Physical activity and nutrition最新文献

Purpose: One of the urgent research projects in exercise science should focus on sports supplements for obese people who lack exercise and physical activity. In this study, we explored the efficacy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice models using a Korean herbal medicine Erigeron breviscapus (EB).

Methods: Gene ontology analyses of active compounds in EB were performed using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Cytoscape program, respectively. PA-induced acid (PA) induced-lipid droplets in HepG2 cells were analyzed using a 3D-hologram. To analyze the fat-suppressing efficacy of EB in animal experiments, NAFLD was induced through a 24-week high-fat diet. Subsequently, the same diet was continued for an additional 8 weeks, with concurrent co-administration of drugs for efficacy analysis. In the 8-week experiment, mice were administered saline alone, metformin (17 mg/kg/day), or EB (26 mg/kg/day). The mice were sacrificed and the liver tissue was isolated. The liver tissues were stained with H&E and specific antibodies such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR-γ).

Results: Seventeen EB-active compounds were identified by whole-body analysis. EB downregulated lipid droplets in PA-treated HepG2 cells. EB regulates lipid accumulation in liver tissue of HFD-fed NAFLD mice Metformin and EB significantly reduced the expression of SREBP-1 and PPAR-γ in liver tissue.

Conclusion: We suggest that EB is a candidate for the management of NAFLD and is an effective exercise supplement owing to its ability to inhibit lipid accumulation.

Purpose: Our study was performed to observe children with obesity by using accelerometers and identify their differences in blood lipid levels, insulin resistance, and adipokines based on their physical activity levels.

Methods: 197 obese children were classified into three groups based on their physical activity levels over a period of 7 days, using the average counts per minute: Sedentary Time (ST), Light Physical Activity (LPA), and Moderate to Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity (MVPA). Blood lipids, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were analyzed. Insulin resistance was assessed using the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) formula. Adipokines, including leptin and resistin, were measured. Our results were obtained through one-way analysis of variance was employed, with Scheffe post-hoc analysis. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses.

Results: Results showed that the levels of blood lipids (TG: p<0.001, TC: p<0.01, LDL-C: p<0.001, HDL-C: p< 0.05) and adipokines (Leptin, Resistin: p<0.01) of children who had obesity and maintained moderate to vigorous physical activity were healthier than those who engaged in ST or LPA. Specifically, children with obesity engaging in MVPA demonstrated blood lipid and adipokine levels that were normal or close to normal. However, no significant differences in insulin resistance were observed in all groups.

Conclusion: In summary, encouraging moderate to vigorous physical activity in children with obesity could help improve obesity indicators, such as blood lipids and adipokines.

Purpose: This study aims to develop a regression model to estimate peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) by employing different variables.

Methods: In this study, 34 participants were divided into two groups: 19 with cervical injury (CI) and 15 with thoracic injury (TI). Key measurements included VO2peak and related factors such as age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass, body fat percentage, limb and trunk circumferences, spinal cord independence (SCIM III), Korean activities of daily living (K-ADL), and respiratory functions (forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)). Statistical analyses were conducted using forward selection regression to examine the relationships between these variables.

Results: Height, calf circumference, SCIM III score, and PEF were key variables in all patients with SCI (TSCI). For patients with CI, the key variables were height, calf circumference, and MVV, whereas for patients with TI, the key variable was calf circumference. The average explanatory powers of the VO2peak regression model for TSCI were 70.3% (R2) and 66.2% (adjusted R2), with an average standard error of estimate (SEE) of 2.94 ml/kg/min. The average explanatory power for patients with CI was 71.7% (R2) and 66.1% (adjusted R2), with an average SEE of 1.88 ml/kg/min. The average explanatory power for patients with TI was 55.9% (R2) and 52.5% (adjusted R2), with an average SEE of 3.41 ml/kg/min. There was no significant difference between the VO2peak measured and predicted VO2peak for each type of injury.

Conclusion: The regression model for estimating VO2peak in SCI patients in this preliminary study is as follows: TSCI=39.684-0.144×(Height)-0.513×(Calf)+0.136×(SCIM III)+1.187×(PEF), CI=38.842-0 .158×(Height) - 0.371×(Calf)+0.093×(MVV), TI=42.325-0.813×(Calf).

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to investigate the effects of the ketogenic diet (KD), on body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance. As the KD is a subject of ongoing debate, we also present the existing evidence regarding its potential benefits in the aforementioned areas of body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using the keywords "ketogenic diet, low-carbohydrate diet, high-fat diet, body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance" in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.

Results: The KD effectively reduced body fat in the short term and, preserved muscle mass during weight loss, however, its impact on exercise performance remains inconclusive owing to various factors.

Conclusion: While controversial, it is undeniable that the KD has the potential to affect body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance. Consequently, additional research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms across various populations, optimize their implementation, and understand their long-term effects.

Purpose: The maintenance of energy balance in the body, especially in energy-demanding tissues like the muscles and the central nervous system, depends on creatine (Cr). In addition to improving muscle function, Cr is necessary for the bioenergetics of the central nervous system because it replenishes adenosine triphosphate without needing oxygen. Furthermore, Cr possesses anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Clinical research on neurodegenerative illnesses has shown that Cr supplementation results in less effective outcomes. With a brief update on the possible role of Cr in human, animal, and in vitro experiments, this review seeks to offer insights into the ideal dosage regimen.

Methods: Using specified search phrases, such as "creatine and neurological disorder," "creatine supplementation and neurodegenerative disorders," and "creatine and brain," we searched articles in the PubMed database and Google Scholar. We investigated the association between creatine supplementation and neurodegenerative illnesses by examining references.

Results: The neuroprotective effects of Cr were observed in in vitro and animal models of certain neurodegenerative diseases, while clinical trials failed to reproduce favorable outcomes.

Conclusion: Determining the optimal creatinine regime for increasing brain creatinine levels is essential for maintaining brain health and treating neurodegeneration.

Purpose: This review aims to explore the exercise-mediated hepatic macrophage polarization mechanism and its effect on improving and regulating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by analyzing the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the cause of the influence of hepatic macrophage polarization. In addition to exploring the varied effects of different exercise types on macrophage polarization regulation in NAFLD, to provide a direction and basis for the treatment of NAFLD.

Methods: The research methodology involved a comprehensive search of the PubMed database using specific keywords such as "NAFLD", "macrophage polarization", and "exercise", to retrieve relevant literature published.

Results: (1) The main factors inducing NAFLD were high-fat diet, obesity, insulin resistance (IR), changes in gut microbiota, and genetic variation in susceptibility. (2) Drug treatment, nutrient induction, microfactor induction, physiological environment induction, and other factors can induce the polarization of hepatic macrophages and affect NAFLD. (3) Different intensities, types, and frequencies of exercise have different effects on polarization macrophages, and may also differently effects improving liver inflammation, fibrosis, and NAFLD. Curently, regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is the most effective therapy for treating NAFLD.

Conclusion: Approaches to ameliorate NAFLD with exercise involve strategies to alter macrophage polarization by inhibiting M1 or driving M2 activation. However, research on the different types of exercise-mediated macrophage polarization mechanisms and differences in therapeutic effects is not yet sufficient. Future research is necessary to explore the exact mechanisms and differences in the effects of different exercises on the treatment of NAFLD.

Purpose: This study aimed to provide essential data necessary for shaping future obesity policy directions and strengthening the effectiveness of such measures.

Methods: A literature review and expert meetings were conducted to identify policy objectives that should be included in the comprehensive national obesity management plan. Based on these objectives, a questionnaire was developed, and a survey was conducted nationwide through an online panel targeting citizens aged 15-69.

Results: When analyzing the appropriateness of promoting national obesity policies, 38.6% of respondents answered "not appropriate," while only 8.4% answered "appropriate." We also assessed the importance of the four key areas of the national obesity management policy, with 36.9% considering "improvement of lifestyle to prevent obesity" as the most important. Additionally, we analyzed the significance of specific tasks. "Strengthening child and adolescent obesity prevention and management," "enhancing group meal nutrition and hygiene," "strengthening the operation of community-based obesity and exercise clinics," and "advancing an integrated information platform for nutrition, dietary patterns, and physical activity" emerged as pivotal tasks within their respective areas.

Conclusion: The primary tasks identified as top priorities by the public in this study regarding national obesity policy initiatives can be incorporated into future obesity management strategies. Our approach has the potential to enhance the efficacy of these policies by aligning future obesity policy trajectories with public demands and expectations.

Purpose: Disruption of circadian genes affects metabolic homeostasis. Regular exercise programs prevent metabolic dysfunction and alter circadian gene expression In this study, we investigated whether exercise affects light stress-induced circadian rhythm derangement and metabolic resistance.

Methods: A circadian rhythm derangement mouse model was designed by extending the light exposure by two hours (14 L/10 D) for three weeks. Nine-weekold male mice were single-caged and divided into four groups: sedentary groups with or without light stress, and voluntary wheel-trained groups with or without light stress. In addition, differentiated myotubes were cultured in the presence of dexamethasone with or without 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR). The comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system was used to analyze the metabolic changes in mice. Moreover, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify the mRNA expression levels of circadian genes in animal and cell culture models.

Results: Three weeks of light stress reduced the running distance and increased the weight of mice. In addition, VO2 consumption and heat production were increased during the night cycle under non-stress conditions but not under stress conditions. PCR analysis revealed that exercise and stress altered the expression levels of circadian genes in the hypothalamus and quadriceps muscles. mRNA expression levels of period circadian regulator 1 were downregulated in the quadriceps muscles of the stressed sedentary group compared to that in muscles of the non-stressed sedentary group. Furthermore, differentiated myotube cells cultured in the presence of dexamethasone, with or without AICAR, showed distinct oscillation patterns at various time points.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that exercise partially prevents metabolic disruption by regulating the circadian gene expression in skeletal muscles.

Purpose: Humans show near-24-h physiological and behavioral rhythms, which encompass the daily cycle of sleep and wakefulness. Exercise stimulates circadian rhythms, including those of cortisol, melatonin, and core body temperature, and affects sleep quality. We systematically reviewed studies that examined the effects of exercise intensity and timing on physiological circadian rhythms and sleep quality.

Methods: In this systematic review, we used the online databases PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Embase. This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent and experienced systematic reviewers performed the search and selected relevant studies. The participant, intervention, comparison, and outcome characteristics were: (1) adults; (2) exercise treatment; (3) no exercise treatment or different types of exercise (pre-exercise baseline); (4) cortisol, melatonin, or core body temperature measurement, and subjective or objective sleep quality assessments.

Results: We identified 9 relevant articles involving 201 participants (77.1% of whom were male). Our review revealed that short-term evening exercise delayed melatonin rhythm and increased nocturnal core body temperature; however, no negative effects on non-rapid eye movement sleep and sleep efficiency were observed. Moreover, no differences in sleep quality were observed between acute high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercises. With long exercise durations, the core body temperature tended to increase and return to baseline levels at 30-120 min.

Conclusion: Our review showed that short-term evening exercise and high-intensity exercise did not have a significant negative effect on sleep quality but physiological circadian rhythm tended to alter. Longterm morning exercise tended to decrease cortisol concentrations after awakening and improve sleep quality. Future studies should examine the effects of long-term exercise timing and intensity on circadian rhythm and sleep.