Physical activity and nutrition最新文献

Purpose: Aerobic exercise and fitness have favorable effects on cognitive function. However, little information is available regarding anaerobic fitness and cognitive performance. This study examined the relationship between anaerobic fitness levels and cognitive function in healthy young adult women attending college.

Methods: Thirty healthy female students participated in this study. The anaerobic power was estimated from 30 consecutive vertical jumps recorded using an optical device. The fatigue index (FI) was calculated as the difference between the average heights of the first and last four jumps, and participants were divided into lower and higher fitness categories. Jump, power, FI, and executive performance (Stroop test) were compared between the groups.

Results: The higher fitness group (HFG) showed significantly greater jump height and mean power, and lower FI and rating of perceived exertion than the lower fitness group. During the Stroop test, from up to 20 min, the HFG demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in reaction time (RT) while performing the neutral task. Regarding RT, no group differences were observed in the congruent task; however, RT decreased in both groups in response to the exercise. For the incongruent task, the HFG also displayed a greater decrease in mean RT at 0 min post-exercise. However, at 20 min post-exercise, the between-group differences disappeared.

Conclusion: Higher anaerobic fitness performed better on the Stroop task, suggesting that less fatigue in an anaerobic environment could help maintain some executive functions.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term hypobaric hypoxia training on body composition, maximal aerobic power, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity in healthy young adults.

Methods: Fifteen healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups for 3 weeks, either the normoxia group (n = 8) or hypoxia group (n = 7), and evaluated for three weeks. Hypobaric hypoxia training was performed at an intensity of 60-65%, while heart rate reserve for 60 min, three times per week. Body composition (body weight, body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), serum oxidative stress markers (derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites [d-ROMs], malondialdehyde [MDA]), and serum antioxidant capacity markers (biological antioxidant potential [BAP], superoxide dismutase [SOD]) were evaluated before and after the three-week intervention.

Results: Among the body composition variables, weight and BMI significantly decreased in the hypoxia group after training (p <0.05). In addition, VO2max significantly increased in the hypoxic group after training (p <0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in any of the markers related to oxidative stress or antioxidant capacity (p> 0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggest that three weeks of hypobaric hypoxia training may reduce body weight and improve VO2max without causing a pro-oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in healthy young adults.

Purpose: Betaine has been studied for its potential ergogenic effects on strength, power, and body composition. However, its influence on endurance exercise performance remain relatively underexplored. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of betaine supplementation on endurance exercise performance, as assessed through a combination of physiological measures and performance-based outcomes.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE to identify studies comparing betaine supplementation with a placebo on endurance performance outcomes in healthy individuals. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.

Results: A total of five studies (three parallel-design and two crossover-design) met the inclusion criteria. Of these, two studies demonstrated a significant interaction effect on maximum oxygen consumption and mean power at the latter stage of the Wingate Anaerobic Test, two reported a main effect of treatment on mean power, peak power, and oxygen consumption, and one found significant differences in oxygen consumption and blood lactate levels. All included studies were evaluated as having a high risk of bias.

Conclusion: These findings highlight the paucity of evidence regarding the ergogenic potential of betaine in endurance exercise performance and underscore the need for additional, more rigorous research to determine its effectiveness.

Purpose: Although children with intellectual disabilities (ID) face a heightened risk of physical inactivity, psychiatric comorbidities such as ADHD, and delayed social development -which collectively impair their physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being- and structured physical activity (PA) has been proposed as a multidimensional intervention, few studies have rigorously examined the integrated effects of a combined exercise program on the physical health, behavioral symptoms, and social functioning of this population. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 16-week combined exercise program -incorporating aerobic and resistance training- on body composition, ADHD-related behavioral symptoms, and social functioning in children with ID.

Methods: A total of 30 children with mild ID (mean age: 10.4 ± 1.3 years) participated in a structured intervention comprising three 60-min exercise sessions per week over 16 weeks. The exercise intensity progressively increased across three phases (50-80% HRR). Body composition (including BMI, body fat, and muscle mass) was assessed using validated anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance methods. ADHD symptoms were evaluated using the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, and social functioning was assessed using the Social Maturity Scale, which were rated by both parents and teachers. Paired t-tests were conducted to assess pre-post differences, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: Postintervention results revealed significant improvements in children's body composition: reductions in weight (-3.1%, p = 0.031), BMI (-3.3%, p = 0.028), body fat (-6.3%, p = 0.015), waist circumference (-2.6%, p = 0.040), hip circumference (-1.4%, p = 0.048), and WHR (-1.1%, p = 0.045), along with an increase in muscle mass (+5.9%, p = 0.022). ADHD-related symptoms significantly decreased: inattention (-20.0%, p = 0.012), hyperactivity/impulsivity (-20.5%, p = 0.014), and task incompletion (-20.7%, p = 0.010). Social indicators also improved, including reductions in both social interaction difficulties (-20.3%, p = 0.020) and repetitive behavior (-20.0%, p = 0.025).

Conclusion: The 16-week combined exercise program produced meaningful improvements in the physical health, attentional control, and social functioning of children with ID. These findings underscore the utility of integrated PA as a nonpharmacological, multidomain intervention to enhance the well-being of neurodiverse children. Future studies should explore the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and assess the long-term sustainability of these outcomes.

Purpose: Oxamate is a well-known inhibitor of glycolysis. However, its broad inhibitory effects on whole-body energy metabolism in vivo have not been identified. Therefore, we aimed to investigate its effects on wholebody energy metabolism in mice.

Methods: Ten-week-old male ICR mice were used in this study. The resting metabolic rate was measured for 3 h immediately after the intraperitoneal injection of oxamate (750 mg/kg) using a metabolic chamber system. In addition, resting blood glucose and lactate concentrations were measured. Next, the metabolism during exercise (10-25 m/min) was measured for 30 min immediately after oxamate injection using a metabolic treadmill chamber system. Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were measured immediately after exercise sessions.

Results: The resting respiratory exchange rate remained unchanged, but fat and carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure (p = 0.003, 0.049, and 0.002, respectively) were significantly suppressed following oxamate injection. While the resting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced (p = 0.002), the lactate levels were significantly elevated (p = 0.005). The respiratory exchange rate during exercise significantly increased by oxamate injection (p = 0.02). Although fat oxidation during exercise significantly reduced (p = 0.009), carbohydrate oxidation remained unchanged. Consequently, energy expenditure during exercise was significantly reduced (p = 0.024) and post-exercise blood lactate levels were significantly elevated (p = 0.005) by oxamate injection.

Conclusion: Oxamate suppressed whole-body energy metabolism by inhibiting fat oxidation and altering lactate dynamics in vivo. These results provide novel insights into the systemic metabolic effects of oxamate and highlight the need for further investigation of its impact under different physiological conditions.

Purpose: Obesity and its associated comorbidities, including chronic inflammation, pose significant public health challenges. Recent studies have suggested a link between obesity and gut microbial dysbiosis, with exercise emerging as a potential modulator of gut microbiota by enhancing microbial diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. However, the effects of exercise on the microbiome diversity and composition in overweight individuals or with obesity remain inconsistent.

Methods: This study systematically reviewed literature from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect databases up to November 5, 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Eleven studies were included in the systematic review, and four studies with quantitative data were analyzed using meta-analysis (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software) and the ROB tool.

Results: The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant effect of exercise on beta diversity. The pooled effect size for Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was 4.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.77, 11.80], Z = 3.14, P = 0.002). These findings suggest that exercise positively influences gut microbial structure in overweight individuals or with obesity.

Conclusion: Exercise may be a key component of lifestyle modification to modulate the gut microbiota and improve metabolic health in overweight individuals or with obesity. Future studies should evaluate the independent effects of fitness improvement and weight loss on gut microbial composition by employing multi-omics and metabolic pathway analyses to develop personalized obesity management strategies.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of personalized exercise programs on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in people with spinal cord injury (SCIs).

Methods: Seventeen participants with SCIs (exercise group, n = 11; control group, n = 6) were enrolled in this single-blind, two-arm, pilot, randomized controlled trial. The exercise group participated in a 6-week supervised program, three times per week for 60 min per session. The program included aerobic and resistance exercises based on the level, comorbidities, and functional capacity of each participant. The exercise intensity and modality were adjusted weekly to ensure safety and progression. The HRQOL was measured at baseline and post-intervention using a short-form Health Survey-36.

Results: Participation in the six-week personalized exercise program significantly improved health-related quality of life in the exercise group compared to the control group. Notable improvements were observed in physical functioning (26.4 ± 21.8 to 40.9 ± 26.0, p < 0.05), bodily pain (63.0 ± 12.0 to 73.9 ± 10.4, p < 0.05), general health (48.2 ± 22.4 to 55.5 ± 15.7, p < 0.05), vitality (50.9 ± 18.3 to 60.0 ± 21.3, p < 0.05), role-emotional (57.6 ± 39.7 to 75.8 ± 42.4, p < 0.05), and mental health (65.8 ± 15.8 to 71.3 ± 18.8, p < 0.05).

Conclusion: A six-week personalized exercise intervention incorporating individually prescribed aerobic and resistance training was associated with significant improvements in HRQOL among individuals with SCIs.

Purpose: Osteoporosis is a global health concern, particularly in developed countries with aging populations, where the incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis is increasing. Various nutrients have been studied as potential interventions, and components derived from regionally familiar foods may enhance acceptability and adherence. In this study, we focused on rice, a staple food in Asia and Africa. Recent studies have suggested that rice-derived peptides may help prevent bone fragility. Therefore, we examined the effects of rice protein hydrolysate (RPH) on bone health in ovariectomized rats.

Methods: In Study 1, which was designed to prevent osteoporosis, 5-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimated for one week and then underwent ovariectomy (OVX). They were divided into three groups: a control group fed a normal diet and two experimental groups fed diets containing 0.01% or 0.1% RPH for eight weeks. In Study 2, which aimed at promoting recovery from osteoporosis, the setup was similar; however, after OVX, rats were fed a low-calcium diet for four weeks to induce osteoporosis, followed by the same diet groups as in Study 1 for an additional four weeks.

Results: Study 1 showed that RPH significantly increased bone-breaking force (0.01% RPH, p < 0.01; 0.1% RPH, p < 0.05). In Study 2, RPH intake reduced serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels, a marker of bone resorption (both p < 0.05). However, a significant effect on bone mineral density was observed only in the 0.01% RPH group in Study 1 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: These findings suggested that RPH may help treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Purpose: The present study compared changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities during sleep following endurance exercise under either normoxic or hypoxic condition.

Methods: Ten young men (20.5 ± 0.2 years) were recruited for the study. All of them carried out three trials on different days: [1] pedaling exercise in hypoxia (FiO2: 14.5%; HYP), [2] pedaling exercise in normoxia (FiO2: 20.9%; NOR), and [3] rest in normoxia (REST). Each trial was separated at least one week, with randomized orders. The exercise in HYP and NOR trials consisted of 60 min of pedaling exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake. During exercise, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) were determined. Also, HRV was continuously monitored until next morning (17:00-8:00) to evaluate frequency domain HRV parameters and time domain HRV parameters. On the following morning, the scores of fatigues, sleepiness, vitality, and quality of sleep were measured by visual analog scale.

Results: During sleep, majority of frequency domain HRV parameters (LF, HF, LF/HF, Total Power) or time domain HRV parameters (SDNN, RMSSD, NN50) did not differ significantly among three trials, although the average of pNN50 was significantly lower in NOR and HYP trials.

Conclusion: Evening endurance exercise under hypoxic conditions did not exacerbate autonomic nerve activity during sleep compared to the same endurance exercise under normoxic conditions. However, despite different inspiratory oxygen levels during exercise (FiO2: 20.9% or 14.5%), evening endurance exercise may partially suppress parasympathetic nerve activity during sleep. These findings would apply to people who are involved in endurance exercise under hypoxic conditions.

Purpose: The extracellular-to-intracellular water (ECW/ICW) ratio is a known indicator of metabolic health; however, few studies have examined its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigated the relationship between the ECW/ICW ratio and T2DM prevalence using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Methods: We analyzed the data of 2,281 Korean males aged 19-80 years who participated in the 9th KNHANES (2022-2023) and had no history of kidney disease. The participants were classified as normal, prediabetic, or diabetic based on their fasting glucose levels, Hemoglobin A1c levels, and physician diagnosis. The ECW/ICW ratio was divided into tertiles. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc tests was used to compare group differences in general and body composition characteristics. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between ECW/ICW tertiles and T2DM prevalence.

Results: The diabetes group had significantly higher age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat percentage, and lower fat-free mass and grip strength than the other groups (p <.001). They had lower ICW values and higher ECW/total body water (TBW) and ECW/ICW ratios. Compared to the lowest tertile group, the middle tertile group showed a significantly higher risk of diabetes (OR = 1.661, 95% CI, 1.104-2.499), whereas the highest tertile did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.417, 95% CI: 0.880-2.280) in the model adjusted for age, BMI, and grip strength.

Conclusion: This study identified a significant association between a higher ECW/ICW ratio and the prevalence of T2DM in Korean males, independent of age, BMI, and muscle strength. The ECW/ICW ratio reflects both metabolic and musculoskeletal characteristics and may be useful in describing diabetes-related body composition profiles.