Personality disorders最新文献

From 2010 to 2014, a series of events and publications revealed that much of the psychological literature was less robust than the field believed. Researchers have highlighted various issues underlying fragile findings in large swaths of psychological science. In response, the field has also proposed solutions to help build a more robust literature. Foremost among these solutions are a suite of Open Science practices, including preregistration, registered reports, and the posting of materials, data, and analytic scripts. While these solutions have primarily emerged outside of clinical science, there is some evidence that clinical science is beginning to adopt Open Science practices. The present study focuses on the use of Open Science practices in personality disorder research, specifically. We discuss the relevance of these practices to personality disorder research, and examine rates of Open Science practices in articles published between 2021 and 2023 in two personality disorder journals, Journal of Personality Disorders (article N = 150) and Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment (article N = 158). The rate of Open Science practices in these articles was compared to empirical articles from a select number of general personality journals published during the same time period (article N range = 125-247). Overall, the personality disorder articles showed lower rates of Open Science practices compared to the general personality articles, while some practices (registered reports) were consistently low across all articles. In light of these findings, we discuss ways that personality disorder researchers can effectively implement Open Science practices to help facilitate a more transparent research literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Dimensional models of personality disorders (PDs) define them by impairments in self and interpersonal functioning, with optional or mandatory) specification of maladaptive traits. While interpersonal dysfunction is central to the manifestation and treatment of PDs, it remains unclear whether maladaptive traits provide incremental value in predicting affective responses to interpersonal situations beyond PD severity. Across two preregistered experimental online studies (N₁ = 548, N₂ = 192), we examined whether the maladaptive traits negative affectivity and detachment predict affective responses to interpersonal stimuli after adjusting for level of personality functioning. Stimuli were selected based on the results of a pilot study (N₀ = 445). Participants rated their affect following exposure to audiorecorded interpersonal statements of positive, negative, or neutral valence. Results from both studies showed that negative affectivity was consistently associated with higher levels of negative affect across the paradigm, while detachment predicted lower levels of positive affect, consistent with their theoretical definitions. Contrary to expectations, detachment also predicted higher negative affect in both studies. No trait significantly predicted affective reactivity to positive stimuli, and only one study supported a reduced negative affect increase in response to negative stimuli among individuals high in detachment. All observed effects were incremental to level of personality functioning. These findings suggest that maladaptive traits capture meaningful variance in interpersonal affective responses beyond global personality dysfunction and may aid in individualizing case conceptualizations. However, inconsistencies in affective reactivity point to a need for improved trait operationalizations and greater attention to context in future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Disinhibition is a personality trait with broad health implications and has been included in several prominent models of maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, Alternative Model of Personality Disorders and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. Cross-sectional global self-report and clinical interview research suggests that disinhibition is tightly linked with interpersonal problems, particularly antagonistic problems. However, very little work has examined how individual differences in disinhibition manifest in interpersonal functioning in social situations in daily life. We examined how trait disinhibition and its lower level facets (e.g., irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility) relate to ecological momentary assessments of interpersonal interactions in daily life across three samples (total person N = 1,068, total observation N = 38,212). Results showed a consistent and positive association between trait disinhibition and negative affect in daily life (both in general and specifically during social interactions), above and beyond the effect of trait antagonism. We also found a negative association between trait disinhibition and warmth during social interactions, though this effect was fully accounted for by trait antagonism. We did not find consistent associations between trait disinhibition and positive affect or dominance in daily life. These findings have implications for the manifestation of disinhibition in daily life and the relation between externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Though empathy is a critical component of adaptive psychosocial functioning, the relationship between schizotypy, conceived of as the latent liability for schizophrenia, and empathy is unclear. Given the centrality of psychosocial functioning impairments in schizophrenia-related psychopathology, along with the critical role of empathy in the social processes aspect of the Research Domain Criteria Matrix, the relation between empathy and schizotypy should be illuminated. The lack of clarity regarding empathy is in part due to both differences in defining empathy and the relations empathy measures have with different subcomponents of schizotypy. Furthermore, both empathy and schizotypy likely impact psychosocial functioning. The current study aims to better understand the relations between empathy, schizotypy, and psychosocial functioning. This report examines the self-report data drawn from emerging adults who completed a battery of empathy, schizotypy, and social functioning measures (n = 834). Findings demonstrate a complex relation between empathy and schizotypy but coalesce primarily around a negative (inverse) relation between negative features of schizotypy and empathy. Factor analytic results suggest a two-component latent structure for empathy consisting of cognitive and affective domains. Each factor of empathy appears to be negatively associated with negative schizotypal traits. Moderation analyses reveal that both cognitive and affective empathy moderate the relation between negative schizotypy and social functioning. Altogether, the present study demonstrates the interconnectedness of negative schizotypy, empathy, and social functioning. Findings are broadly consistent with previous research considering the relation between schizophrenia and empathy, highlighting the utility of studying schizophrenia liability (i.e., schizotypy). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Loneliness has been linked with suicidal ideation (SI) in people with a borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis. However, the temporal dynamics of this association remain unclear: we do not know whether loneliness amplifies SI within clinically relevant short-term timeframes (e.g., day to day). To fill this gap, we used data from a 21-day ambulatory assessment study of individuals diagnosed with BPD (N = 152, 103 with a history of attempted suicide) and preregistered the hypotheses and code of our analyses. We tested the hypotheses that daily loneliness would be associated with same- and next-day SI, and that, among individuals with a BPD diagnosis, more severe self-reported BPD features would strengthen these associations. In line with our hypotheses, we found a significant contemporaneous and lagged association between loneliness and SI. Contrary to our hypotheses, these links were not significantly amplified by the level of BPD features. Exploratory analyses further suggested that loneliness did not account for the within-person link between daily social interactions and SI, nor did more general personality disorder features alter loneliness-SI links. The links between loneliness and SI highlight a significant vulnerability to suicide risk and our findings suggest that self-reported BPD symptom severity among individuals with a BPD diagnosis may impact the early stages of the suicidal process by predisposing to loneliness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

This study aimed to assess measurement invariance for the Five-Factor Inventory for ICD-11 (Oltmanns & Widiger, 2020) across nine national samples from four continents (n = 6,342), and to validate a French translation in seven French-speaking national samples. All were convenience samples of adults. Exploratory factor analyses supported a four-factor structure in the French-speaking Western samples (Belgium, Canada, France, and Switzerland) while a three-factor structure was preferred in the French-speaking African samples (Burkina Faso and Togo), and no adequate structure was found in the Indian sample. Factor congruence with the original American sample was excellent for the Western samples but not for the non-Western samples. Exploratory bifactor analyses led to similar results, with the g-factor essentially reflecting one of the first-order factors observed in the exploratory factor analyses. Support for configural, metric, scalar (partial), and strict invariance was obtained across the six Western samples, as well as across the two African samples. Support for criterion validity of the Five-Factor Inventory for ICD-11 scales was also obtained, with relevant associations between scale scores and the presence of a mental health diagnosis and consulting a mental health professional, but validity was lower in the non-Western samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Emptiness is central to borderline personality disorder (BPD), significantly impacts quality of life, and is associated with increased impulsivity. Nevertheless, studies of emptiness in daily life are scarce and little is known about factors that may mitigate the emptiness-impulsivity association in BPD, such as mentalizing (Mz), the capacity to understand mental states. The current study examined whether emptiness predicts impulsive behaviors in daily life and whether this association is moderated by disorder or by Mz. The study utilized data from an existing data set (Berenson et al., 2011) of 153 participants (57 with a BPD diagnosis, 43 with avoidant personality disorder [APD], and 53 serving as healthy controls [HC]). Following a baseline lab assessment of Mz (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), participants completed 3 weeks of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) with five daily prompts, including self-reported measures of emptiness and impulsivity. EMA data were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Both the BPD and APD groups reported higher levels of momentary emptiness compared to the HC group. The BPD group exhibited higher levels of impulsivity in daily life compared to the HC and APD groups. There were no group differences in Mz. Interestingly, emptiness significantly predicted impulsivity and was positively associated with impulsivity in both the BPD and HC groups but not in the APD group. Finally, Mz did not moderate the emptiness-impulsivity association. Emptiness seems central to impulsivity in daily life. More ecological and emptiness-specific measures of Mz may have better potential to mitigate the negative consequences of emptiness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The proposed model of personality disorder in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision (ICD-11) comprises ratings of the severity of self and interpersonal impairment, pathological trait domains, and a borderline pattern specifier. The incremental validity of the different components of the model has primarily been studied in relation to symptoms, traits, and psychosocial functioning, whereas associations with cognitive- and identity-related factors have not yet been characterized. The present study investigated the unique associations of each component of the ICD-11 model with overgeneral autobiographical memory, which reflects aspects of identity integration and episodic memory retrieval. Female general psychiatric patients (n = 196) completed self-report measures of the ICD-11 model (Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0, Personality Inventory for ICD-11, and Borderline Pattern Scale) and the Autobiographical Memory Test. In bivariate analyses, overgeneral autobiographical memories were associated with more severe self and interpersonal impairment, higher pathological personality traits (except for lower Anankastia), and more severe borderline pattern scores. Hierarchical regressions indicated that both self and interpersonal impairments, pathological traits (especially negative affectivity), and maladaptive regulatory strategies (a component of the borderline pattern) were uniquely and incrementally associated with overgeneral memories. Overall, these findings reveal the personality disorder components that underlie overgeneral autobiographical memories within a transdiagnostic female psychiatric sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Investigations of the construct of emptiness often include vague, overlapping, and contradictory operationalizations that have impacted further theoretical and empirical understanding. This includes referring to emptiness as a static, trait-like phenomenon, without measurement of the individual instability that may exist in this experiential state. Furthermore, studies often restrict the examination of emptiness to those with borderline personality disorder, despite research supporting its relationship to other disorders and to personality functioning in general. The present study sought to explore emptiness at both its trait- and state-level determinants utilizing an experience sampling design in 120 community members. Specifically, this study investigated personality dysfunction in both interpersonal and self-domains, identity disturbance, and emotion dysregulation in predicting between-person mean and instability in emptiness, as well as within-person emptiness across a 14-day study period. Results supported strong relationships between within-person sadness and emptiness. Furthermore, mean-level emptiness was associated with both personality dysfunction and identity disturbance, while emptiness instability was additionally associated with emotion dysregulation. Implications for construct clarity are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct that is composed of positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions. Historically, disorganized schizotypy, which involves disruptions in thoughts, speech, behavior, and affect, has been relatively understudied and less clearly operationalized than the other dimensions. The present study employed experience sampling methodology to examine the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy, as measured by the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale, with daily life experiences. A total of 601 young adults were prompted eight times daily for 1 week to complete experience sampling methodology questionnaires that assessed affect, social functioning, schizotypic experiences, situation appraisals, and substance use in daily life, with an emphasis on disorganized schizotypic experiences and communication disruptions. As hypothesized, disorganized schizotypy was associated with momentary disorganization, negative affect, and stress over-and-above positive and negative schizotypy. Negative schizotypy was associated with diminished positive affect, poor social functioning, and diminished emotional clarity. Positive schizotypy was associated with momentary reports of strange or unusual thoughts, racing thoughts, and emotions and thoughts feeling out of control. All three schizotypy dimensions uniquely predicted communication difficulties. Cross-level interactions indicated disorganized schizotypy, but not positive or negative schizotypy, predicted stronger associations of simultaneous reports of doing something that requires focus and attention with negative affect and difficulty completing the current task. Overall, the present study expands our understanding of disorganized schizotypy's expression in daily life and builds upon previous findings by demonstrating the unique associations of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy with daily life experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).