SS), Mannitol salt, and Blood agar plates were used. Conventional biochemical tests were used for identification of S. Typhi and S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed for bacterial isolates by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data analysis was done using Minitab version 19 software, and Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to determine association between categorical variables. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: The overall prevalence rate of intestinal parasites among the study subjects was 40% (62/155). Blastocystis spp was the most frequent parasite isolated (16.8%), followed by Giardia intestinalis (8.4%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (7.7%), Entamoeba coli (3.2%), Trichomonas intestinalis (2.6%) and Endolimax nana (1.3%). Stool cultures revealed 4 (2.6%) positive samples for S. Typhi, and S. aureus was isolated from fingernail contents of 23 (14.8%) subjects. All S. Typhi isolates were sensitive to imipenem and ciprofloxacin while S. aureus isolates show high sensitivity to pristinamycin. Hand washing with soap, finger nail status and clinical manifestations were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections, while clinical manifestation was the only factor associated with S. aureus infection. \u0000Conclusion: The present study indicates a high prevalence of pathogenic micro-organisms among male food handlers which highlight the important role of food handlers in the spread and transmission of foodborne infections, and thus requires more attention.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75111595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Adeyemo, T. Obadare, S. Edward, A. O. Ibrahim, E. Irek, Adewale A. Amupitan, O.A. Olorunsogo, A. Anuforo, P. Obiajunwa, A. Aboderin
Background: Pulmonary aspergillosis (PA) is common among patients with tuberculosis (TB). With both infections presenting with similar clinical and radiologic features, diagnosis of PA is often made too late or missed completely due to lack of clinical suspicion and poor diagnostic laboratory capacity for mycotic infections prevalent in our settings. We present a case of preventable mortality caused by delayed diagnosis and treatment of PA in a patient with pulmonary TB (PTB). Case presentation: A 13-year-old female was diagnosed and treated for PTB, having received anti-TB regimen for 8 months in a mission hospital from where she was referred due to worsening cough, chest pain and progressive breathlessness. The patient was re-assessed and investigated, with GeneXpert detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, susceptible to rifampicin. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by right pneumothorax was made indicating an emergency thoracotomy and chest tube insertion and continuation of the first line anti-TB regimen. At about 2 weeks into admission, patients had features of superimposed acute bacterial sepsis with fever becoming high grade, marked neutrophilia with toxic granulation and elevated sepsis biomarker, and this necessitated empiric antibiotic treatment with parenteral meropenem and vancomycin. However, the patient only had mild clinical improvement following which there was progressively worsening respiratory symptoms and massive haemoptysis. Result of sputum fungal study was available on admission day 20 and revealed a growth of Aspergillus flavus. Treatment with intravenous voriconazole was however commenced rather late when the fungal respiratory disease could no longer be remedied. The patient died on admission day 23. Conclusion: Diagnosis of PA in patients with background TB is often made too late to guarantee timely and effective antifungal treatment with negative consequences on patients’ outcomes. Improving clinical and laboratory capacities is essential to reducing mortality from PA in healthcare facilities.
{"title":"Clinical neglect of aspergillosis in pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection: a case report of avoidable mortality in a resourceconstrained setting","authors":"A. Adeyemo, T. Obadare, S. Edward, A. O. Ibrahim, E. Irek, Adewale A. Amupitan, O.A. Olorunsogo, A. Anuforo, P. Obiajunwa, A. Aboderin","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pulmonary aspergillosis (PA) is common among patients with tuberculosis (TB). With both infections presenting with similar clinical and radiologic features, diagnosis of PA is often made too late or missed completely due to lack of clinical suspicion and poor diagnostic laboratory capacity for mycotic infections prevalent in our settings. We present a case of preventable mortality caused by delayed diagnosis and treatment of PA in a patient with pulmonary TB (PTB). \u0000Case presentation: A 13-year-old female was diagnosed and treated for PTB, having received anti-TB regimen for 8 months in a mission hospital from where she was referred due to worsening cough, chest pain and progressive breathlessness. The patient was re-assessed and investigated, with GeneXpert detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, susceptible to rifampicin. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by right pneumothorax was made indicating an emergency thoracotomy and chest tube insertion and continuation of the first line anti-TB regimen. At about 2 weeks into admission, patients had features of superimposed acute bacterial sepsis with fever becoming high grade, marked neutrophilia with toxic granulation and elevated sepsis biomarker, and this necessitated empiric antibiotic treatment with parenteral meropenem and vancomycin. However, the patient only had mild clinical improvement following which there was progressively worsening respiratory symptoms and massive haemoptysis. Result of sputum fungal study was available on admission day 20 and revealed a growth of Aspergillus flavus. Treatment with intravenous voriconazole was however commenced rather late when the fungal respiratory disease could no longer be remedied. The patient died on admission day 23. \u0000Conclusion: Diagnosis of PA in patients with background TB is often made too late to guarantee timely and effective antifungal treatment with negative consequences on patients’ outcomes. Improving clinical and laboratory capacities is essential to reducing mortality from PA in healthcare facilities.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90058171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. A. Olajide, O. Kolawole, I.B. Bada-Siyede, O. O. Ayanda, M. M. Suleiman
Background: Antibiotic resistance in microorganisms implicated in nosocomial respiratory infections is a major reason for prolonged hospital stay and increased cost of therapeutic treatment of hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP). This study was designed to isolate bacterial pathogens colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, and to evaluate antibacterial effects of extracts of Citrus aurantifolia peel and Alum against these bacterial isolates. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study of 100 randomly recruited hospitalized patients at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Throat samples collected from consenting participants were cultured on selective agar media (MacConkey, Eosin-Methylene blue and Mannitol salt) for isolation of bacteria. Identification of isolates from culture plates was done by Gram reaction and conventional biochemical tests while confirmation of the isolates was done by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Antibiotic susceptibility test for each isolate to selected antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, nitrofuran, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) was done by the Kirby Buer disc diffusion method. Aqueous extract of Alum ([KAl(SO4).12H2O]) was done to produce concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w/v) at pH 3.6 and tested on the bacterial isolates using agar diffusion method. Citrus aurantifolia peel was extracted using methanol and hexane solvents to produce extract concentrations of 500mg/ml, 250mg/ml and 150mg/ml, and tested on the isolates by agar diffusion, and by the broth dilution method to obtain minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of C. aurantifolia. Results: A total of 14 bacterial isolates were recovered from throat samples of 100 hospitalized patients with Staphylococcus aureus (43%, n=6) being the most frequent while Escherichia coli (14.5%, n=2) was the least frequent. The isolates were generally resistant to penicillin, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics tested. The zone of inhibition for hexane and methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia and aqueous extract of alum on the bacterial isolates ranged from 11.5-19.2mm, 9.8-15.8mm, and 9.3-21.2mm respectively while those of selected antibiotics ranged from 7.0-25.0mm. The MICs of hexane and methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia against S. aureus were 10mg/ml and 25mg/ml, while the MBCs were 50 and 100mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed the presence of resistant pathogenic bacteria colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients receiving care at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. The crude extracts of C. aurantifolia and Alum in this study showed inhibitory effects (albeit at higher concentrations) on the bacterial isolates comparable to the standard antibiotics. We posit that based on the inhibition capacity, further studies to characterize, pur
{"title":"Characterization of bacteria isolates colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients at Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria and in vitro antimicrobial effects of Citrus aurantifolia and Alum on the isolates","authors":"O. A. Olajide, O. Kolawole, I.B. Bada-Siyede, O. O. Ayanda, M. M. Suleiman","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antibiotic resistance in microorganisms implicated in nosocomial respiratory infections is a major reason for prolonged hospital stay and increased cost of therapeutic treatment of hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP). This study was designed to isolate bacterial pathogens colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, and to evaluate antibacterial effects of extracts of Citrus aurantifolia peel and Alum against these bacterial isolates. \u0000Methodology: This was a cross sectional study of 100 randomly recruited hospitalized patients at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Throat samples collected from consenting participants were cultured on selective agar media (MacConkey, Eosin-Methylene blue and Mannitol salt) for isolation of bacteria. Identification of isolates from culture plates was done by Gram reaction and conventional biochemical tests while confirmation of the isolates was done by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Antibiotic susceptibility test for each isolate to selected antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, nitrofuran, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) was done by the Kirby Buer disc diffusion method. Aqueous extract of Alum ([KAl(SO4).12H2O]) was done to produce concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w/v) at pH 3.6 and tested on the bacterial isolates using agar diffusion method. Citrus aurantifolia peel was extracted using methanol and hexane solvents to produce extract concentrations of 500mg/ml, 250mg/ml and 150mg/ml, and tested on the isolates by agar diffusion, and by the broth dilution method to obtain minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of C. aurantifolia. \u0000Results: A total of 14 bacterial isolates were recovered from throat samples of 100 hospitalized patients with Staphylococcus aureus (43%, n=6) being the most frequent while Escherichia coli (14.5%, n=2) was the least frequent. The isolates were generally resistant to penicillin, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics tested. The zone of inhibition for hexane and methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia and aqueous extract of alum on the bacterial isolates ranged from 11.5-19.2mm, 9.8-15.8mm, and 9.3-21.2mm respectively while those of selected antibiotics ranged from 7.0-25.0mm. The MICs of hexane and methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia against S. aureus were 10mg/ml and 25mg/ml, while the MBCs were 50 and 100mg/ml respectively. \u0000Conclusion: Findings from this study showed the presence of resistant pathogenic bacteria colonizing the throat of hospitalized patients receiving care at the Sobi Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. The crude extracts of C. aurantifolia and Alum in this study showed inhibitory effects (albeit at higher concentrations) on the bacterial isolates comparable to the standard antibiotics. We posit that based on the inhibition capacity, further studies to characterize, pur","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74266342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Usanga, B. Ukwah, O. William, M. Kalu, J. Akpan, O. Azi, U. A. Ude
Background: The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care has led researchers to further investigate the antimicrobial and other health benefits of medicinal plants including Cassia sieberiana. The objective of this study is to assess the in vivo antibacterial effects of C. sieberiana stem bark extracts on infections caused by human and animal isolates of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Wister rats. Methodology: This in vivo study was designed for 21 days in 3 phases of 7 days each; adaptation, infection and treatment. Escherichia coli were isolated from aerobic cultures of human and cattle faecal samples and EHEC 0157 identified by serological typing using latex agglutination method. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of authenticated C. sieberiana stem bark, were prepared using standard method. Forty-five Wister rats were randomly divided into 9 groups (A-I) of 5 rats each. Rats in group A (uninfected with human or animal EHEC isolate and untreated) served as negative control while rats in group B (infected with EHEC animal isolate and untreated) and group C (infected with EHEC human isolate and untreated) served as positive controls. Rats in group C through group I were experimental groups that were either infected with human or animal EHEC isolate and treated, or uninfected but treated with ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. sieberiana. During each of the study phase, faecal samples were collected from the rats and processed for evaluation of EHEC count and to determine faecal occult blood. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0 and categorical variables were compared with Pearson’s Chi-square, with significant value taken as p<0.05 Results: Three EHEC isolates (2 from cattle and 1 from human) were identified from 22 E. coli isolates cultured from cattle and human faecal samples. Rats in group A (negative control) and those in group G (infected with EHEC human isolate and treated with ethanol extract), group H (not infected but treated with aqueous extract) and group I (not infected but treated with ethanol extract) were faecal occult blood negative throughout the study period. Rats in group B (infected with animal isolate of EHEC without treatment) were occult blood negative after infection on day 14 but positive on day 21, while rats in group C (infected with human isolate of EHEC without treatment) were occult blood positive on day 14 but negative on day 21. Rats in groups D, E and F infected with human and cattle EHEC isolates and treated, were faecal occult blood positive on day 14 but negative on day 21, with high colony counts recorded, cleared within 7 days of treatment by both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. sieberiana. Conclusion: The findings of this study confirmed the antibacterial potentials of C. sieberiana stem bark against EHEC. The beneficial effects of this plant extract should be exploited for commercial medicinal purpos
背景:接受传统医学作为一种替代形式的保健，导致研究人员进一步研究药用植物的抗菌和其他健康益处，包括决明子。本研究的目的是评估大肠杆菌提取物对Wister大鼠肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)感染的体内抗菌作用。方法:本研究分为3期，每期7 d，共21 d;适应、感染和治疗。从人、牛粪便需氧培养物中分离出大肠杆菌，用乳胶凝集法进行血清分型鉴定出肠出血性大肠杆菌0157。采用标准方法制备了经鉴定的山参茎皮的水提物和乙醇提物。取Wister大鼠45只，随机分为9组(A-I)，每组5只。A组大鼠(未感染人或动物肠出血性大肠杆菌分离株，未治疗)为阴性对照组，B组大鼠(感染动物肠出血性大肠杆菌分离株，未治疗)和C组大鼠(感染人肠出血性大肠杆菌分离株，未治疗)为阳性对照组。C组至I组为实验组，分别用分离的人或动物肠出血性大肠杆菌感染和处理，或未感染但用希伯氏大肠杆菌乙醇和水提取物处理。在每个研究阶段，收集大鼠的粪便样本，并对其进行处理，以评估肠出血性大肠杆菌计数并确定粪便隐血。使用Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0对数据进行分析，分类变量采用Pearson’s卡方比较，显著值为p<0.05。结果:从22株牛和人粪便中分离出3株肠出血性大肠杆菌(2株牛，1株人)。在整个研究期间，A组(阴性对照)、G组(感染肠出血性大肠杆菌人分离株并用乙醇提取物处理)、H组(未感染但用水提取物处理)和I组(未感染但用乙醇提取物处理)的大鼠粪便隐血呈阴性。B组(感染EHEC动物分离株未处理)感染后第14天隐血阴性，第21天呈阳性;C组(感染EHEC人分离株未处理)感染后第14天隐血阳性，第21天呈阴性。D、E和F组大鼠感染人和牛肠出血性大肠杆菌分离株并治疗后，第14天的粪便隐血呈阳性，第21天呈阴性，记录到高菌落计数，在7天内被希伯氏大肠杆菌水提液和乙醇提取物清除。结论:本研究结果证实了茜草茎皮对肠出血性大肠杆菌的抑菌作用。这种植物提取物的有益作用应被开发用于商业药用目的。
{"title":"In vivo assessment of antibacterial activity of Cassia sieberiana stem bark extracts on enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection in Wister rats","authors":"V. Usanga, B. Ukwah, O. William, M. Kalu, J. Akpan, O. Azi, U. A. Ude","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care has led researchers to further investigate the antimicrobial and other health benefits of medicinal plants including Cassia sieberiana. The objective of this study is to assess the in vivo antibacterial effects of C. sieberiana stem bark extracts on infections caused by human and animal isolates of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Wister rats. \u0000Methodology: This in vivo study was designed for 21 days in 3 phases of 7 days each; adaptation, infection and treatment. Escherichia coli were isolated from aerobic cultures of human and cattle faecal samples and EHEC 0157 identified by serological typing using latex agglutination method. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of authenticated C. sieberiana stem bark, were prepared using standard method. Forty-five Wister rats were randomly divided into 9 groups (A-I) of 5 rats each. Rats in group A (uninfected with human or animal EHEC isolate and untreated) served as negative control while rats in group B (infected with EHEC animal isolate and untreated) and group C (infected with EHEC human isolate and untreated) served as positive controls. Rats in group C through group I were experimental groups that were either infected with human or animal EHEC isolate and treated, or uninfected but treated with ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. sieberiana. During each of the study phase, faecal samples were collected from the rats and processed for evaluation of EHEC count and to determine faecal occult blood. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0 and categorical variables were compared with Pearson’s Chi-square, with significant value taken as p<0.05 \u0000Results: Three EHEC isolates (2 from cattle and 1 from human) were identified from 22 E. coli isolates cultured from cattle and human faecal samples. Rats in group A (negative control) and those in group G (infected with EHEC human isolate and treated with ethanol extract), group H (not infected but treated with aqueous extract) and group I (not infected but treated with ethanol extract) were faecal occult blood negative throughout the study period. Rats in group B (infected with animal isolate of EHEC without treatment) were occult blood negative after infection on day 14 but positive on day 21, while rats in group C (infected with human isolate of EHEC without treatment) were occult blood positive on day 14 but negative on day 21. Rats in groups D, E and F infected with human and cattle EHEC isolates and treated, were faecal occult blood positive on day 14 but negative on day 21, with high colony counts recorded, cleared within 7 days of treatment by both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. sieberiana. \u0000Conclusion: The findings of this study confirmed the antibacterial potentials of C. sieberiana stem bark against EHEC. The beneficial effects of this plant extract should be exploited for commercial medicinal purpos","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76205634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The use of herbal mixtures in the treatment of diseases is on the rise. Many of these herbal drugs are not produced under hygienic conditions and safety issues associated with herbal medicines may have an exacerbated impact in immunocompromised and elderly individuals. This study aimed to determine the microbial loads of locally prepared herbal mixtures and detect extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in any isolated Gram-negative bacteria pathogen. Methodology: Fifty local herbal mixtures were purchased randomly from three locations in Sagamu town (Sagamu market, Ita-Oba Road and Isale Oko) in Ogun State, Nigeria. The mean total viable bacterial (MTVB), mean total coliform (MTC), and mean total fungal (MTF) counts were determined by the plate count method. The bacterial isolates were streaked on differential bacteriological media while the fungi isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar. The isolates were identified upon growth on culture media using conventional biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Phenotypic detection of ESBL was done by the modified double disc synergy test followed by amplification detection of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV genes with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: Bacteria and fungi were isolated from 38 (76.0%) and 25 (50.0%) of the herbal samples respectively. Ten (20.0%) and 14 (28.0%) of the samples had mean bacterial and fungal load that exceeded 105CFU/mL or g, respectively. Nineteen (38.0%) of the herbal samples analyzed had total coliforms. Fifty-one isolates belonging to eight bacterial genera and 28 fungi isolates belonging to four fungal genera were obtained. Thirty- two (62.7%) of the bacterial isolates were Gram-negative while 19 (37.3%) isolates were Gram-positive. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial isolate (33.3%) while Aspergillus species was the most prevalent fungus (60.7%). Sixteen (84.2%) S. aureus and 26 (81.3%) Gram- negative isolates were multidrug resistant, and 6 (18.8%) of 32 Gram-negative isolates were ESBL producers. ESBL-encoding genes were detected in 7 (27%) of the 26 multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria with TEM and SHV being the most prevalent 4 (14.8%) while CTX-M was identified in only one isolate. Conclusion: This study reported the presence of microbial contaminants which exceeded the safety limits of 105 CFU/g according to World Health Organization. The use of locally prepared herbal medicines poses a major health risk due to the lack of microbial quality standards.
{"title":"Assessment of microbial quality and detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates of herbal mixtures commonly hawked in Sagamu metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"O. Olaniran, S. Ajayi, O. Oluwatobi, O. Adeleke","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The use of herbal mixtures in the treatment of diseases is on the rise. Many of these herbal drugs are not produced under hygienic conditions and safety issues associated with herbal medicines may have an exacerbated impact in immunocompromised and elderly individuals. This study aimed to determine the microbial loads of locally prepared herbal mixtures and detect extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in any isolated Gram-negative bacteria pathogen. \u0000Methodology: Fifty local herbal mixtures were purchased randomly from three locations in Sagamu town (Sagamu market, Ita-Oba Road and Isale Oko) in Ogun State, Nigeria. The mean total viable bacterial (MTVB), mean total coliform (MTC), and mean total fungal (MTF) counts were determined by the plate count method. The bacterial isolates were streaked on differential bacteriological media while the fungi isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar. The isolates were identified upon growth on culture media using conventional biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Phenotypic detection of ESBL was done by the modified double disc synergy test followed by amplification detection of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV genes with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. \u0000Results: Bacteria and fungi were isolated from 38 (76.0%) and 25 (50.0%) of the herbal samples respectively. Ten (20.0%) and 14 (28.0%) of the samples had mean bacterial and fungal load that exceeded 105CFU/mL or g, respectively. Nineteen (38.0%) of the herbal samples analyzed had total coliforms. Fifty-one isolates belonging to eight bacterial genera and 28 fungi isolates belonging to four fungal genera were obtained. Thirty- two (62.7%) of the bacterial isolates were Gram-negative while 19 (37.3%) isolates were Gram-positive. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial isolate (33.3%) while Aspergillus species was the most prevalent fungus (60.7%). Sixteen (84.2%) S. aureus and 26 (81.3%) Gram- negative isolates were multidrug resistant, and 6 (18.8%) of 32 Gram-negative isolates were ESBL producers. ESBL-encoding genes were detected in 7 (27%) of the 26 multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria with TEM and SHV being the most prevalent 4 (14.8%) while CTX-M was identified in only one isolate. \u0000Conclusion: This study reported the presence of microbial contaminants which exceeded the safety limits of 105 CFU/g according to World Health Organization. The use of locally prepared herbal medicines poses a major health risk due to the lack of microbial quality standards. ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74056303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Adewuyi, O. Samuel, A.E. Unuane, K. Iraoyah, G.O. Onuha, O. Otumu, J.I. Ogbue
There were reported cholera epidemics in some States in Nigeria. Cholera is an acute diarrhea disease with marked epidemic propensity, caused by colonization of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 or 0139. Cholera, like other infectious diseases epidemics, has propensity for sending metastatic seed to any susceptible remote community. If the metastatic seed can be promptly diagnosed and managed appropriately, the spread and development of new epicenter can be aborted. This report is a case of metastatic cholera who presented in a tertiary hospital in Edo State, Nigeria. The case was promptly detected and effectively managed using good surveillance system, inter-departmental collaboration, swift responses, good laboratory practices, patient isolation and infection prevention and control measures, coupled with appropriate fluid and antimicrobial treatments. This prevented cholera epidemic in the hospital and Edo State in general.
{"title":"‘Metastatic seed’ of cholera in Edo State, Nigeria: a case report","authors":"G. Adewuyi, O. Samuel, A.E. Unuane, K. Iraoyah, G.O. Onuha, O. Otumu, J.I. Ogbue","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.13","url":null,"abstract":"There were reported cholera epidemics in some States in Nigeria. Cholera is an acute diarrhea disease with marked epidemic propensity, caused by colonization of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 or 0139. Cholera, like other infectious diseases epidemics, has propensity for sending metastatic seed to any susceptible remote community. If the metastatic seed can be promptly diagnosed and managed appropriately, the spread and development of new epicenter can be aborted. This report is a case of metastatic cholera who presented in a tertiary hospital in Edo State, Nigeria. The case was promptly detected and effectively managed using good surveillance system, inter-departmental collaboration, swift responses, good laboratory practices, patient isolation and infection prevention and control measures, coupled with appropriate fluid and antimicrobial treatments. This prevented cholera epidemic in the hospital and Edo State in general.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81341956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SARS-CoV-2 has evolved over time with several mutations, especially on the spike protein, which has led to emergence of various variants. With the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 come new challenges in surveillance, effectiveness of preventive and treatment strategies, and outcome of the disease. Despite the lockdowns, mask mandates and other preventive measures put in place, in addition to over 10 million vaccine doses that have been administered globally as of February 2022, COVID-19 cases have risen to over 435 million and resulted in over 5.9 million deaths, largely as a result of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants. To review the evolution of these variants, we searched different online database sources using keywords such as “source of SARS-CoV-2”, “SARS-CoV-2 origin”, “evolution of SARS-CoV-2”, “SARS-CoV-2 variants”, “variants of concern”, “variants of interest”, and “variants of high consequence”. This was to enable us give a good report about the various variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have emerged so far, and the public health challenges posed by them.
{"title":"Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants: a mini-review","authors":"T. Musa-Booth, B. Adegboro, N. Medugu","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"SARS-CoV-2 has evolved over time with several mutations, especially on the spike protein, which has led to emergence of various variants. With the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 come new challenges in surveillance, effectiveness of preventive and treatment strategies, and outcome of the disease. Despite the lockdowns, mask mandates and other preventive measures put in place, in addition to over 10 million vaccine doses that have been administered globally as of February 2022, COVID-19 cases have risen to over 435 million and resulted in over 5.9 million deaths, largely as a result of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants. To review the evolution of these variants, we searched different online database sources using keywords such as “source of SARS-CoV-2”, “SARS-CoV-2 origin”, “evolution of SARS-CoV-2”, “SARS-CoV-2 variants”, “variants of concern”, “variants of interest”, and “variants of high consequence”. This was to enable us give a good report about the various variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have emerged so far, and the public health challenges posed by them.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76838824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Okoroiwu, I. L. Okoroiwu, N. I. Ubosi, N. M. Sani
Background: Helicobacter pylori, which is a causative agent of chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer, presently affects approximately one half of the world population. This study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and risk factors for acquisition of H. pylori among individuals with and without peptic ulcer symptoms in Owerri, Nigeria, in order to provide baseline data and create awareness for effective management and prevention of infection caused by this pathogen. Methodology: A total of 384 participants, symptomatic and asymptomatic for peptic ulcer, were recruited from the three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. The symptomatic participants were randomly recruited among patients attending outpatient clinics with symptoms of peptic ulcer disease at the Federal Medical Center Owerri, general hospitals and primary healthcare centers across Owerri LGAs, while asymptomatic patients were recruited from the community. Information on socio-demographic characteristics of each participant and potential risk factors were collected with a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for detection of antibodies (IgG) using a one-step H. pylori test device while faecal samples were collected for detection of occult blood (from peptic ulceration) using faecal occult blood (FOB) test. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 and association of risk factors with H. pylori sero-prevalence was determined by the Chi-square or Fisher Exact test (with Odds ratio). P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The sero-prevalence of H. pylori infection among the study participants was 72.4% (285/384) while the prevalence of ulcer by FOB test was 71.1% (273/384). A total of 78.4% (214/273) of those with ulcers were seropositive for H. pylori while 64.0% (71/111) of those without ulcers were sero-positive for H. pylori (p=0.0045). Factors significantly associated with high sero-prevalence of H. pylori were age groups 41-50 (100%), 21-30 (78.4%) and 31-40 (67.6%) years (X2=66.964, p<0.0001), illiteracy (OR=6.888, p<0.0001), unemployment (OR=2.427, p<0.0001), low social class status (X2=28.423, p=0.0003), drinking of unclean water (OR=5.702, p<0.0001), living in crowded rooms (OR=2.720, p<0.0001), eating food bought from food vendors (OR=3.563, p<0.0001), family history of ulcer (OR=12.623, p<0.0001), habits of eating raw vegetables and unwashed fruits (OR=6.272, p<0.0001), non-regular hand washing practices before meal (OR=2.666, p<0.0001) and presence of ulcer (OR=2.043, p=0.0045). However, smoking (OR=0.7581, p=0.2449) and gender (OR=0.6538, p=0.0796) were not significantly associated with sero-prevalence of H. pylori. Conclusion: There is need for comprehensive strategy including public health education campaign to create awareness on H. pylori, improve personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, provision of safe drinking water by the government to the pop
{"title":"Sero-prevalence of and risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infections among individuals with peptic ulcer in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria during 2020-2021","authors":"G. Okoroiwu, I. L. Okoroiwu, N. I. Ubosi, N. M. Sani","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Helicobacter pylori, which is a causative agent of chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer, presently affects approximately one half of the world population. This study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and risk factors for acquisition of H. pylori among individuals with and without peptic ulcer symptoms in Owerri, Nigeria, in order to provide baseline data and create awareness for effective management and prevention of infection caused by this pathogen. \u0000Methodology: A total of 384 participants, symptomatic and asymptomatic for peptic ulcer, were recruited from the three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. The symptomatic participants were randomly recruited among patients attending outpatient clinics with symptoms of peptic ulcer disease at the Federal Medical Center Owerri, general hospitals and primary healthcare centers across Owerri LGAs, while asymptomatic patients were recruited from the community. Information on socio-demographic characteristics of each participant and potential risk factors were collected with a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for detection of antibodies (IgG) using a one-step H. pylori test device while faecal samples were collected for detection of occult blood (from peptic ulceration) using faecal occult blood (FOB) test. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 and association of risk factors with H. pylori sero-prevalence was determined by the Chi-square or Fisher Exact test (with Odds ratio). P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: The sero-prevalence of H. pylori infection among the study participants was 72.4% (285/384) while the prevalence of ulcer by FOB test was 71.1% (273/384). A total of 78.4% (214/273) of those with ulcers were seropositive for H. pylori while 64.0% (71/111) of those without ulcers were sero-positive for H. pylori (p=0.0045). Factors significantly associated with high sero-prevalence of H. pylori were age groups 41-50 (100%), 21-30 (78.4%) and 31-40 (67.6%) years (X2=66.964, p<0.0001), illiteracy (OR=6.888, p<0.0001), unemployment (OR=2.427, p<0.0001), low social class status (X2=28.423, p=0.0003), drinking of unclean water (OR=5.702, p<0.0001), living in crowded rooms (OR=2.720, p<0.0001), eating food bought from food vendors (OR=3.563, p<0.0001), family history of ulcer (OR=12.623, p<0.0001), habits of eating raw vegetables and unwashed fruits (OR=6.272, p<0.0001), non-regular hand washing practices before meal (OR=2.666, p<0.0001) and presence of ulcer (OR=2.043, p=0.0045). However, smoking (OR=0.7581, p=0.2449) and gender (OR=0.6538, p=0.0796) were not significantly associated with sero-prevalence of H. pylori. \u0000Conclusion: There is need for comprehensive strategy including public health education campaign to create awareness on H. pylori, improve personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, provision of safe drinking water by the government to the pop","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"34 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76105509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. A. Olaniyan, A.K. Olowookere, A. Adelakun, J. Olaniyi, T.O. Zakariyau, T. Adeniji, A. Olaniyan, A. Oguntola, S. Taiwo
Background: Several anti-tuberculous drugs have been effective in the treatment and management of drug-sensitive and -resistant tuberculosis (TB). While these drug combinations have proven to be highly active against tubercle bacilli, side effects and toxicity may occur with tendency to interrupt or discontinue therapy, resulting in poor compliance. The objective of this study is to assess hepatotoxic potentials of anti-TB drugs among patients with rifampicin-resistant TB (RRTB) undergoing treatment at the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) clinic of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a prospective study of 40 patients with RRTB on second-line anti-TB therapy including bedaquiline, moxifloxacin, prothionamide, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, isoniazid and clofazimine. RRTB was diagnosed by sputum smear AFB microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assay at the TB laboratory of Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Forty gender and age-matched apparently healthy persons were used as control. Venous samples (~5ml) were collected from each participant at baseline (prior to commencement of anti-TB therapy) and after completion of 9-11 months therapy, as well as from the controls. Plasma was separated by centrifugation and the activity of ALT, AST and ALP was measured by spectrophotometric analysis, while total protein and albumin levels were determined using routine methods. Data were presented as mean±SD and analysed using SPSS version 21.0. Comparison of the mean enzyme activity at baseline and after completion of therapy as well as with the control was done with unpaired ‘t’ test, and ‘p’ (two tail) value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The age range of the 40 RRTB patients is 20-67 years (mean age 45.50±10.1 years) while the age range of the 40 controls is 21-65 years (mean age 45.70±12.10 years). The male to female ratio is 1.2:1 for the patients and 1:1 for the control. There is statistically significant increase in post-therapy plasma activity of ALT (p<0.0001), AST (p<0.0001), ALP (p<0.0001), and total protein level (p=0.0086) compared to the baseline, while plasma albumin level decreased significantly post-therapy (p=0.007). Although there is no significant difference in the baseline activity of ALT (p=0.4936) and AST (p=0.2539) for the RRTB patients compared to the control, post-treatment activity of ALT (p<0.0001) and AST (p<0.0001) in RRTB patients were significantly higher than in apparently heathy controls. Conclusion: The activity of the liver enzymes (AST and ALT) reported among RRTB patients in our study are within the normal reference range for persons above 18 years of age, indicating a non-hepatotoxic effect of the anti-TB drugs. However, statistically significant increase in these enzyme activities in the patients’ post-treatment compared to the baseline, and to apparently healthy controls, indicates that th
{"title":"Assessment of selected liver enzyme activity in patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis receiving treatment at a tertiary healthcare facility, southwest Nigeria","authors":"O. A. Olaniyan, A.K. Olowookere, A. Adelakun, J. Olaniyi, T.O. Zakariyau, T. Adeniji, A. Olaniyan, A. Oguntola, S. Taiwo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Several anti-tuberculous drugs have been effective in the treatment and management of drug-sensitive and -resistant tuberculosis (TB). While these drug combinations have proven to be highly active against tubercle bacilli, side effects and toxicity may occur with tendency to interrupt or discontinue therapy, resulting in poor compliance. The objective of this study is to assess hepatotoxic potentials of anti-TB drugs among patients with rifampicin-resistant TB (RRTB) undergoing treatment at the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) clinic of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: This was a prospective study of 40 patients with RRTB on second-line anti-TB therapy including bedaquiline, moxifloxacin, prothionamide, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, isoniazid and clofazimine. RRTB was diagnosed by sputum smear AFB microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assay at the TB laboratory of Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Forty gender and age-matched apparently healthy persons were used as control. Venous samples (~5ml) were collected from each participant at baseline (prior to commencement of anti-TB therapy) and after completion of 9-11 months therapy, as well as from the controls. Plasma was separated by centrifugation and the activity of ALT, AST and ALP was measured by spectrophotometric analysis, while total protein and albumin levels were determined using routine methods. Data were presented as mean±SD and analysed using SPSS version 21.0. Comparison of the mean enzyme activity at baseline and after completion of therapy as well as with the control was done with unpaired ‘t’ test, and ‘p’ (two tail) value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: The age range of the 40 RRTB patients is 20-67 years (mean age 45.50±10.1 years) while the age range of the 40 controls is 21-65 years (mean age 45.70±12.10 years). The male to female ratio is 1.2:1 for the patients and 1:1 for the control. There is statistically significant increase in post-therapy plasma activity of ALT (p<0.0001), AST (p<0.0001), ALP (p<0.0001), and total protein level (p=0.0086) compared to the baseline, while plasma albumin level decreased significantly post-therapy (p=0.007). Although there is no significant difference in the baseline activity of ALT (p=0.4936) and AST (p=0.2539) for the RRTB patients compared to the control, post-treatment activity of ALT (p<0.0001) and AST (p<0.0001) in RRTB patients were significantly higher than in apparently heathy controls. \u0000Conclusion: The activity of the liver enzymes (AST and ALT) reported among RRTB patients in our study are within the normal reference range for persons above 18 years of age, indicating a non-hepatotoxic effect of the anti-TB drugs. However, statistically significant increase in these enzyme activities in the patients’ post-treatment compared to the baseline, and to apparently healthy controls, indicates that th","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77835748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. E. Akor, M. Onoja-Alexander, B.E. Agbanna, D. Musa, O. Priscilla, O. Agama, F.J. Faith
Background: Co-existence of more than one acute or chronic infectious diseases in a person either concurrently or sequentially with consequent economic burden varies differently from one part of the world to another, with regional and population specific patterns. This study aims to provide co-morbid patho-epidemiological pattern of six infectious diseases; HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. Methodology: This research is a ten-year retrospective review of records of patients admitted at various wards of Kogi State University Teaching hospital and referred to the Laboratory Department of the hospital for investigations between June 2012 and July 2021. HIV was screened using the national serial algorithm, TB was diagnosed with the GeneXpert MTB, malaria parasite was identified by blood film microscopy, and syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses were screened using rapid diagnostic kits. Data were analysed with SPSS version 23.0 and association of variables with respect to gender and age group was determined using Chi square, with p< 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. Results: A total of 223 patients were retrospectively reviewed with 102 (45.7%) males and 121 (54.3%) females. Co-morbidities occurred most frequently among age groups 21-30 years (34.1%), 31-40 years (39.0%) and 41-50 years (16.6%). The most frequent co-morbidity pattern was HIV/TB (81.6%) followed by HBV/MP (4.5%), HIV/HBV (4.0%), HIV/MP (3.1%), TB/MP (2.7%), HBV/HCV (2.2%) while HCV/MP, TB/HCV, HCV/syphilis, and TB/HBV were (0.4%) each. There was no significant difference in the frequency of co-morbidity with respect to gender and age groups of patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: Co-existence of chronic infectious disease in a person increases the risk of morbidities and mortalities. Therefore, diagnosis, and concurrent treatment and management of co-morbid infectious diseases should be incorporated into our routine healthcare system and appropriate resources should be allotted for this in health plans. Frebch title: Co-morbidités des maladies infectieuses chez les patients fréquentant l'hôpital universitaire de l'État de Kogi: une étude rétrospective sur dix ans Contexte: La coexistence de plusieurs maladies infectieuses aiguës ou chroniques chez une personne, simultanément ou séquentiellement, avec un fardeau économique conséquent, varie différemment d'une partie du monde à l'autre, avec des schémas régionaux et spécifiques à la population. Cette étude vise à fournir le schéma patho-épidémiologique comorbide de six maladies infectieuses; VIH, tuberculose (TB), paludisme, syphilis, infections par le virus de l'hépatite B et de l'hépatite C. Méthodologie: Cette recherche est un examen rétrospectif sur dix ans des dossiers de patients admis dans divers services de l'hôpital universitaire de l'État de Kogi et référés au département de laboratoire de l'hôpital pour des enquêtes entre juin 2012 et juillet 20
背景:一个人同时或先后存在一种以上的急性或慢性传染病，造成的经济负担在世界各地各不相同，具有区域和人口特有的模式。本研究旨在提供6种传染病的共病病理流行病学模式;艾滋病毒、结核病、疟疾、梅毒、乙肝和丙肝病毒感染。方法:本研究对2012年6月至2021年7月期间在科吉州立大学教学医院各病房住院并转介到医院化验部接受调查的患者记录进行了十年回顾性审查。使用国家串行算法筛查艾滋病毒，使用GeneXpert MTB诊断结核病，使用血膜显微镜鉴定疟原虫，使用快速诊断试剂盒筛查梅毒、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒。数据采用SPSS 23.0版本进行分析，性别和年龄组的变量相关性采用卡方分析，p< 0.05认为有统计学意义。结果:回顾性分析223例患者，其中男性102例(45.7%)，女性121例(54.3%)。合并症在21-30岁(34.1%)、31-40岁(39.0%)和41-50岁(16.6%)年龄组中发生率最高。最常见的共发病模式为HIV/TB(81.6%)，其次为HBV/MP(4.5%)、HIV/HBV(4.0%)、HIV/MP(3.1%)、TB/MP(2.7%)、HBV/HCV (2.2%)， HCV/MP、TB/HCV、HCV/梅毒和TB/HBV(0.4%)。不同性别、不同年龄的患者合并症发生率差异无统计学意义(p < 0.05)。结论:慢性传染病的共存增加了发病和死亡的风险。因此，应将合并症传染病的诊断、并发治疗和管理纳入我们的常规卫生保健体系，并在卫生计划中为此分配适当的资源。法文标题:传染性疾病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病与其他患者的合并发病。这个练习曲虎钳fournir le模式patho-epidemiologique comorbide de 6疾病infectieuses;艾滋病毒、结核病、梅毒、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染、艾滋病毒感染等。在全国范围内，采用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法，用了一种新的计算方法。Les donnsames ont samet est . SPSS version 23.0 et l'association des variables par rapport au sexe et au groupe d' ge a samet est . dsamet est . cn ' de de Chi carrest, avec, 2005)。结论:慢性疾病、感染性疾病的共存与一个人的发病、死亡风险的增加有关。同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的。
{"title":"Infectious diseases co-morbidities among patients attending Kogi State University Teaching Hospital: a ten-year retrospective study","authors":"S. E. Akor, M. Onoja-Alexander, B.E. Agbanna, D. Musa, O. Priscilla, O. Agama, F.J. Faith","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Co-existence of more than one acute or chronic infectious diseases in a person either concurrently or sequentially with consequent economic burden varies differently from one part of the world to another, with regional and population specific patterns. This study aims to provide co-morbid patho-epidemiological pattern of six infectious diseases; HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. \u0000Methodology: This research is a ten-year retrospective review of records of patients admitted at various wards of Kogi State University Teaching hospital and referred to the Laboratory Department of the hospital for investigations between June 2012 and July 2021. HIV was screened using the national serial algorithm, TB was diagnosed with the GeneXpert MTB, malaria parasite was identified by blood film microscopy, and syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses were screened using rapid diagnostic kits. Data were analysed with SPSS version 23.0 and association of variables with respect to gender and age group was determined using Chi square, with p< 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. \u0000Results: A total of 223 patients were retrospectively reviewed with 102 (45.7%) males and 121 (54.3%) females. Co-morbidities occurred most frequently among age groups 21-30 years (34.1%), 31-40 years (39.0%) and 41-50 years (16.6%). The most frequent co-morbidity pattern was HIV/TB (81.6%) followed by HBV/MP (4.5%), HIV/HBV (4.0%), HIV/MP (3.1%), TB/MP (2.7%), HBV/HCV (2.2%) while HCV/MP, TB/HCV, HCV/syphilis, and TB/HBV were (0.4%) each. There was no significant difference in the frequency of co-morbidity with respect to gender and age groups of patients (p>0.05). \u0000Conclusion: Co-existence of chronic infectious disease in a person increases the risk of morbidities and mortalities. Therefore, diagnosis, and concurrent treatment and management of co-morbid infectious diseases should be incorporated into our routine healthcare system and appropriate resources should be allotted for this in health plans. \u0000 \u0000Frebch title: Co-morbidités des maladies infectieuses chez les patients fréquentant l'hôpital universitaire de l'État de Kogi: une étude rétrospective sur dix ans \u0000Contexte: La coexistence de plusieurs maladies infectieuses aiguës ou chroniques chez une personne, simultanément ou séquentiellement, avec un fardeau économique conséquent, varie différemment d'une partie du monde à l'autre, avec des schémas régionaux et spécifiques à la population. Cette étude vise à fournir le schéma patho-épidémiologique comorbide de six maladies infectieuses; VIH, tuberculose (TB), paludisme, syphilis, infections par le virus de l'hépatite B et de l'hépatite C. \u0000 Méthodologie: Cette recherche est un examen rétrospectif sur dix ans des dossiers de patients admis dans divers services de l'hôpital universitaire de l'État de Kogi et référés au département de laboratoire de l'hôpital pour des enquêtes entre juin 2012 et juillet 20","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87941806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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