Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1038/s42949-024-00148-x
Xueli Yang, Zhi-Hua Wang, Chenghao Wang, Ying-Cheng Lai
Global climate change has been shown to cause longer, more intense, and frequent heatwaves, of which anthropogenic stressors concentrated in urban areas are a critical contributor. In this study, we investigate the causal interactions during heatwaves across 520 urban sites in the U.S. combining complex network and causal analysis. The presence of regional mediators is manifest in the constructed causal networks, together with long-range teleconnections. More importantly, megacities, such as New York City and Chicago, are causally connected with most of other cities and mediate the structure of urban networks during heatwaves. We also identified a significantly positive correlation between the causality strength and the total populations in megacities. These findings corroborate the contribution of human activities e.g., anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases or waste heat, to urban heatwaves. The emergence of teleconnections and supernodes are informative for the prediction and adaptation to heatwaves under global climate change.
{"title":"Megacities are causal pacemakers of extreme heatwaves","authors":"Xueli Yang, Zhi-Hua Wang, Chenghao Wang, Ying-Cheng Lai","doi":"10.1038/s42949-024-00148-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-024-00148-x","url":null,"abstract":"Global climate change has been shown to cause longer, more intense, and frequent heatwaves, of which anthropogenic stressors concentrated in urban areas are a critical contributor. In this study, we investigate the causal interactions during heatwaves across 520 urban sites in the U.S. combining complex network and causal analysis. The presence of regional mediators is manifest in the constructed causal networks, together with long-range teleconnections. More importantly, megacities, such as New York City and Chicago, are causally connected with most of other cities and mediate the structure of urban networks during heatwaves. We also identified a significantly positive correlation between the causality strength and the total populations in megacities. These findings corroborate the contribution of human activities e.g., anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases or waste heat, to urban heatwaves. The emergence of teleconnections and supernodes are informative for the prediction and adaptation to heatwaves under global climate change.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-024-00148-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139976620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1038/s42949-024-00146-z
Yin Long, Yi Wu, Liqiao Huang, Jelena Aleksejeva, Deljana Iossifova, Nannan Dong, Alexandros Gasparatos
Urban livability has become a major policy and practice priority in many parts of the world. However, its attainment remains challenging in many cities of developing and emerging economies. The lack of data with appropriate quality, coverage, and spatial and temporal resolution often complicates both the assessment of livability in such cities and the identification of priority areas for improvement. Here we develop a framework to mobilize and synthesize open-source data to analyze spatially urban livability patterns in Shanghai. The framework brings together diverse types of open-source data including housing characteristics, population distribution, transportation networks, and points of interest to identify city areas with low livability, and thus priority areas for improvement. Such findings can provide a comprehensive overview of the residential living conditions in Shanghai, as well as useful information to urban planners and decision-makers. Furthermore, subject to data availability, the proposed method has the potential for application in other cities.
{"title":"Assessing urban livability in Shanghai through an open source data-driven approach","authors":"Yin Long, Yi Wu, Liqiao Huang, Jelena Aleksejeva, Deljana Iossifova, Nannan Dong, Alexandros Gasparatos","doi":"10.1038/s42949-024-00146-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-024-00146-z","url":null,"abstract":"Urban livability has become a major policy and practice priority in many parts of the world. However, its attainment remains challenging in many cities of developing and emerging economies. The lack of data with appropriate quality, coverage, and spatial and temporal resolution often complicates both the assessment of livability in such cities and the identification of priority areas for improvement. Here we develop a framework to mobilize and synthesize open-source data to analyze spatially urban livability patterns in Shanghai. The framework brings together diverse types of open-source data including housing characteristics, population distribution, transportation networks, and points of interest to identify city areas with low livability, and thus priority areas for improvement. Such findings can provide a comprehensive overview of the residential living conditions in Shanghai, as well as useful information to urban planners and decision-makers. Furthermore, subject to data availability, the proposed method has the potential for application in other cities.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-024-00146-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139976623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1038/s42949-024-00142-3
Xinke Huang, Yuqin Jiang, Ali Mostafavi
Understanding the relationship between spatial structures of cities and environmental hazard exposures is essential for urban health and sustainability planning. However, a critical knowledge gap exists in terms of the extent to which socio-spatial networks shaped by human mobility exacerbate or alleviate urban heat exposures of populations in cities. In this study, we utilize location-based data to construct human mobility networks in twenty metropolitan areas in the U.S. The human mobility networks are analyzed in conjunction with the urban heat characteristics of spatial areas. We identify areas with high and low urban heat exposure and evaluate visitation patterns of populations residing in high and low urban heat areas to other spatial areas with similar and dissimilar urban heat exposure. The results reveal the presence of urban heat traps in the majority of the studied metropolitan areas, wherein populations residing in high-heat exposure areas primarily visited other high-heat exposure zones. Specifically, cities such as Los Angeles, Boston, and Chicago were particularly pronounced as urban heat traps. The results also show a small percentage of human mobility to produce urban heat escalation and heat escapes. The findings from this study provide a better understanding of urban heat exposure in cities based on patterns of human mobility. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of the intersection of human network dynamics and environmental hazard exposures in cities to inform more integrated urban design and planning to promote health and sustainability.
{"title":"The emergence of urban heat traps and human mobility in 20 US cities","authors":"Xinke Huang, Yuqin Jiang, Ali Mostafavi","doi":"10.1038/s42949-024-00142-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-024-00142-3","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationship between spatial structures of cities and environmental hazard exposures is essential for urban health and sustainability planning. However, a critical knowledge gap exists in terms of the extent to which socio-spatial networks shaped by human mobility exacerbate or alleviate urban heat exposures of populations in cities. In this study, we utilize location-based data to construct human mobility networks in twenty metropolitan areas in the U.S. The human mobility networks are analyzed in conjunction with the urban heat characteristics of spatial areas. We identify areas with high and low urban heat exposure and evaluate visitation patterns of populations residing in high and low urban heat areas to other spatial areas with similar and dissimilar urban heat exposure. The results reveal the presence of urban heat traps in the majority of the studied metropolitan areas, wherein populations residing in high-heat exposure areas primarily visited other high-heat exposure zones. Specifically, cities such as Los Angeles, Boston, and Chicago were particularly pronounced as urban heat traps. The results also show a small percentage of human mobility to produce urban heat escalation and heat escapes. The findings from this study provide a better understanding of urban heat exposure in cities based on patterns of human mobility. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of the intersection of human network dynamics and environmental hazard exposures in cities to inform more integrated urban design and planning to promote health and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-024-00142-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139676844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1038/s42949-023-00138-5
Johann S. Schuur, Michal Switalski, Nicolas Salliou, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey
Growing urban population and contemporary urban systems lock-in unsustainable urban development pathways, deteriorating the living quality of urban dwellers. The systemic complexity of these challenges renders it difficult to find solutions using existing planning processes. Alternatively, transformative planning processes are radical, take place on multiple scales, and are often irreversible; therefore, require the integration of local stakeholders’ perspectives, which are often contradictory. We identify perceived levers of urban transformative change using a serious game to facilitate the integration of these perspectives through simulating neighbourhood transformation processes in two European case studies. Building on existing transformation frameworks, we organize, conceptualize, and compare the effectiveness of these levers through demonstrating their interactions with different scales of transformation. Specifically, drawing from close commonalities between large-scale (Three Spheres of Transformation) and place-based (Place-making) transformation frameworks, we show how these interactions can help to develop recommendations to unlock urban transformative change. Results show that access to participation is a key lever enabling urban transformative change. It appears to be mid-level effective to unlock urban transformative change through interactions with the political sphere of transformation and procedural element of Place-making. Ultimately, however, most effective are those levers that interact with all scales of transformation. For example, by engaging a combination of levers including access to participation, public spaces, parking, place-characteristics and place-identity. These findings could be operationalized by self-organized transformation processes focused on repurposing hard infrastructure into public spaces, whilst ensuring continuity of place-based social- and physical features. Local stakeholders could further use such processes to better understand and engage with their individual roles in the transformative process, because interactions with the personal scale, i.e., personal sphere of transformation appear paramount to unlock urban transformative change.
{"title":"Identifying levers of urban neighbourhood transformation using serious games","authors":"Johann S. Schuur, Michal Switalski, Nicolas Salliou, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00138-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00138-5","url":null,"abstract":"Growing urban population and contemporary urban systems lock-in unsustainable urban development pathways, deteriorating the living quality of urban dwellers. The systemic complexity of these challenges renders it difficult to find solutions using existing planning processes. Alternatively, transformative planning processes are radical, take place on multiple scales, and are often irreversible; therefore, require the integration of local stakeholders’ perspectives, which are often contradictory. We identify perceived levers of urban transformative change using a serious game to facilitate the integration of these perspectives through simulating neighbourhood transformation processes in two European case studies. Building on existing transformation frameworks, we organize, conceptualize, and compare the effectiveness of these levers through demonstrating their interactions with different scales of transformation. Specifically, drawing from close commonalities between large-scale (Three Spheres of Transformation) and place-based (Place-making) transformation frameworks, we show how these interactions can help to develop recommendations to unlock urban transformative change. Results show that access to participation is a key lever enabling urban transformative change. It appears to be mid-level effective to unlock urban transformative change through interactions with the political sphere of transformation and procedural element of Place-making. Ultimately, however, most effective are those levers that interact with all scales of transformation. For example, by engaging a combination of levers including access to participation, public spaces, parking, place-characteristics and place-identity. These findings could be operationalized by self-organized transformation processes focused on repurposing hard infrastructure into public spaces, whilst ensuring continuity of place-based social- and physical features. Local stakeholders could further use such processes to better understand and engage with their individual roles in the transformative process, because interactions with the personal scale, i.e., personal sphere of transformation appear paramount to unlock urban transformative change.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00138-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139676849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.1038/s42949-024-00140-5
Supriya Krishnan, Nazli Yonca Aydin, Tina Comes
Increasing frequency of climate-related disruptions requires transformational responses over the lifecycles of interconnected urban systems with short- and long-term change dynamics. However, the aftermath of disruptions is often characterised by short-sighted decision-making, neglecting long-term urban shifts. In this study, we present a first attempt to develop the theoretical foundation for temporal dynamics for increasingly disrupted yet ”connecting and moving” cities that can be used in planning for urban resilience. Using the lens of climate urbanism, we conceptualise the interplay of temporal dynamics to empirically examine how planning practice perceives and addresses temporality in two regions - Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Mumbai, India. Our findings reinforce that disruptions do not inform long-term planning. Endogenous and exogenous dynamics of change are not viewed together nor used to embed short-term planning goals within long-term resilience visions. To address the lack of systematic planning approaches that can leverage temporal dynamics, we propose two options for temporally flexible urban planning processes.
{"title":"TIMEWISE: Temporal Dynamics for Urban Resilience - theoretical insights and empirical reflections from Amsterdam and Mumbai","authors":"Supriya Krishnan, Nazli Yonca Aydin, Tina Comes","doi":"10.1038/s42949-024-00140-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-024-00140-5","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing frequency of climate-related disruptions requires transformational responses over the lifecycles of interconnected urban systems with short- and long-term change dynamics. However, the aftermath of disruptions is often characterised by short-sighted decision-making, neglecting long-term urban shifts. In this study, we present a first attempt to develop the theoretical foundation for temporal dynamics for increasingly disrupted yet ”connecting and moving” cities that can be used in planning for urban resilience. Using the lens of climate urbanism, we conceptualise the interplay of temporal dynamics to empirically examine how planning practice perceives and addresses temporality in two regions - Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Mumbai, India. Our findings reinforce that disruptions do not inform long-term planning. Endogenous and exogenous dynamics of change are not viewed together nor used to embed short-term planning goals within long-term resilience visions. To address the lack of systematic planning approaches that can leverage temporal dynamics, we propose two options for temporally flexible urban planning processes.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-024-00140-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139595396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1038/s42949-024-00141-4
Bin Chen, Fanhua Kong, Michael E. Meadows, Huijun Pan, A-Xing Zhu, Liding Chen, Haiwei Yin, Lin Yang
While heat mitigation is crucial to achieving sustainable urban development, an inadequate understanding of the evolution of the urban thermal environment (UTE) and its relationship with socio-ecological systems (SESs) constrains the development of effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we use satellite observations from 2000–2021 to explore the evolving impact of SES interactions on the UTE of 136 Chinese urban areas. The results reveal a nonlinear intensification of the UTE over the period and an indication that an increasing number of urban areas have successfully applied UTE mitigation measures. Spatio-temporal patterns in UTE are shown to be strongly influenced by social and ecological factors and their interactions, whereby the higher the SES status, the stronger the decreasing UTE trend. These findings highlight the need for, and advantages of, developing win-win solutions for urban society and ecology and have important implications in creating integrated strategies for heat mitigation in promoting urban sustainability.
{"title":"The evolution of social-ecological system interactions and their impact on the urban thermal environment","authors":"Bin Chen, Fanhua Kong, Michael E. Meadows, Huijun Pan, A-Xing Zhu, Liding Chen, Haiwei Yin, Lin Yang","doi":"10.1038/s42949-024-00141-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-024-00141-4","url":null,"abstract":"While heat mitigation is crucial to achieving sustainable urban development, an inadequate understanding of the evolution of the urban thermal environment (UTE) and its relationship with socio-ecological systems (SESs) constrains the development of effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we use satellite observations from 2000–2021 to explore the evolving impact of SES interactions on the UTE of 136 Chinese urban areas. The results reveal a nonlinear intensification of the UTE over the period and an indication that an increasing number of urban areas have successfully applied UTE mitigation measures. Spatio-temporal patterns in UTE are shown to be strongly influenced by social and ecological factors and their interactions, whereby the higher the SES status, the stronger the decreasing UTE trend. These findings highlight the need for, and advantages of, developing win-win solutions for urban society and ecology and have important implications in creating integrated strategies for heat mitigation in promoting urban sustainability.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-024-00141-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139523324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-13DOI: 10.1038/s42949-023-00139-4
Sangung Park, Tong Yao, Satish V. Ukkusuri
A post-disaster recovery process necessitates significant financial and time investment. Previous studies have found the importance of post-disaster spatial recovery heterogeneity, but the recovery heterogeneity has not been extended to the directed recovery relationships despite the significance of sequential recovery plans. Identifying a causal structure between county-level time series data can reveal spatial relationships in the post-disaster recovery process. This study uses a causal discovery method to reveal the spatiotemporal relationships between counties before, during, and after Hurricane Irma in 2017. This study proposes node aggregation methods at different time scales to obtain internally validated causal links. This paper utilizes points of interest data with daily location information from mobile phones and county-level daily nighttime light data. We find intra-regional homogeneity, inter-regional heterogeneity, and a hierarchical structure among urban, suburban, and rural counties based on a network motif analysis. Subsequently, this article suggests county-level post-disaster sequential recovery plans using the causal graph methods. These results help policymakers develop recovery scenarios and estimate the corresponding spatial recovery impacts.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal heterogeneity reveals urban-rural differences in post-disaster recovery","authors":"Sangung Park, Tong Yao, Satish V. Ukkusuri","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00139-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00139-4","url":null,"abstract":"A post-disaster recovery process necessitates significant financial and time investment. Previous studies have found the importance of post-disaster spatial recovery heterogeneity, but the recovery heterogeneity has not been extended to the directed recovery relationships despite the significance of sequential recovery plans. Identifying a causal structure between county-level time series data can reveal spatial relationships in the post-disaster recovery process. This study uses a causal discovery method to reveal the spatiotemporal relationships between counties before, during, and after Hurricane Irma in 2017. This study proposes node aggregation methods at different time scales to obtain internally validated causal links. This paper utilizes points of interest data with daily location information from mobile phones and county-level daily nighttime light data. We find intra-regional homogeneity, inter-regional heterogeneity, and a hierarchical structure among urban, suburban, and rural counties based on a network motif analysis. Subsequently, this article suggests county-level post-disaster sequential recovery plans using the causal graph methods. These results help policymakers develop recovery scenarios and estimate the corresponding spatial recovery impacts.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00139-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139435316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family responsibility discrimination is a form of discrimination against men and women because of their caregiving responsibilities. Unlike prior studies that have predominantly focused on Western contexts, this study shifts attention to observers’ differentiated discrimination against men and women in China involved in work–family interference. The findings across four main experiments (N = 2577) suggest that shouldering family responsibility in the context of both family interference in work and work interference in family would stimulate more discrimination against men in urban China. We also explore whether a firm’s work–family balance policies can mitigate such discrimination. The results demonstrate that such policies mitigate supervisors’ discrimination against men involved in family interference in work but not observers’ discrimination against men involved in work interference in family. Post-hoc experiments and further tests (N = 931) demonstrate the robustness of our findings and show additional insights. Our findings suggest that gender discrimination in non-Western contexts can be very different.
{"title":"Work–family interference in urban China: gender discrimination and the effects of work–family balance policies","authors":"Yuehua Xu, Shujie Zhang, Manyuan Li, Depeng Liu, Haichuan Zhao, Guiyao Tang","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00137-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00137-6","url":null,"abstract":"Family responsibility discrimination is a form of discrimination against men and women because of their caregiving responsibilities. Unlike prior studies that have predominantly focused on Western contexts, this study shifts attention to observers’ differentiated discrimination against men and women in China involved in work–family interference. The findings across four main experiments (N = 2577) suggest that shouldering family responsibility in the context of both family interference in work and work interference in family would stimulate more discrimination against men in urban China. We also explore whether a firm’s work–family balance policies can mitigate such discrimination. The results demonstrate that such policies mitigate supervisors’ discrimination against men involved in family interference in work but not observers’ discrimination against men involved in work interference in family. Post-hoc experiments and further tests (N = 931) demonstrate the robustness of our findings and show additional insights. Our findings suggest that gender discrimination in non-Western contexts can be very different.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00137-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1038/s42949-023-00136-7
Chris Leishman, Weidong Liang, Nicholas Sim
Rapid population expansions in urban areas have significant implications for housing costs, creating challenges for housing affordability. However, estimating the causal effect of population on housing costs is challenging due to various confounding issues, such as unobserved location-specific attributes, measurement error, and the potential bi-directional relationship between population and housing costs. To address them, we adopt a city-level analysis and introduce a novel instrumental variable (IV) that enables us to employ fixed effects IV estimation. Our findings indicate that housing costs tend to increase at a faster rate than population growth. As individuals and households with lower incomes tend to allocate a larger proportion of their earnings to housing expenses, an upward trajectory of housing costs may dramatically widen the inequality in income after housing expenditure.
城市地区人口的快速扩张对住房成本产生了重大影响，给住房可负担性带来了挑战。然而，由于各种混淆问题，如未观察到的特定地点属性、测量误差以及人口与住房成本之间的潜在双向关系，估计人口对住房成本的因果效应具有挑战性。为了解决这些问题，我们采用了城市层面的分析方法，并引入了一种新的工具变量（IV），使我们能够采用固定效应 IV 估计法。我们的研究结果表明，住房成本的增长速度往往快于人口增长速度。由于收入较低的个人和家庭倾向于将较大比例的收入用于住房支出，住房成本的上升轨迹可能会显著扩大住房支出后的收入不平等。
{"title":"The impact of urban population on housing cost: the case of Australia","authors":"Chris Leishman, Weidong Liang, Nicholas Sim","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00136-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00136-7","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid population expansions in urban areas have significant implications for housing costs, creating challenges for housing affordability. However, estimating the causal effect of population on housing costs is challenging due to various confounding issues, such as unobserved location-specific attributes, measurement error, and the potential bi-directional relationship between population and housing costs. To address them, we adopt a city-level analysis and introduce a novel instrumental variable (IV) that enables us to employ fixed effects IV estimation. Our findings indicate that housing costs tend to increase at a faster rate than population growth. As individuals and households with lower incomes tend to allocate a larger proportion of their earnings to housing expenses, an upward trajectory of housing costs may dramatically widen the inequality in income after housing expenditure.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00136-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139090935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s42949-023-00135-8
Roberta Capello, Camilla Lenzi
This paper reassesses the displacement effects of automation technologies from an urban perspective by highlighting heterogeneous effects in urban vs non-urban settings. Specifically, the paper argues that automation technologies in the form of robotisation do displace jobs and shrink the labour force, whatever the territorial context considered. However, this displacement effect particularly hits low-skilled workers in non-urban settings which suffer from the substitution pressure of robots and may exit the labour market. In urban contexts, instead, the low-skilled workers displacement effect is offset by reinstatement effects and, more relevantly, a reorientation of occupations towards more skilled, better paid ones, i.e., élite occupations, raising concerns about a widening of i inequalities in cities vs non-cities. The paper proves these statements in an analysis of the adoption of robot technologies in Italian cities in the period 2009–2019.
{"title":"Automation and labour market inequalities: a comparison between cities and non-cities","authors":"Roberta Capello, Camilla Lenzi","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00135-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00135-8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reassesses the displacement effects of automation technologies from an urban perspective by highlighting heterogeneous effects in urban vs non-urban settings. Specifically, the paper argues that automation technologies in the form of robotisation do displace jobs and shrink the labour force, whatever the territorial context considered. However, this displacement effect particularly hits low-skilled workers in non-urban settings which suffer from the substitution pressure of robots and may exit the labour market. In urban contexts, instead, the low-skilled workers displacement effect is offset by reinstatement effects and, more relevantly, a reorientation of occupations towards more skilled, better paid ones, i.e., élite occupations, raising concerns about a widening of i inequalities in cities vs non-cities. The paper proves these statements in an analysis of the adoption of robot technologies in Italian cities in the period 2009–2019.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00135-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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