npj urban sustainability最新文献

Well-designed city actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can also deliver substantial near-term health co-benefits. Improved understanding and reporting of the health benefits from climate mitigation can aid efforts by cities to design and deliver healthy, equitable solutions to the climate crisis. Using global data from the 2022 CDP-ICLEI Track cities questionnaire, we analysed factors that may influence the awareness and identification of health co-benefits from climate mitigation. Actions from the transport and AFOLU sector were five to eight times more likely to report health co-benefits than other sectors, regardless of which region the action was undertaken. There was no significant difference between actions in the pre-implementation stage compared to actions that were underway. The findings highlight the need to raise awareness about the potential health benefits linked to climate mitigation among urban policymakers across all sectors to help deliver an equitable transition to a healthy, net zero future.

Measurement is essential for effective adaptation management and operation, and indicators and metrics (I&M) have a pivotal role. Surprisingly, systematic efforts to assess advances in the provision of adaptation I&M are scarce, and those that do exist often lack in-depth analysis of the types, characteristics, and applicability of the collected information. Here, we analyse 137 publications and 901 I&M sourced in the scientific literature (2007-2022) to measure adaptation to climate change in urban areas where governments are increasingly placing efforts to prepare populations and infrastructures. A lack of common terminology, standardisation, and guidelines has resulted in a field that is complex to track and understand. This complexity has led to a fragmented methodological landscape, marked by diverse, context-dependent, and occasionally conflicting approaches to the development of I&M. We argue that conventional approaches to I&M are largely inadequate and must better emphasise quantifiability, long-term assessment, and alignment with policy objectives.

Trade-offs in nature-based solutions are increasingly recognized, with novel research interrogating their justice implications. Yet, these trade-offs and justice implications remain entrenched in an anthropocentric orientation, which is problematic in ecological and ethical terms. We discuss four common assumptions on trade-offs in NBS (instrumentalism, neutrality of science, collaborative consensus, and unitemporality) and rethink them through a multispecies justice lens, maintaining that dealing with trade-offs is a form of interspecies politics.

Urbanization converts natural landscapes into impervious surfaces, altering local climate and air quality. Greening strategies are adopted to mitigate these effects, yet their effectiveness depends on land use, urban form, geography, and climate interactions. Using an air quality model with an urban canopy scheme, we evaluate how land use changes-urban expansion, agriculture, and parks-affect urban climate and chemical processes, influencing air pollutants like NO₂, O₃, VOCs, and PMs. Applied to future land-use scenarios in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, our results show that a 45-55% increase in urbanization raises surface temperatures and consequently evening O₃ levels by up to 8%. Replacing 6-10% of urban land and 30-40% of natural vegetation areas into agriculture reduces O₃ by up to 10%, but increases NH₃ (up to 90%) and aerosols (up to 12%). Doubling urban green spaces reduce NO₂ (up to 3%) and increases O₃ (up to 5%) and SOA (up to 14%). Our study emphasizes the trade-offs of urban greening and the need for integrated planning to improve air quality.

Urban temperatures are rising, and urban trees can help mitigate the consequences of heat stress. However, the influence of water availability on the evaporative cooling efficiency of trees across diverse urban settings remains insufficiently understood. We modelled how varying soil moisture, built environment and tree amounts affect human thermal comfort. Our results show that increasing tree cover and maintaining high soil moisture through irrigation can generate areas of 'no thermal stress' in Zurich during an average summer day, primarily via direct soil evaporation and in less dense Local Climate Zones. In denser built environments and without enough soil moisture, achieving such thermal comfort proved more challenging. On extreme summer days, however, even extensive tree planting and full irrigation were insufficient to alleviate heat stress, indicating the need for additional adaptation strategies. Our study underscores the critical but limited role of tree planting and water management in mitigating urban heat, offering practical recommendations for green infrastructure managers.

The relationship between built environment stocks and living standards is critical to sustainable development. Yet the coupling of environmental impacts and human development outcomes warrants greater consideration. Here, we assess development outcomes associated with built environment services and quantify their relationship to the material composition of such services, across scales, for the first time, using India as a topical testbed. The multiscale model we present reveals that the provision of built environment services remains a challenge within India, with varying heterogeneity across spatial scales of intervention. This highlights the need for assessment across these scales to identify the most suitable intervention points. We show that brick and concrete stocks have grown in conjunction with development outcomes. Building on this, we estimate that upgrading inadequate housing would require between 2.2 and 5.3 Gt of material, which represents approximately 0.5% of the global carbon budget remaining to stay within 1.5° of warming.

The design and implementation of nature-based solutions (NBS) in cities are often limited by an anthropocentric approach that prioritizes utilitarian goals instead of the diverse needs and abilities of multiple species that would support ecological flourishing. This paper starts from the premise that multispecies justice (MSJ) thinking provides a needed biocentric approach to NBS, and explores how a Capability Approach (CA) can be a bridge to integrate MSJ into urban NBS. The premise was tested through an embodied methodology used to design and deliver multi-city workshops in urban novel ecologies; settings often described as abandoned and hosting novel ecosystems. This research improved the understanding of participant's awareness and knowledge of more-than-human agencies in shaping space and time, and in identifying social and environmental vulnerabilities and opportunities that can foster or hinder multispecies flourishing. We conclude by exploring how the CA can bridge NBS and MSJ and argue for the potential of marginal, less-valued novel ecologies as important elements of socially and biodiversity-rich urban futures.

Soundscapes significantly impact human well-being, yet standard Western-based Soundscape Affective Quality (SAQ) scales may not accurately represent culturally specific perceptions. This study explored structural differences in soundscape emotional experiences between Chinese and Western cultures using an indigenous approach. An Indigenous Chinese SAQ (ICSAQ) scale was developed through perceptual evaluations of 132 representative Chinese soundscape excerpts by 264 participants from 30 provinces, employing 108 culturally relevant descriptors. Principal component analysis revealed two dimensions-Comfort and Richness-differing notably from the global Pleasantness-Eventfulness model. Comparison with the translated global SAQ scale showed significant measurement bias, with the imported scale overestimating positive emotions and activation levels. Regression analyses confirmed the ICSAQ scale's stronger interpretability regarding objective acoustic indicators. The findings highlight critical limitations of translation-based environmental affective measurements, emphasizing the necessity of culturally appropriate assessment tools for inclusive urban environmental management.

Temporal dynamics remain an understudied aspect of nature-based solutions (NBS) literature, particularly in relation to public preferences. This study introduces the concept of NBS temporal effectiveness, defined as the ability of NBS to provide co-benefits over short, medium, and long terms with varying intensities, as perceived by urban residents. Specifically, we investigated the potential conflicts in the temporal effectiveness in Trento, Italy, through a public participation GIS (PPGIS) approach (n = 286). Our findings reveal that the intensity and directionality of conflict change across short, medium and long-term NBS, respondent groups, and the spatial context of implementation. Contrary to the common perception that immediate solutions are always preferred, NBS with long-term effectiveness can gain significant public support, particularly when they demonstrate greater benefits than short-term alternatives. This study contributes to the NBS literature by being the first to explore the concept of temporal effectiveness and its implications for public preferences, demonstrating that considerations regarding temporalities must be made when planning NBS interventions, as conflicts may arise in relation to interventions with different temporal effectiveness.