Personality disorders最新文献

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental disorder, which has been linked to a number of negative outcomes in adolescents and adults. BPD is generally linked to more severe impairments in personality functioning. The (differential) association of specific BPD symptoms with severity level, however, has not been explored yet. The present study explores the relationship between all nine BPD symptoms and impairments in personality functioning in adolescents using a cross-sectional design. A total of 116 treatment-seeking adolescents were administered semistructured interviews for DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II disorders and the semistructured interview for personality functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1). Furthermore, the potential association of symptom disorders, and more specifically mood disorders, with level of personality functioning was assessed. Together, the nine BPD criteria were significantly related to STiP-5.1 total score, even when controlling for the presence of a mood disorder. However, when taking the effect of number of symptom disorders and the other BPD symptoms into account, only the presence of recurrent self-harm and/or suicidal behavior and intense anger, were associated with a higher level of impairment in personality functioning. These findings emphasize the diagnostic importance of repeated self-harm and suicidality and provide additional evidence for the value of using BPD criteria to easily identify teenagers at risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Personality disorders (PDs) are characterized by problems with identity and self-direction. Since the recent dimensional PD models of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th edition, the role of identity and self-direction in personality pathology has been made explicitly by including these problems in a general personality pathology criterion. This criterion reflects impairment in personality functioning (IPF), which is assessed on a continuum to determine the severity of personality pathology. The present study aimed to psychometrically evaluate the Five-Item Screening Scale for Personality Disorders (FISSPD; Skodol et al., 2011), a short screener for IPF, in a Dutch-speaking clinical sample of 820 adults. This screener mainly taps into self-related impairment, with four items measuring self-related impairment and one item measuring interpersonal impairment. The factor structure, scale reliability, measurement invariance (across sex, age, and patients with vs. without PD), and convergent validity were investigated. The Dutch FISSPD showed a unidimensional structure and good scale reliability. Scalar measurement invariance was established across sex, age (patients below vs. above age 40), and patients with versus without PD. The Dutch FISSPD was significantly related to identity and all DSM-IV/5 Section-II PD symptoms. The present study indicates that the Dutch FISSPD has potential as a reliable and valid screener for personality pathology in adult patients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Dysfunction and distress may be compounded by stigmatizing beliefs held by members of the community. There is a lack of research focusing on stigmatizing beliefs about BPD held by the general population. This study addressed this gap by examining the relationship between BPD and a variety of stigma domains in a community sample. The current study explored whether (a) stigma is more strongly related to BPD symptomatic behavior or the diagnostic label of BPD, (b) attaching a diagnosis of BPD to symptomatic behavior or nonclinical behavior influences stigma, and (c) the gender of a vignette character influences the stigmatization of BPD. A total of 295 participants read vignettes and completed questionnaires assessing stigma type and intensity. Findings from the current study suggest that stigma is higher for BPD symptomatic behavior than for the diagnosis itself. Attaching a diagnostic label of BPD to BPD symptomatic behavior did not significantly impact the resultant stigma; however, the diagnosis was found to increase stigma for nonclinical behavior. Findings concerning BPD stigma and gender are in line with broader gender stereotypes. Specifically, there was greater pity for women displaying BPD behavior, whereas there was greater anger for men displaying the same behavior. BPD symptomatic behavior vignettes depicting a man also received a higher level of dangerousness and fear. Study limitations and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Shame is an essential affect in many patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and can be associated with most of the BPD diagnostic criteria. Severe shame is a highly aversive emotion with concomitant beliefs about the self as deeply inferior, insignificant, disgusting, and unloved. Shame and how it is manifested in the subjective experience and behavior in people diagnosed with BPD is remarkably under-researched, and our knowledge of the phenomenology of shame in BPD needs to be improved. Severe shame is often less accessible and available to conscious awareness, making it difficult to access via questionnaires and self-report measures. Therefore, this study is based on semi-structured interviews with 21 women Structural clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders' diagnosed with BPD. All interviews were analyzed using the interpretive phenomenological approach. Based on the analysis, the participants' descriptions of how severe shame manifests itself in their subjective experience and behavior are classified into 10 themes: the self is deeply flawed and unlovable; self-hatred/self-contempt; eye contact is awkward and shameful; shameful over being mentally ill; shameful identity diffusion; hiding behind façade/social roles; pleasing others/performing to avoid shame; self-destructive behavior to mitigate shame; sex associated with shame; and shame during the therapy session. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Problematic interpersonal relationships may represent both, a risk factor for the development or trigger of personality disorder (PD) symptoms and its consequences. Since peer relationships become more and more important in adolescence, the current study explores the cross-sectional association between recent bullying experiences and levels of impairment in personality functioning according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD; Criterion A) in help-seeking adolescents (N = 493). Logistic and multiple regression analyses revealed that patients who were frequently bullied in the past 3 months (i.e., at least once a week) were more likely to reach the diagnostic threshold for PD according to the AMPD (OR = 1.71, p = .025) and showed higher levels of impairment in identity (β = .41, p < .001), empathy (β = .26, p = .002), and intimacy (β = .30, p = .001), but not self-direction, compared to patients who did not report any bullying experiences. Occasional bullying in the past 3 months (i.e., every few weeks) was neither associated with a greater likelihood to reach the diagnostic threshold for PD nor with greater impairments in identity, self-direction, empathy, or intimacy compared to no bullying. While the current study provides support for a correlation between bullying experiences and personality dysfunction (particularly in the elements identity and intimacy), longitudinal research is needed to clarify whether experiences of bullying cause or trigger personality dysfunction or/and vice versa. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Disinhibited attachment behavior (DAB) among infants is persistent and associated with behavioral and relational problems throughout childhood and adolescence. Little is known about risk factors for DAB among infants reared at home, although studies have linked DAB with maternal psychiatric hospitalization and maternal borderline personality disorder. The aim of the current study was to further assess the association between DAB, maternal severe mental illness (SMI; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression), and maternal PD symptoms. Ninety-three mothers and their infants participated in the study: 46.2% with SMI and 53.8% with no-diagnosis. During pregnancy, mothers were assessed on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 and the Standardized Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale a validated measure of personality disorder (PD) symptoms. Infants were assessed for DAB at 1 year of age using the rating of infant stranger engagement, assessed during the strange situation procedure. Infants of mothers with clinical levels of PD symptoms were significantly more likely to display DAB (OR = 3.44) compared to infants of mothers without clinical levels of PD symptoms. Maternal SMI was not significantly associated with infant DAB. Because most mothers with clinical levels of PD symptoms also had comorbid diagnoses in this study, further work is needed to evaluate the role of comorbidity. These results add to the emerging literature indicating that maternal personality symptoms may be a risk factor for indiscriminate forms of attachment behavior among home-reared infants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Narcissistic traits are traditionally viewed as consistent similar to the mirrorlike self-reflection of Narcissus in the water. However, evidence suggests that state levels of narcissism are more dynamic than previously believed. The current research explored fluctuations within and between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in daily life. We investigated whether individuals' levels of grandiosity and vulnerability (a) vary, (b) are instable, and (c) display inertia and cross-lagged effects in their daily narcissistic expressions. Participants (N = 253; M_age = 22, 85% female) completed grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic trait questionnaires. Using ecological momentary assessment, they further completed up to 60 grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic state questionnaires over 6 days. The results showed that higher grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic traits led to more within-person variability within their corresponding states. Additionally, higher grandiose leadership/authority traits related to greater vulnerable within-person variability, while grandiose self-absorption/self-admiration reduced this. Similarly, all narcissistic traits, except for exploitativeness/entitlement and egocentrism, were positively related to increased instability in their corresponding state. Further, both grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states demonstrated significant inertia, that is, lingering narcissistic endorsements within their own states. Overall, though the effect sizes were limited, the results showed that grandiosity and vulnerability include time-variant states that are intertwined and need to be acknowledged as additional moving, dimensional constructs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

An extensive theoretical literature links identity pathology with deficits in mentalization, which is the ability to understand the internal mental states of self and others. However, only a few investigations have attempted to bridge theory and data by empirically testing the relation between mentalization and identity pathology, and none have done so with mentalization measured using a laboratory task. The current study investigated the association between mentalization deficits and identity pathology in a large, nonclinical sample. Participants (N = 305) completed a self-report measure assessing identity pathology and a laboratory task assessing mentalization ability. Whereas the existing theoretical literature would argue for a robust association between identity pathology and mentalization impairment, our results revealed essentially no association between identity pathology and mentalization impairment. Moreover, we found essentially no association between identity pathology and any of a number of specific mentalization deficits in our sample. Our findings failed to provide empirical support for the clinical and theoretical literature linking mentalization and identity pathology. Given our adequate statistical power to detect even relatively small associations, we offer these findings to advance theoretical and methodological discussion in this important area. We discuss the implications of these null findings, particularly attuned to the possibility that a link between mentalization impairment and identity pathology may be more complicated than hypothesized. We also consider that these results might be related to methodological features of our study (e.g., self-report and laboratory measures; the range of mentalization impairment in our sample). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).