Personality disorders最新文献

This study examined the existence and validity of variants of callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Data were available for 309 detained boys (M_age = 16.96) who completed self-reports, experimental tasks, and were administered a diagnostic interview. Two different methods were used to differentiate between participants with different constellations of CU traits and anxiety. Using a simple cutoff approach, participants were assigned to four groups: low CU traits and low anxiety (n = 148), low CU traits and high anxiety (n = 69), high CU traits and low anxiety ("primary CU variant"; n = 68), and high CU traits and high anxiety ("secondary CU variant"; n = 24). Latent profile analyses arrived at three classes but failed to find a "secondary CU variant" class. Group comparisons that were based on the simple cutoff approach showed that youth who fell in the secondary (vs. primary) CU variant group presented more depressive symptoms and were less able to differentiate between emotions. These two groups did not significantly differ in any of the other 36 correlates (e.g., impulsivity, maltreatment, and treatment engagement). Only a few significant differences emerged between the two CU variant groups and youth characterized by low CU traits and high anxiety. Taken together, we found limited support for the existence and utility of CU variants among detained boys. Not only did the identification of the CU variants depend upon the method that was used, the two CU variant groups rarely were significantly different in theoretically important features. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Despite an overall prevalence of about 4% and a possible association with well-studied conditions such as schizotypy, little is known about effective treatments for Cluster A personality disorders (PDs), that is, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal PD. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to conduct a narrative synthesis of existing randomized controlled trials and explore the effectiveness of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for these disorders. Nineteen studies including 468 participants diagnosed with any one of the three Cluster A PDs were included in the systematic review. Data from 291 (k = 5) and 213 (k = 5) participants were included in two different meta-analyses evaluating the reduction of distinctive clinical features and the increase of general functioning following treatment, respectively. All the treatments in meta-analyses reported a low overall attrition rate (0.23). The two meta-analyses showed medium-to-large effect sizes (g = .60-.91), but were limited by small sample sizes and large heterogeneity. Collected findings suggest that treatments for paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal PD may be feasible and effective. We discuss implications for further research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The categorical borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis identifies people who struggle to manage negative emotions. As the field transitions to dimensional personality disorder (PD) models, it is important to know whether alternative diagnostic constructs capture emotion regulation difficulties to the same degree. If not, it may make sense to modify the dimensional models or else retain the BPD syndrome to preserve its incremental utility for clinical description, treatment planning, and prognosis. In three adult samples (total N = 1,197), we modeled self-rated emotion dysregulation as a function of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) Alternative Model of Personality Disorder dimensions and traditional BPD features. We found that personality dysfunction had bivariate correlations with emotion dysregulation of .70-.80 across samples, almost identical to those observed for BPD. Combined, personality dysfunction and maladaptive personality traits explained 52%-73% of individual differences in emotion dysregulation. Controlling for Alternative Model of Personality Disorder constructs, a standalone measure of BPD features accounted for an additional 7%, 0.6%, and 1% of emotion-dysregulation variation across samples. We conclude that emotion dysregulation is better conceptualized as a general feature of the PD space, rather than a specific deficit in borderline or any other PD. We encourage additional investigation into ways that dimensional models of personality pathology relate to emotion dysregulation. The study's raw data and analysis code are available at https://osf.io/x9jbs/. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Although a recent systematic review examined the relationship between mistrust and borderline personality disorder (BPD; Preti et al., 2023), it did not statistically quantify the strength of this association. This highlights the need for a meta-analytic review of mistrust in BPD. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis comparing laboratory-based assessments of mistrust between individuals with BPD and control groups. This meta-analysis was preregistered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023479031). The final database search was conducted on October 17, 2024, across Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies. We included studies published in English or translated into English that employed valid, reliable laboratory-based measures of mistrust and psychometrically sound tools for assessing BPD symptoms or features. A three-level meta-analytic model was used to assess mistrust differences between BPD and control groups. The risk of bias in the included records was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Our search yielded 1,717 reports, of which 26 met the inclusion criteria (N = 3,716). Based on 70 effect sizes from these reports, the meta-analysis indicated a small-to-moderate effect size (g = 0.44, 95% confidence interval = [0.27, 0.61], p < .001), demonstrating that individuals with BPD exhibited significantly higher levels of mistrust compared to controls. Subgroup analyses identified the mistrust paradigm as a statistically significant moderator. These results underscore the significant role of mistrust in BPD. We suggest that assessing mistrust and fostering interpersonal trust during treatment could lead to more effective interventions for BPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Increased prevalence of personality pathology, characterized by both personality disorder diagnoses and presentation of personality disorder traits, has been identified among sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) compared to their cisgender and heterosexual counterparts. Additionally, certain subgroups within the SGM community, namely bisexual and transgender populations, are found to have a prevalence of personality pathology elevated above that of other SGM subgroups. However, research on personality pathology prevalence across sexuality and gender identity is in its infancy, remaining scarce and inconclusive. Further, while literature has speculated that the increased levels of personality pathology observed within the SGM community may arise from manifestations of minority stress, this is yet to be explored empirically. This study examined self-reported personality pathology from SGM community members as well as their cisgender and heterosexual counterparts and explored potential relationships between personality pathology and minority stress. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 368 participants recruited within Australia completed measures of personality functioning, maladaptive personality traits, and, for SGM participants, minority stress. Greater presentation of personality pathology was identified among SGM participants, with higher mean scores across personality measures. Personality pathology scores were found to be highest among noncisgender individuals and sexuality groups other than heterosexual and gay/lesbian. As theorized, minority stress was positively correlated with increased personality pathology. Implications regarding the potential for overpathologizing of SGM populations are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) constitutes a major shift in conceptualizing personality pathology and has gained considerable attention among both clinicians and personality pathology researchers. The AMPD has two core components: personality dysfunction (Criterion A) and maladaptive traits (Criterion B). As measures of these components are strongly correlated in self-report, cross-sectional data, some researchers question Criterion A's necessity. We used both self- and interviewer-reported methods to enhance understanding of these AMPD components through principal factors analysis (PFA) and bifactor analysis. Further, we investigated these factors' associations with psychopathology (e.g., mood and anxiety disorder symptoms, criteria for substance use disorders) and psychosocial functioning dimensions (e.g., life satisfaction, interpersonal and occupational problems, daily functioning), again using both self-reported and interviewer-rated measures of these constructs. Six hundred community adults, half each either screened-in as at-risk for personality pathology or currently in outpatient therapy, participated in the study. In both the PFA and bifactor analyses, a distress-and-pathology factor emerged (e.g., negative affectivity, poor self-dysfunction) along with two primarily interpersonal factors: antagonism-disinhibition and detachment. A key difference between the PFA and bifactor analyses was that the interpersonal factors emerged without distress in the bifactor analysis because of the extraction of a general factor and reflected distinct self versus interviewer perspectives. The distress-and-pathology factor consistently displayed meaningful associations with psychopathology symptoms, personality pathology, and psychosocial functioning, whereas the two interpersonal factors were more specifically associated with personality pathology. We discuss the findings' implications for conceptualizing personality pathology and its treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

From 2010 to 2014, a series of events and publications revealed that much of the psychological literature was less robust than the field believed. Researchers have highlighted various issues underlying fragile findings in large swaths of psychological science. In response, the field has also proposed solutions to help build a more robust literature. Foremost among these solutions are a suite of Open Science practices, including preregistration, registered reports, and the posting of materials, data, and analytic scripts. While these solutions have primarily emerged outside of clinical science, there is some evidence that clinical science is beginning to adopt Open Science practices. The present study focuses on the use of Open Science practices in personality disorder research, specifically. We discuss the relevance of these practices to personality disorder research, and examine rates of Open Science practices in articles published between 2021 and 2023 in two personality disorder journals, Journal of Personality Disorders (article N = 150) and Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment (article N = 158). The rate of Open Science practices in these articles was compared to empirical articles from a select number of general personality journals published during the same time period (article N range = 125-247). Overall, the personality disorder articles showed lower rates of Open Science practices compared to the general personality articles, while some practices (registered reports) were consistently low across all articles. In light of these findings, we discuss ways that personality disorder researchers can effectively implement Open Science practices to help facilitate a more transparent research literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Dimensional models of personality disorders (PDs) define them by impairments in self and interpersonal functioning, with optional or mandatory) specification of maladaptive traits. While interpersonal dysfunction is central to the manifestation and treatment of PDs, it remains unclear whether maladaptive traits provide incremental value in predicting affective responses to interpersonal situations beyond PD severity. Across two preregistered experimental online studies (N₁ = 548, N₂ = 192), we examined whether the maladaptive traits negative affectivity and detachment predict affective responses to interpersonal stimuli after adjusting for level of personality functioning. Stimuli were selected based on the results of a pilot study (N₀ = 445). Participants rated their affect following exposure to audiorecorded interpersonal statements of positive, negative, or neutral valence. Results from both studies showed that negative affectivity was consistently associated with higher levels of negative affect across the paradigm, while detachment predicted lower levels of positive affect, consistent with their theoretical definitions. Contrary to expectations, detachment also predicted higher negative affect in both studies. No trait significantly predicted affective reactivity to positive stimuli, and only one study supported a reduced negative affect increase in response to negative stimuli among individuals high in detachment. All observed effects were incremental to level of personality functioning. These findings suggest that maladaptive traits capture meaningful variance in interpersonal affective responses beyond global personality dysfunction and may aid in individualizing case conceptualizations. However, inconsistencies in affective reactivity point to a need for improved trait operationalizations and greater attention to context in future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Disinhibition is a personality trait with broad health implications and has been included in several prominent models of maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, Alternative Model of Personality Disorders and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. Cross-sectional global self-report and clinical interview research suggests that disinhibition is tightly linked with interpersonal problems, particularly antagonistic problems. However, very little work has examined how individual differences in disinhibition manifest in interpersonal functioning in social situations in daily life. We examined how trait disinhibition and its lower level facets (e.g., irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility) relate to ecological momentary assessments of interpersonal interactions in daily life across three samples (total person N = 1,068, total observation N = 38,212). Results showed a consistent and positive association between trait disinhibition and negative affect in daily life (both in general and specifically during social interactions), above and beyond the effect of trait antagonism. We also found a negative association between trait disinhibition and warmth during social interactions, though this effect was fully accounted for by trait antagonism. We did not find consistent associations between trait disinhibition and positive affect or dominance in daily life. These findings have implications for the manifestation of disinhibition in daily life and the relation between externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Though empathy is a critical component of adaptive psychosocial functioning, the relationship between schizotypy, conceived of as the latent liability for schizophrenia, and empathy is unclear. Given the centrality of psychosocial functioning impairments in schizophrenia-related psychopathology, along with the critical role of empathy in the social processes aspect of the Research Domain Criteria Matrix, the relation between empathy and schizotypy should be illuminated. The lack of clarity regarding empathy is in part due to both differences in defining empathy and the relations empathy measures have with different subcomponents of schizotypy. Furthermore, both empathy and schizotypy likely impact psychosocial functioning. The current study aims to better understand the relations between empathy, schizotypy, and psychosocial functioning. This report examines the self-report data drawn from emerging adults who completed a battery of empathy, schizotypy, and social functioning measures (n = 834). Findings demonstrate a complex relation between empathy and schizotypy but coalesce primarily around a negative (inverse) relation between negative features of schizotypy and empathy. Factor analytic results suggest a two-component latent structure for empathy consisting of cognitive and affective domains. Each factor of empathy appears to be negatively associated with negative schizotypal traits. Moderation analyses reveal that both cognitive and affective empathy moderate the relation between negative schizotypy and social functioning. Altogether, the present study demonstrates the interconnectedness of negative schizotypy, empathy, and social functioning. Findings are broadly consistent with previous research considering the relation between schizophrenia and empathy, highlighting the utility of studying schizophrenia liability (i.e., schizotypy). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).