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Detection of sub-5nm naturally charged carbonaceous materials from a sooting laminar premixed flame by a water condensation Particle Counter (WCPC) enhanced by a Di-Ethylene Glycol (DEG) saturator inlet 通过二乙二醇(DEG)饱和器入口增强的水冷凝颗粒计数器(WCPC)检测来自烟熏层流预混火焰的亚5nm天然带电碳质材料
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2247458
Farnaz Khosravi, Gregory S. Lewis, Michel Attoui, Arantza Eiguren-Fernandez, Francesco Carbone
Abstract Combustion is one of the major contributors to air pollution and Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) provide effective monitoring of atmospheric aerosols since they can detect both charged and neutral materials in low number concentrations. The detection efficiency of any CPC for materials smaller than 5 nm requires ad-hoc calibrations because it is affected by the analyte’s size, shape, charge state, composition, and wettability by the condensing fluid. This study characterizes a Water-based CPC (WCPC) prototype for the detection of the naturally charged carbonaceous products of an incipiently sooting laminar premixed flame. The WCPC can activate condensation growth and (50% efficient) detection of hydrophobic flame-formed carbonaceous materials naturally charged in positive and negative polarities with mobility diameters as small as 4.3 nm and 4.8 nm, respectively. The addition of a simple Di-Ethylene Glycol (DEG) saturator inlet enhances the 50% detection cutoff to mobility diameters as small as 1.8 nm or 1.6 nm for materials charged in positive or negative polarity, respectively. The coupling of the DEG saturator inlet to the WCPC creates a new DEG-WCPC instrument able to detect efficiently both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sub-5nm aerosols with a marginal increase in manufacturing cost (<10%), dimensions, and weight (<0.25 kg). Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research Graphical Abstract
摘要燃烧是造成空气污染的主要原因之一,冷凝粒子计数器(CPC)可以检测低浓度的带电和中性物质,因此可以有效监测大气气溶胶。任何CPC对小于5的材料的检测效率 nm需要特别校准,因为它受到分析物的大小、形状、电荷状态、成分和冷凝流体的润湿性的影响。这项研究表征了一个水基CPC(WCPC)原型,用于检测初始吹灰层流预混火焰的天然带电碳质产物。WCPC可以激活缩合生长,并(50%有效)检测疏水性火焰形成的碳质材料,这些碳质材料以正负极性自然带电,迁移率直径小至4.3 nm和4.8 nm。添加一个简单的二乙二醇(DEG)饱和器入口,可将50%的检测截止值提高到小至1.8的迁移率直径 nm或1.6 对于以正极性或负极性充电的材料分别为nm。DEG饱和器入口与WCPC的耦合创造了一种新的DEG-WCPC仪器,能够有效检测疏水性和亲水性亚5nm气溶胶,制造成本(<10%)、尺寸和重量(<0.25 kg)。版权所有©2023美国气溶胶研究协会图形摘要
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引用次数: 1
Performance analysis of a gas cyclone with a dustbin inverted hybrid solid cone 垃圾箱倒置混合固体锥体气体旋流器的性能分析
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2217873
E. Dehdarinejad, F. Parvaz, S. H. Hosseini, G. Ahmadi, K. Elsayed, S. Yook
Abstract This study uses the CFD technique to investigate the influence of a twisted inverted hybrid solid cone (TIHSC) placed at the gas cyclone dustbin on the separator performance. This new design improves the stability and reduces the length of the vortex finder, resulting in a stronger swirl in the cyclone with a higher tangential velocity. The study showed that an increase in the height of the TIHSC increases the maximum tangential velocity up to 2.9 times the inlet velocity. Overall, using TIHSC leads to a significant increase in particle separation efficiency compared to the conventional cyclone. In addition, with an increase in the height of TIHSC, the pressure drop significantly decreases while the separation efficiency increases. For the optimized model, the particle cut size improves from 0.97 to 0.85 µm at 50% separation and from 6.2 to 4.7 µm at 100% separation, while the pressure drop is reduced by 12.7%. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research
摘要本研究采用CFD技术研究了放置在气体旋流器垃圾箱中的扭转倒置混合固体锥体(TIHSC)对分离器性能的影响。这种新设计提高了涡流探测器的稳定性并缩短了其长度,从而使旋流器中的涡流更强,切向速度更高。研究表明,TIHSC高度的增加使最大切向速度增加到入口速度的2.9倍。总体而言,与传统旋风分离器相比,使用TIHSC可显著提高颗粒分离效率。此外,随着TIHSC高度的增加,压降显著降低,分离效率提高。对于优化模型,颗粒切割尺寸从0.97提高到0.85 µm,分离度为50%,从6.2到4.7 µm,同时压降降低12.7%。版权所有©2023美国气溶胶研究协会
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引用次数: 1
Application of a Physical Model of the Human Mouth and Throat to Study the Complex Dynamics of Inhaled Aerosols 应用口腔和咽喉物理模型研究吸入气溶胶的复杂动力学
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2253302
Nicolas Castro, Qiang Wang, Jingjie Zhang, Weiling Li, Y. Pithawalla, Michael Oldham, Ali Rostami
Abstract A unique adult human mouth/throat physical model has been developed to study e-cigarette aerosol dynamics during inhalation. The 3D printed physical model was created from the CT scan of a 28 yr. old healthy male. Internal walls of the physical model were lined with a thin layer of cotton gauze that can be saturated with water to replicate the high relative humidity conditions in a human Oral/Pharyngeal cavity. Aerosol hygroscopic growth and deposition inside the physical model from a cartomizer style e-cigarette using a prototype e-liquid formulation was determined by measuring cumulative aerosol mass from five puffs (gravimetric) and for individual constituents (propylene glycol, glycerol, and nicotine) from a single puff (GC/MS analysis). Measurements were taken at constant temperature of 37 °C under both wet and dry inner wall conditions for a for a 3-sec. 55 mL puff. The condition of holding aerosol inside the physical model without airflow for a duration of 3-sec. was also included. For the same puffing conditions of 3-sec puff of 55 mL and a 3-sec. puff hold time, dry wall conditions resulted in a mean aerosol mass loss of 20.9 ± 3.8%, while the total aerosol mass was increased by 150.9 ± 19% under wet wall condition when compared to total aerosol mass entering the physical model entrance. The dramatic increase is due to water vapor uptake by the aerosol particles when flowing through the wetted physical model. Aerosol evolution of individual chemical constituent analysis appeared to vary as a function of volatility.
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引用次数: 0
Chemical Characterization of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Facilitated by Aerosolization and Size Separation 气溶胶和粒度分离促进生物质热解油的化学表征
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2254355
Emily R. Halpern, Christopher P. West, A. Hettiyadura, Andrew Darmody, Jillian K. Johnson, Kuangnan Qian, Alexander Laskin
Abstract Bio-oils are a promising renewable and carbon-neutral hydrocarbon material that can become a new energy source. Bio-oil mixtures have complex multi-component composition consisting of the pyrolysis products of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of various molecular sizes with a range of highly oxygenated functional groups. Chemical characterization of bio-oil components is therefore necessary to inform the upgrading process of bio-oil and improve its commercial viability. We utilize aerosol technology to facilitate characterization of bio-oil components resulting in compositional differences specific to its volatility-separated fractions. We aerosolize bio-oil mixture, followed by size separation and collection of obtained particles using a cascade impactor, where the collected particles are exposed to sequentially reduced pressures at each of the impaction stages. We characterize components of the impactor separated bio-oil fractions using high-resolution mass spectrometry equipped with interchangeable electrospray ionization and dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization sources. Through examination of the detected chemical species in each of the separated fractions and assessment of their physiochemical properties, we identify a range of fuel-like aliphatic species with low O/C ratio and low viscosity in the most volatile fraction. The less volatile fractions contained progressively higher portions of more viscous species containing lignin and sugars moieties with characteristic high O/C values. We show that the impactor-based separation of bio-oil fractions facilitates comprehensive characterization of its components with varying fuel viability, capable of guiding upgrading processes. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research Graphical Abstract
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引用次数: 0
Influence of electrostatic collection on scavenging of submicron-sized aerosols by cloud droplets and raindrops 静电收集对云滴和雨滴清除亚微米气溶胶的影响
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2251551
V. Vučković, D. Vujović, Darko Savić
Abstract We explicitly calculate the efficiency with which submicron-sized aerosol particles (APs) with a diameter smaller than 0.2 collide with cloud droplets and raindrops in air due to individual and combined, simultaneous action of all ice nucleation and all collection mechanisms, including electrostatic forces caused by electric charges on the cloud drops and APs. Brownian diffusion is a predominant collection mechanism up to the critical diameter of APs, which depends on the value of the coefficient of electrostatic collection For larger APs, electroscavenging (ES) is the dominant collection mechanism. When ice nucleation is added to all collection processes, at some moments a larger value of results in a lower mass of APs in rainwater, but only for and Ice nucleation lowers the relative AP precipitation mass (RAPM) compared with a numerical experiment when all collection processes are included for almost 7% at the end of integration for while for all other values of RAPM increases. affects the mass more than the number of APs in cloud water when ice nucleation and all collection processes act simultaneously. The greatest scavenging in the air occurs for the largest ES significantly affects the mass of APs in precipitation at the end of the integration period, while its influence on the number of APs is not that important. The influence of APs charge distribution and an image charge on RAPM and RAPN is significant. For the RAPN the influence of APs distribution compared to an image charge is more significant. The addition of image force to Coulomb force and APs bipolar charge distribution contributes to RAPM for 3.9% and RAPN for 1.6%. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research
摘要:本文明确计算了直径小于0.2的亚微米气溶胶粒子(APs)与空气中的云滴和雨滴碰撞的效率,这是由于所有冰核和所有收集机制(包括云滴和APs上的电荷引起的静电力)的单独和联合同时作用。在ap临界直径范围内,布朗扩散是主要的收集机制,这取决于静电收集系数的值。对于较大的ap,电清除(ES)是主要的收集机制。当所有收集过程都加入冰成核时,在某些时刻,较大的冰成核值导致雨水中AP质量降低,但与数值实验相比,当所有收集过程在积分结束时几乎占7%时,冰成核降低了相对AP降水质量(RAPM),而所有其他RAPM值都增加。当冰成核和所有收集过程同时发生时,对云水中ap质量的影响大于对ap数量的影响。空气中最大的清除发生在最大的ES上,显著影响了积分期末降水中APs的质量,而对APs数量的影响不是那么重要。ap电荷分布和图像电荷对RAPM和RAPN的影响是显著的。相对于像电荷,ap分布对RAPN的影响更为显著。在库仑力和APs双极电荷分布的基础上加入像力对RAPM和RAPN的贡献分别为3.9%和1.6%。版权所有©2023美国气溶胶研究协会
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引用次数: 0
A machine learning based approach to solve the aerosol dynamics coagulation model 基于机器学习的气溶胶动力学凝结模型求解方法
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2249074
Onochie Okonkwo, Rahul Patel, R. Gudi, P. Biswas
Abstract Solving aerosol dynamic models accurately to obtain the size distribution function is often computationally expensive. Conventional artificial neural network (ANN) models offer an alternative procedure to solve the aerosol dynamic equations. However, conventional ANN models can result in violation of aerosol mass conservation. To further enhance accuracy and reduce computational time, a hybrid ANN approach to solve the aerosol coagulation equation is developed, validated, and demonstrated. The methodology and assumptions for the development of the hybrid ANN model which provides an analytical closed form solution for aerosol coagulation is described. The ANN model is trained and validated using a dataset from an accurate sectional model. Following this, the hybrid ANN aerosol model is used to describe the evolution of aerosol in a furnace aerosol reactor. The hybrid ANN model results are compared to the accurate sectional and moment coagulation models. The hybrid ANN coagulation model prediction was found to accurately describe the evolution of the size distribution at a computational cost which is slightly more than the moment model but orders of magnitude less than the sectional model. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research Graphical abstract
摘要准确求解气溶胶动力学模型以获得尺寸分布函数通常计算成本高昂。传统的人工神经网络(ANN)模型为求解气溶胶动力学方程提供了一种替代方法。然而,传统的人工神经网络模型可能会违反气溶胶质量守恒。为了进一步提高精度和减少计算时间,开发、验证并演示了一种求解气溶胶凝结方程的混合人工神经网络方法。介绍了开发混合人工神经网络模型的方法和假设,该模型为气溶胶凝结提供了一个分析闭合形式的解决方案。使用来自精确截面模型的数据集来训练和验证ANN模型。随后,使用混合人工神经网络气溶胶模型来描述炉式气溶胶反应器中气溶胶的演变。将混合人工神经网络模型的结果与精确的截面和力矩凝固模型进行了比较。发现混合人工神经网络凝固模型预测可以准确地描述尺寸分布的演变,计算成本略高于矩模型,但比截面模型低几个数量级。版权所有©2023美国气溶胶研究协会图形摘要
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引用次数: 0
Performance evaluation of different low-cost DIY air cleaner configurations 不同低成本DIY空气净化器配置的性能评估
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2249963
Nirmala T Myers, K. P. Dillon, Taewon T. Han, G. Mainelis
Abstract Do-it-yourself (DIY) air cleaners have been proposed as an affordable alternative to expensive portable HEPA air cleaners; however, their performance data is still limited. This study evaluated the performance of single- and multi-filter DIY air cleaner configurations with different filter thickness (1, 2, and 4 inches) and MERV ratings (8, 11, and 13). The filters were selected based on their availability to the public, with the resulting cost of less than 50 and 100 USD for single- and multi-filter configurations, respectively. DIY air cleaners were challenged with polydisperse NaCl particles, and their clean air delivery rate (CADR) was determined for ultrafine (< 100 nm) and 300 nm particle number concentration and PM2.5 mass concentration. Twelve single-filter configurations with filters from three companies, a 2-filter configuration, and a Corsi-Rosenthal (C-R) box with four 2-inch filters were tested. The CADR ranged from 84 to 635 cfm, depending on the particle metric and filter configuration. Among the single-filter configurations, the 4-inch filter performed the best. The multi-filter models, especially the C-R box, demonstrated the highest CADR: comparable to and exceeding the CADR of portable HEPA air cleaners. In addition, the C-R box also provided the highest CADR per power input while resulting in the lowest noise level and fan motor temperature. In addition to performance, the cost of operating and maintaining DIY air cleaners is also discussed. Overall, this study shows that DIY air cleaners are an affordable and effective means to reduce particulate air pollutants, thus improving indoor air quality. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
摘要:DIY空气净化器被认为是昂贵的便携式高效空气过滤器的一种负担得起的替代品;然而,它们的性能数据仍然有限。本研究评估了不同过滤器厚度(1、2和4英寸)和MERV评级(8、11和13)的单过滤器和多过滤器DIY空气净化器配置的性能。过滤器是根据其对公众的可用性进行选择的,单过滤器和多过滤器配置的成本分别低于50美元和100美元。DIY空气净化器受到多分散NaCl颗粒的挑战,其清洁空气输送速率(CADR)被确定为超细(<100 nm)和300 nm颗粒数浓度和PM2.5质量浓度。测试了来自三家公司的12个单过滤器配置、一个2过滤器配置和一个带有四个2英寸过滤器的Corsi Rosenthal(C-R)箱。CADR的范围为84至635cfm,具体取决于颗粒度量和过滤器配置。在单过滤器配置中,4英寸过滤器表现最好。多过滤器型号,尤其是C-R盒子,显示出最高的CADR:与便携式高效空气过滤器的CADR相当,甚至超过了便携式高效空气净化器的CADR。此外,C-R箱还提供了最高的每功率输入CADR,同时实现了最低的噪音水平和风扇电机温度。除了性能,还讨论了操作和维护DIY空气净化器的成本。总的来说,这项研究表明,DIY空气净化器是一种负担得起的有效手段,可以减少颗粒物空气污染物,从而改善室内空气质量。版权所有©2023美国气溶胶研究协会图形摘要
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引用次数: 0
Pulsed laser heating of diesel engine and turbojet combustor soot: Changes in nanostructure and implications 柴油发动机和涡轮喷气发动机燃烧室烟灰的脉冲激光加热:纳米结构的变化及其意义
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2244548
R. V. Vander Wal, Madhu Singh, W. Bachalo, G. Payne, J. Manin, R. Howard
Abstract Carbonaceous particulate produced by a diesel engine and turbojet engine combustor are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for differences in nanostructure before and after pulsed laser annealing. Soot is examined between low/high diesel engine torque and low/high turbojet engine thrust. Small differences in nascent nanostructure are magnified by the action of high-temperature annealing induced by pulsed laser heating. Lamellae length distributions show occurrence of graphitization while tortuosity analyses reveal lamellae straightening. Differences in internal particle structure (hollow shells versus internal graphitic ribbons) are interpreted as due to higher internal sp3 and O-atom content under the higher power conditions with hypothesized greater turbulence and resulting partial premixing. TEM in concert with fringe analyses reveal that a similar degree of annealing occurs in the primary particles in soot from both diesel engine and turbojet engine combustors—despite the aggregate and primary size differences between these sources. Implications of these results for source identification of the combustion particulate and for laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements of concentration are discussed with inter-instrument comparison of soot mass from both diesel and turbojet soot sources. Graphical Abstract
摘要通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了柴油发动机和涡轮喷气发动机燃烧室产生的碳质颗粒在脉冲激光退火前后的纳米结构差异。在低/高柴油发动机扭矩和低/高涡轮喷气发动机推力之间检查烟灰。脉冲激光加热引起的高温退火作用放大了新生纳米结构的微小差异。片层长度分布显示石墨化的发生,而弯曲度分析显示片层矫直。内部颗粒结构的差异(空心壳与内部石墨带)被解释为由于在假设更大湍流和由此产生的部分预混合的更高功率条件下更高的内部sp3和O原子含量。TEM与边缘分析相结合表明,尽管柴油发动机和涡轮喷气发动机燃烧器的烟尘中的主要颗粒存在聚集和主要尺寸差异,但其退火程度相似。通过对柴油机和涡轮喷气发动机烟尘源烟尘质量的仪器间比较,讨论了这些结果对燃烧颗粒源识别和激光诱导白炽度(LII)浓度测量的意义。图形摘要
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引用次数: 0
Deposition of 11C-radiolabeled nicotine-containing aerosol in an airway cast model using positron emission tomography (PET) 利用正电子发射断层扫描(PET)研究11c放射性标记含尼古丁气溶胶在气道铸型模型中的沉积
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2242901
J. Rose, A. Kuczaj, A. Mukhin, J. Hoeng, K. Sai
Abstract We recently developed an in vitro system for quantification of deposited mass of labeled aerosol constituents in the human airway under realistic inhalation conditions including temperature and humidity control. The in vitro system consists of the upper respiratory airway cast with separate flow controls within distinct branches of the cast. The complete workflow including generation of the labeled aerosol particles, flow setup, and scanning deposited labeled constituent using positron emission tomography is presented. The system was used for evaluating deposition of 11C-radiolabeled nicotine from pH-modified liquid formulations generated by a typical tank electronic nicotine delivery system. The airway deposition patterns were modulated by adjusted liquid pH-value, suggesting modified gas-liquid aerosol partitioning. This can be visually assessed in a qualitative manner, but more importantly measured in a quantitative manner by evaluating the total administered dose. The effects of temperature and humidity were separately assessed, showing significant influence of realistic inhalation conditions (temperature of 37 °C and nearly 100% relative humidity) on total nicotine deposition in the airway cast. Developed capabilities allow their future applications in generating validation data for modeling purposes as well as for conducting further studies concerning understanding of challenges in aerosol delivery and dosimetry assessments.
摘要:我们最近开发了一种体外系统,用于在实际吸入条件下(包括温度和湿度控制)定量人体气道中标记气溶胶成分的沉积质量。体外系统由上呼吸道铸型组成,在铸型的不同分支内具有单独的流量控制。完整的工作流程包括生成标记的气溶胶颗粒,流动设置,并使用正电子发射断层扫描沉积标记成分。该系统用于评价由典型的罐式电子尼古丁传递系统生成的ph改性液体配方中11c放射性标记尼古丁的沉积。调节的液体ph值可调节气道沉积模式,表明气液气溶胶分配发生了改变。这可以直观地以定性方式进行评估,但更重要的是通过评估总给药剂量以定量方式进行测量。分别对温度和湿度的影响进行了评估,结果显示现实吸入条件(温度为37℃,相对湿度接近100%)对气道铸型中总尼古丁沉积有显著影响。发展的能力允许它们在未来的应用中产生用于建模目的的验证数据,以及进行进一步的研究,以了解气溶胶输送和剂量学评估中的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the potential for continuous measurement of ultrafine particle mass concentration (PM0.1) based on measurements of particle number concentration above 50 nm (N 50) 基于50以上粒子数浓度的测量,探索连续测量超细粒子质量浓度(PM0.1)的潜力 纳米(N 50)
IF 5.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2023-08-16 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2249075
Georgia Argyropoulou, David Patoulias, S. Pandis
Abstract The real-time automatic and accurate measurement of the mass of ultrafine particles is especially challenging due to their low concentrations and the interferences of larger particles. This work introduces a new method to estimate PM0.1 continuously. Based on the theoretical predictions of a 3-D chemical transport model, PM0.1 and N 50 (number concentration of particles with a diameter above 50 nm) can have a very good correlation. This hypothesis is tested in this work by analyzing hourly measurements of size distributions, from different cities in Europe for a year. PM0.1 had a strong spatial and temporal correlation with N 50 (R 2 > 90%). The line passing through zero had an average slope of 0.16 ± 0.01 × 10−9 µg, for an assumed particle density equal to 1 g cm−3. This suggests that PM0.1 can be, at least in principle, measured indirectly but quite accurately and continuously by measuring N 50 with a suitable condensation particle counter. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research
摘要由于超细颗粒的低浓度和较大颗粒的干扰,实时、自动、准确地测量超细颗粒的质量尤其具有挑战性。本文介绍了一种连续估算PM0.1的新方法。基于三维化学输运模型的理论预测,PM0.1和N50(直径大于50的颗粒的数量浓度 nm)可以具有非常好的相关性。这项工作通过分析欧洲不同城市一年来每小时的尺寸分布测量结果来检验这一假设。PM0.1与N 50具有较强的时空相关性(R2 > 90%)。通过零点的直线的平均斜率为0.16 ± 0.01 × 10−9 µg,假设颗粒密度等于1 g cm−3。这表明,至少在原则上,PM0.1可以通过用合适的冷凝颗粒计数器测量N50来间接但相当准确和连续地测量。版权所有©2023美国气溶胶研究协会
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引用次数: 0
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