One strategy currently being developed to increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity is using a multi‐canopy cropping system in rice cultivation. This method involves planting tall and short rice genotypes in the same hill. The objective of this experiment was to estimate the genetic parameters and response to selection in multi‐canopy rice. Each experiment was arranged in an augmented randomized complete block design with five replications for the checks. In the first planting season, 200 F3 families from IPB196 and IPB197 populations were planted in monoculture and multi‐canopy as the short genotypes. IPB187‐F‐40‐1‐1 was used in multi‐canopy as the tall genotype. Selection of 25% based on grain weight per hill of short genotype in multi‐canopy was performed, and 50 families were selected and their F4 seeds were planted in the second season along with the same tall genotype. The results indicated the genotype × cropping system was significant for grain weight per hill in the F3 and F4 generations. Grain weight per hill has a similar realized h2ns in the multi‐canopy (0.58) with monoculture (0.54). Meanwhile, the response to selection in multi‐canopy (3.60) was higher compared to monoculture (2.09), and therefore the selection of rice lines for a multi‐canopy system should be conducted in the multi‐canopy environment. A selection percentage of 5% resulted in a higher response to selection. These findings may provide insight into the acceleration of breeding rice varieties for the multi‐canopy system.
{"title":"Rice breeding for multi‐canopy system: Estimations of genetic parameters and response to selection","authors":"Ma'rifatus Sholehah, Willy Bayuardi Suwarno, Vany Putri Hapsari, Nisfia Nurfirdausy Sulistyo, Siti Marwiyah, Hajrial Aswidinnoor","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21629","url":null,"abstract":"One strategy currently being developed to increase rice (<jats:italic>Oryza sativa</jats:italic> L.) productivity is using a multi‐canopy cropping system in rice cultivation. This method involves planting tall and short rice genotypes in the same hill. The objective of this experiment was to estimate the genetic parameters and response to selection in multi‐canopy rice. Each experiment was arranged in an augmented randomized complete block design with five replications for the checks. In the first planting season, 200 F<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> families from IPB196 and IPB197 populations were planted in monoculture and multi‐canopy as the short genotypes. IPB187‐F‐40‐1‐1 was used in multi‐canopy as the tall genotype. Selection of 25% based on grain weight per hill of short genotype in multi‐canopy was performed, and 50 families were selected and their F<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> seeds were planted in the second season along with the same tall genotype. The results indicated the genotype × cropping system was significant for grain weight per hill in the F<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> and F<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> generations. Grain weight per hill has a similar realized <jats:italic>h</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup><jats:sub>ns</jats:sub> in the multi‐canopy (0.58) with monoculture (0.54). Meanwhile, the response to selection in multi‐canopy (3.60) was higher compared to monoculture (2.09), and therefore the selection of rice lines for a multi‐canopy system should be conducted in the multi‐canopy environment. A selection percentage of 5% resulted in a higher response to selection. These findings may provide insight into the acceleration of breeding rice varieties for the multi‐canopy system.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yao Zhang, Alison E. King, Emma Hamilton, M. Francesca Cotrufo
Croplands have been the focus of substantial investigation due to their considerable potential for sequestering carbon. Understanding the potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and necessary management strategies will be enabled with accurate process‐based models. Accurately representing crop growth and agricultural practices will be critical for realistic SOC modeling. The MEMS 2 model incorporates a current understanding of SOC formation and stabilization, measurable SOC pools, and deep SOC dynamics and is seen as a highly promising tool to inform management intervention for SOC sequestration. Thus far, MEMS 2 has been developed to represent grasslands. In this study, we further developed MEMS 2 to model annual grain crops and common agricultural practices, such as irrigation, fertilization, harvesting, and tillage. Using four Ameriflux sites, we demonstrated an accurate simulation of crop growth and development. Model performance was strong for simulating aboveground biomass (index of agreement [d] range of 0.89–0.98) and green leaf area index (d from 0.90 to 0.96) across corn, soybean, and winter wheat. Good agreement with observations was also achieved for net ecosystem CO2 exchange (d from 0.90 to 0.96), evapotranspiration (d from 0.91 to 0.94), and soil temperature (d of 0.96), while discrepancy with the available soil water content data remain (d from 0.14 to 0.81 at four depths to 100 cm). While we will continue model testing and improvement, MEMS 2 (version 2.14) has now demonstrated its ability to effectively simulate the growth of common grain crops and practices.
{"title":"Representing cropping systems with the MEMS 2 ecosystem model","authors":"Yao Zhang, Alison E. King, Emma Hamilton, M. Francesca Cotrufo","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21611","url":null,"abstract":"Croplands have been the focus of substantial investigation due to their considerable potential for sequestering carbon. Understanding the potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and necessary management strategies will be enabled with accurate process‐based models. Accurately representing crop growth and agricultural practices will be critical for realistic SOC modeling. The MEMS 2 model incorporates a current understanding of SOC formation and stabilization, measurable SOC pools, and deep SOC dynamics and is seen as a highly promising tool to inform management intervention for SOC sequestration. Thus far, MEMS 2 has been developed to represent grasslands. In this study, we further developed MEMS 2 to model annual grain crops and common agricultural practices, such as irrigation, fertilization, harvesting, and tillage. Using four Ameriflux sites, we demonstrated an accurate simulation of crop growth and development. Model performance was strong for simulating aboveground biomass (index of agreement [<jats:italic>d</jats:italic>] range of 0.89–0.98) and green leaf area index (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> from 0.90 to 0.96) across corn, soybean, and winter wheat. Good agreement with observations was also achieved for net ecosystem CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> exchange (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> from 0.90 to 0.96), evapotranspiration (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> from 0.91 to 0.94), and soil temperature (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> of 0.96), while discrepancy with the available soil water content data remain (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> from 0.14 to 0.81 at four depths to 100 cm). While we will continue model testing and improvement, MEMS 2 (version 2.14) has now demonstrated its ability to effectively simulate the growth of common grain crops and practices.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141518204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Da‐Young Kim, Fikadu Getachew, Barry L. Tillman, Brendan Zurweller, William M. Hammond, Alina Zare, Raegan Holton, Zachary Brym
Aflatoxin contamination in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a significant public health risk. Aflatoxin is detected postharvest after inspection of loads associated with grading at peanut buying points, leaving growers and shellers in a precarious position. Stricter limits on aflatoxin contamination could restrict the United States access to international markets. Predicting aflatoxin risk remains challenging, but improved tools could help inform postharvest storage segregation decisions and alert industry stakeholders to seasonal threats. This study aimed to develop and evaluate multiple statistical models that estimate the regional status of peanut aflatoxin contamination based on preharvest weather conditions. Our approach expanded on an existing peanut aflatoxin model for which a new geographic area and time period were tested. Weather variables served as independent variables to predict the risk of aflatoxin as the proportion of samples with greater than 20 ppb and 4 ppb aflatoxin (PGT20 [the proportion of samples with greater than 20 ppb aflatoxin] and PGT4 [the proportion of samples with greater than 4 ppb aflatoxin], respectively) across 10 counties in Georgia for 2018–2022. Best‐performing models were developed through multiple linear stepwise regression explaining more than 72% and 41% of the variability in PGT20 and PGT4, respectively. Model performance further varied whether it was a year of low or high aflatoxin incidence, with temperature observed as a key influencing factor across best‐performing models. This study established an adaptive approach to monitoring and managing aflatoxin risk through statistical predictive modeling, with output targeting farmers, industry, regulators, and public health officials. Future model development will aim to improve interpretation and confidence with in‐season aflatoxin prediction and efficacy testing of this approach across space and time.
{"title":"Developing statistical models of aflatoxin risk in peanuts using historical weather data","authors":"Da‐Young Kim, Fikadu Getachew, Barry L. Tillman, Brendan Zurweller, William M. Hammond, Alina Zare, Raegan Holton, Zachary Brym","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21627","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxin contamination in peanuts (<jats:italic>Arachis hypogaea</jats:italic> L.) is a significant public health risk. Aflatoxin is detected postharvest after inspection of loads associated with grading at peanut buying points, leaving growers and shellers in a precarious position. Stricter limits on aflatoxin contamination could restrict the United States access to international markets. Predicting aflatoxin risk remains challenging, but improved tools could help inform postharvest storage segregation decisions and alert industry stakeholders to seasonal threats. This study aimed to develop and evaluate multiple statistical models that estimate the regional status of peanut aflatoxin contamination based on preharvest weather conditions. Our approach expanded on an existing peanut aflatoxin model for which a new geographic area and time period were tested. Weather variables served as independent variables to predict the risk of aflatoxin as the proportion of samples with greater than 20 ppb and 4 ppb aflatoxin (PGT20 [the proportion of samples with greater than 20 ppb aflatoxin] and PGT4 [the proportion of samples with greater than 4 ppb aflatoxin], respectively) across 10 counties in Georgia for 2018–2022. Best‐performing models were developed through multiple linear stepwise regression explaining more than 72% and 41% of the variability in PGT20 and PGT4, respectively. Model performance further varied whether it was a year of low or high aflatoxin incidence, with temperature observed as a key influencing factor across best‐performing models. This study established an adaptive approach to monitoring and managing aflatoxin risk through statistical predictive modeling, with output targeting farmers, industry, regulators, and public health officials. Future model development will aim to improve interpretation and confidence with in‐season aflatoxin prediction and efficacy testing of this approach across space and time.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141518203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Moseley, Andre Reis, Thanos Gentimis, Priscila Campos, Josh Copes, Melanie Netterville, Peters Egbedi, Dustin Harrell, Manoch Kongchum, Ronnie Levy, Boyd Padgett, Samuel Soignier, Derek Scroggs, Jason Sanders, Joe Pankey, Katarzyna Fic
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers in Louisiana began shifting to an early soybean production system (ESPS) in the early 2000s by planting earlier maturing varieties in April and May. Although this shift in planting practices has been supported by research elsewhere beginning in the mid‐1990s, there is minimum data focusing on the ESPS across Louisiana. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of planting date, maturity group (MG), and their combination across a comprehensive set of yield environments in the state of Louisiana to determine the combination of optimum planting date and MG for soybean production. We gathered field data from the 2013 to 2020 seasons originated from three Louisiana State University AgCenter research stations and four seed companies. A total of 428, 926, and 331 observations were analyzed from the Northeast, Central, and Southwest Louisiana regions, respectively. When including all data from across Louisiana, the optimum planting date was April 30. Breaking by regions, the average optimum planting date for the Northeast Louisiana region was April 9. The Central and Southwest results were divided by MG section, and the approximate optimum planting dates were April 15 and May 15, respectively. These results support the ESPS for the Northeast and Central Louisiana regions, but not for the Southwest Louisiana region. Optimizing planting recommendation is a critical component for supporting the development of varieties suitable for the southern production systems of the United States.
{"title":"Soybean planting dates and maturity groups: Maximizing yield potential and decreasing risk in Louisiana","authors":"David Moseley, Andre Reis, Thanos Gentimis, Priscila Campos, Josh Copes, Melanie Netterville, Peters Egbedi, Dustin Harrell, Manoch Kongchum, Ronnie Levy, Boyd Padgett, Samuel Soignier, Derek Scroggs, Jason Sanders, Joe Pankey, Katarzyna Fic","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21626","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean [<jats:italic>Glycine max</jats:italic> (L.) Merr.] producers in Louisiana began shifting to an early soybean production system (ESPS) in the early 2000s by planting earlier maturing varieties in April and May. Although this shift in planting practices has been supported by research elsewhere beginning in the mid‐1990s, there is minimum data focusing on the ESPS across Louisiana. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of planting date, maturity group (MG), and their combination across a comprehensive set of yield environments in the state of Louisiana to determine the combination of optimum planting date and MG for soybean production. We gathered field data from the 2013 to 2020 seasons originated from three Louisiana State University AgCenter research stations and four seed companies. A total of 428, 926, and 331 observations were analyzed from the Northeast, Central, and Southwest Louisiana regions, respectively. When including all data from across Louisiana, the optimum planting date was April 30. Breaking by regions, the average optimum planting date for the Northeast Louisiana region was April 9. The Central and Southwest results were divided by MG section, and the approximate optimum planting dates were April 15 and May 15, respectively. These results support the ESPS for the Northeast and Central Louisiana regions, but not for the Southwest Louisiana region. Optimizing planting recommendation is a critical component for supporting the development of varieties suitable for the southern production systems of the United States.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caleb R. Hammer, Timothy J. Griffis, John M. Baker, Pamela J. Rice, Lara E. Frankson, Jeffrey L. Gunsolus, Matthew D. Erickson, Ke Xiao, Aarti P. Mistry, Debalin Sarangi
The herbicide dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) is commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in soybeans. Dicamba, however, is susceptible to volatilization and drift, thereby causing significant plant damage to nontarget crops downwind. Dicamba was reformulated to reduce volatility and off‐target movement. The effectiveness of the dicamba reformulation was assessed by quantifying dicamba emissions following spray application and investigated how meteorological factors influenced the off‐target movement. The experiments were conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (UMORE Park) during the growing season of 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022. Multiple high‐flow polyurethane foam air samplers were used to measure dicamba concentrations downwind from a 4‐ha soybean field sprayed with dicamba. Dicamba emissions were estimated using backward Lagrangian modeling constrained by the air sample observations. The results indicate that dicamba emissions and downwind transport were significant for several days following application. Further, non‐traited soybeans located within 15–45 m showed substantial dicamba‐related damage. In warmer, drier seasons, increased dicamba emissions caused more severe damage to downwind soybeans, likely worsened by drought stress preventing recovery. Favorable atmospheric conditions that reduced potential drift can be difficult to achieve in terms of the typical weather experienced over agricultural sites in the Upper Midwest. These results indicate that the dicamba reformulation has not adequately prevented significant post‐spray volatilization losses and downwind transport.
{"title":"Reformulation of dicamba herbicide: Impacts on offsite transport and soybean damage","authors":"Caleb R. Hammer, Timothy J. Griffis, John M. Baker, Pamela J. Rice, Lara E. Frankson, Jeffrey L. Gunsolus, Matthew D. Erickson, Ke Xiao, Aarti P. Mistry, Debalin Sarangi","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21630","url":null,"abstract":"The herbicide dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) is commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in soybeans. Dicamba, however, is susceptible to volatilization and drift, thereby causing significant plant damage to nontarget crops downwind. Dicamba was reformulated to reduce volatility and off‐target movement. The effectiveness of the dicamba reformulation was assessed by quantifying dicamba emissions following spray application and investigated how meteorological factors influenced the off‐target movement. The experiments were conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (UMORE Park) during the growing season of 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022. Multiple high‐flow polyurethane foam air samplers were used to measure dicamba concentrations downwind from a 4‐ha soybean field sprayed with dicamba. Dicamba emissions were estimated using backward Lagrangian modeling constrained by the air sample observations. The results indicate that dicamba emissions and downwind transport were significant for several days following application. Further, non‐traited soybeans located within 15–45 m showed substantial dicamba‐related damage. In warmer, drier seasons, increased dicamba emissions caused more severe damage to downwind soybeans, likely worsened by drought stress preventing recovery. Favorable atmospheric conditions that reduced potential drift can be difficult to achieve in terms of the typical weather experienced over agricultural sites in the Upper Midwest. These results indicate that the dicamba reformulation has not adequately prevented significant post‐spray volatilization losses and downwind transport.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subsurface drainage is an important agricultural practice that has been widely utilized in the US Midwest to improve the productivity of poorly drained soils. Although widely adopted, long‐term yield benefits of drainage, particularly with varying spacings, in an ever‐changing climate are largely unknown. The goals of this study were to assess how various drainage spacings (5, 10, and 20 m) impacted crop yields compared to the undrained control in a long‐term trial (started in 1984) in southeastern Indiana and how these effects were influenced by the amount of rainfall of specific periods of the growing season. Drainage treatments led to an increase in corn (Zea mays) yields (by 12%–17%) but did not significantly affect soybean (Glycine max) yields compared to the control. In the initial 10 years of the experiment, drainage benefits were subtle and corn yields did not vary significantly across spacing treatments, whereas in the most recent 10 corn years, the drainage treatment effects became more pronounced, likely due to the combined effects of long‐term drainage system and conservation practices of no‐till and cover crops. Over 37 years, corn yields remained stagnant in the undrained plots but progressively increased in the drained treatments. Both corn and soybean yields showed a negative correlation with rainfall 14 days post‐planting, while drainage spacing treatments partially mitigated this negative effect. Our findings underscore the importance of effective drainage as a necessary prerequisite for realizing the potential benefits of conservation practices and improved crop genetics for increased crop productivity.
{"title":"Long‐term crop yield benefits of subsurface drainage on poorly drained soils","authors":"Yichao Rui, Benjamin Goller, Eileen J. Kladivko","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21621","url":null,"abstract":"Subsurface drainage is an important agricultural practice that has been widely utilized in the US Midwest to improve the productivity of poorly drained soils. Although widely adopted, long‐term yield benefits of drainage, particularly with varying spacings, in an ever‐changing climate are largely unknown. The goals of this study were to assess how various drainage spacings (5, 10, and 20 m) impacted crop yields compared to the undrained control in a long‐term trial (started in 1984) in southeastern Indiana and how these effects were influenced by the amount of rainfall of specific periods of the growing season. Drainage treatments led to an increase in corn (<jats:italic>Zea mays</jats:italic>) yields (by 12%–17%) but did not significantly affect soybean (<jats:italic>Glycine max</jats:italic>) yields compared to the control. In the initial 10 years of the experiment, drainage benefits were subtle and corn yields did not vary significantly across spacing treatments, whereas in the most recent 10 corn years, the drainage treatment effects became more pronounced, likely due to the combined effects of long‐term drainage system and conservation practices of no‐till and cover crops. Over 37 years, corn yields remained stagnant in the undrained plots but progressively increased in the drained treatments. Both corn and soybean yields showed a negative correlation with rainfall 14 days post‐planting, while drainage spacing treatments partially mitigated this negative effect. Our findings underscore the importance of effective drainage as a necessary prerequisite for realizing the potential benefits of conservation practices and improved crop genetics for increased crop productivity.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141518218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Integrated forage–row cropping systems provide important agronomic and economic benefits to producers. However, little attention has been given to incorporating forages into row crop systems unique to the southeastern United States. This study assessed the viability of intercropping cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on perennial, cool‐season legumes during the summer months in the Southeast Coastal Plain over two production years. Treatments included a weedy fallow, annual ryegrass (ARG; Lolium multiflorum Lam.) monoculture, a red clover (RC; Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (WC; Trifolium repens L.) mixture, and a three‐species mixture of ARG, RC, and WC. Plots were established in fall 2020 with forage grown until May 2021 and 2022, when plots were strip‐tilled and planted with cotton. Cotton was managed with minimal herbicide use to preserve perennial clovers. Results indicated WC was more persistent than RC (>40 plants m−2 vs. <40 plants m−2), and the presence of perennial clovers suppressed weeds at similar levels to the ARG monoculture (35 weeds m−2) during the second spring. Perennial clovers grew taller (4–5 cm) when mixed with ARG. The presence of clovers mixed with ARG during the second spring reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration and increased crude protein (CP) concentration (280 g ADF kg−1; 167 g CP kg−1) compared to the ARG monoculture (315 g ADF kg−1; 126 g CP kg−1). Benefits of intercropping perennial forages with cotton were maximized during the second year of growth, but future work is necessary to improve stand survival.
{"title":"Evaluating the effects of cotton intercropping on cool‐season perennial forage persistence, forage mass, and nutritive value in the southeastern United States","authors":"Eric D. Billman, W. Tillman Myers","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21625","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated forage–row cropping systems provide important agronomic and economic benefits to producers. However, little attention has been given to incorporating forages into row crop systems unique to the southeastern United States. This study assessed the viability of intercropping cotton (<jats:italic>Gossypium hirsutum</jats:italic> L.) on perennial, cool‐season legumes during the summer months in the Southeast Coastal Plain over two production years. Treatments included a weedy fallow, annual ryegrass (ARG; <jats:italic>Lolium multiflorum</jats:italic> Lam.) monoculture, a red clover (RC; <jats:italic>Trifolium pratense</jats:italic> L.) and white clover (WC; <jats:italic>Trifolium repens</jats:italic> L.) mixture, and a three‐species mixture of ARG, RC, and WC. Plots were established in fall 2020 with forage grown until May 2021 and 2022, when plots were strip‐tilled and planted with cotton. Cotton was managed with minimal herbicide use to preserve perennial clovers. Results indicated WC was more persistent than RC (>40 plants m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> vs. <40 plants m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>), and the presence of perennial clovers suppressed weeds at similar levels to the ARG monoculture (35 weeds m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>) during the second spring. Perennial clovers grew taller (4–5 cm) when mixed with ARG. The presence of clovers mixed with ARG during the second spring reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration and increased crude protein (CP) concentration (280 g ADF kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>; 167 g CP kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) compared to the ARG monoculture (315 g ADF kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>; 126 g CP kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). Benefits of intercropping perennial forages with cotton were maximized during the second year of growth, but future work is necessary to improve stand survival.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141518207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vengai Mbanyele, Rebecca Oiza Enesi, Lana Shaw, Linda Yuya Gorim
Intercropping is gaining interest from Western Canadian producers who are looking for information on how to incorporate intercrops into their production systems. This review summarizes agronomic research on intercropping from the last 40 years in Western Canada and discusses the potential challenges of integrating intercropping into existing crop rotations while identifying challenges and possible solutions. Reviewed literature indicates that several intercrop combinations have been tested in small plots involving up to four crops simultaneously grown, with over 60% comprising pulse–oilseed combinations followed by pulse–cereal combinations at ∼30%. The land equivalent ratio (LER) for pulse–oilseed and pulse–cereal averaged 1.11 and 1.13, respectively. Key agronomic factors that influenced LER in different intercrop combinations have been summarized, and the relationship of N and seeding rate with crop grain LER and partial land equivalent ratio has been assessed. While the relationship between N rate and LER was unclear in pulse–oilseed combinations such as pea (Pisum sativum L.)–canola (Brassica napus L.), LER decreased linearly with increasing N rate (p < 0.004) in pea–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) intercrop. We highlighted that incorporating intercrops into current rotations will decrease crop rotation lengths with possible implications for disease management. There are many logistical challenges to intercropping but new technology may help producers to adapt.
{"title":"A review of intercropping systems in Western Canada","authors":"Vengai Mbanyele, Rebecca Oiza Enesi, Lana Shaw, Linda Yuya Gorim","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21622","url":null,"abstract":"Intercropping is gaining interest from Western Canadian producers who are looking for information on how to incorporate intercrops into their production systems. This review summarizes agronomic research on intercropping from the last 40 years in Western Canada and discusses the potential challenges of integrating intercropping into existing crop rotations while identifying challenges and possible solutions. Reviewed literature indicates that several intercrop combinations have been tested in small plots involving up to four crops simultaneously grown, with over 60% comprising pulse–oilseed combinations followed by pulse–cereal combinations at ∼30%. The land equivalent ratio (LER) for pulse–oilseed and pulse–cereal averaged 1.11 and 1.13, respectively. Key agronomic factors that influenced LER in different intercrop combinations have been summarized, and the relationship of N and seeding rate with crop grain LER and partial land equivalent ratio has been assessed. While the relationship between N rate and LER was unclear in pulse–oilseed combinations such as pea (<jats:italic>Pisum sativum</jats:italic> L.)–canola (<jats:italic>Brassica napus</jats:italic> L.), LER decreased linearly with increasing N rate (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.004) in pea–barley (<jats:italic>Hordeum vulgare</jats:italic> L.) intercrop. We highlighted that incorporating intercrops into current rotations will decrease crop rotation lengths with possible implications for disease management. There are many logistical challenges to intercropping but new technology may help producers to adapt.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141518206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David H. Suchoff, Shannon Henriquez Inoa, George M. Stack, Alexander J. Wares, Stephen I. Snyder, Maylin J. Murdock, Jocelyn K. C. Rose, Lawrence B. Smart, Tara A. Caton, Robert C. Pearce
Cannabinoid hemp is a dioecious crop where pistillate plants are selectively grown to maximize cannabinoid yields. Errant pollination can reduce pistillate flower yields, cannabinoid concentrations, and lead to unmarketable flowers due to the presence of undesirable seeds. We compared pollen sensitivity and agronomic performance of diploid (2n = 2x = 20 chromosomes) and triploid (2n = 3x = 30 chromosomes) cannabinoid hemp in open‐field conditions. The high‐CBD variety Lifter and high‐CBG variety White CBG were evaluated in both their diploid and triploid counterparts in fields with and without pollen. Trials were conducted during the 2021 and 2022 field seasons in Kentucky, New York, and North Carolina (n = 6 site years). Triploids produced taller and wider plants than diploids; however, this did not result in yield differences in the pollen‐free environment. In the presence of pollen, triploid Lifter and White CBG produced 87% and 77% fewer seeds than their diploid counterparts, respectively. Increased seed production in diploids also resulted in a significant reduction of seed‐free biomass and cannabinoid concentrations compared to triploids. In the absence of pollen, we did not find any appreciable differences in seed‐free biomass or cannabinoid concentrations between triploids and diploids. Though not completely pollen‐insensitive, triploidy is an effective means to reduce seed production and improve yields and quality in cannabinoid hemp in the presence of pollen.
{"title":"Characterization of agronomic performance and sterility in triploid and diploid cannabinoid hemp","authors":"David H. Suchoff, Shannon Henriquez Inoa, George M. Stack, Alexander J. Wares, Stephen I. Snyder, Maylin J. Murdock, Jocelyn K. C. Rose, Lawrence B. Smart, Tara A. Caton, Robert C. Pearce","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21618","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabinoid hemp is a dioecious crop where pistillate plants are selectively grown to maximize cannabinoid yields. Errant pollination can reduce pistillate flower yields, cannabinoid concentrations, and lead to unmarketable flowers due to the presence of undesirable seeds. We compared pollen sensitivity and agronomic performance of diploid (<jats:italic>2n</jats:italic> = 2<jats:italic>x</jats:italic> = 20 chromosomes) and triploid (<jats:italic>2n</jats:italic> = 3<jats:italic>x</jats:italic> = 30 chromosomes) cannabinoid hemp in open‐field conditions. The high‐CBD variety Lifter and high‐CBG variety White CBG were evaluated in both their diploid and triploid counterparts in fields with and without pollen. Trials were conducted during the 2021 and 2022 field seasons in Kentucky, New York, and North Carolina (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 6 site years). Triploids produced taller and wider plants than diploids; however, this did not result in yield differences in the pollen‐free environment. In the presence of pollen, triploid Lifter and White CBG produced 87% and 77% fewer seeds than their diploid counterparts, respectively. Increased seed production in diploids also resulted in a significant reduction of seed‐free biomass and cannabinoid concentrations compared to triploids. In the absence of pollen, we did not find any appreciable differences in seed‐free biomass or cannabinoid concentrations between triploids and diploids. Though not completely pollen‐insensitive, triploidy is an effective means to reduce seed production and improve yields and quality in cannabinoid hemp in the presence of pollen.","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141518219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The herbicidal activity of the fermentation broth, filtrate, and extracts of Bacillus altitudinis D30202 was evaluated against seed germination and seedling growth of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). The bacterial culture filtrate exhibited greater inhibition of the wild oat weed than the fermentation broth. The filtrate was also extracted with organic solvents. The herbicidal potency of the extracts on the growth of wild oat plants was as follows: chloroform (100% inhibition of germination) > n‐butanol (93.8%) > ethyl acetate (66.7%) > petroleum ether (6.3%) > aqueous phase (2.1%); so the chloroform extract was evaluated further. It inhibited wild oat radicle growth by 100%, and plumule growth by 97.9%, while spraying young plants with a 5 mg/mL extract caused severe desiccation of the leaves, stalk wilting, and plant death. IC50 values for inhibition of plumule and radicle growth and germination were 0.64–0.72 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed changes in the microstructure of the leaves and root tips, and degradation of organelles following chloroform extract treatment. The 5 mg/mL extract had no adverse impact on the growth or health of highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays), and broad bean (Vicia faba L.), indicating that this novel bioherbicide is suitable for control of wild oat weeds in the production of these food crops (while having a minor impact on the health of pea plants and being phytotoxic to wheat plants).
{"title":"Novel herbicide from an optimized Bacillus altitudinis D30202 solvent extract","authors":"Xiu‐hua Ma, Shuo Shen, Wei Li, Jian Wang","doi":"10.1002/agj2.21623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21623","url":null,"abstract":"The herbicidal activity of the fermentation broth, filtrate, and extracts of <jats:italic>Bacillus altitudinis</jats:italic> D30202 was evaluated against seed germination and seedling growth of wild oat (<jats:italic>Avena fatua</jats:italic> L.). The bacterial culture filtrate exhibited greater inhibition of the wild oat weed than the fermentation broth. The filtrate was also extracted with organic solvents. The herbicidal potency of the extracts on the growth of wild oat plants was as follows: chloroform (100% inhibition of germination) > <jats:italic>n</jats:italic>‐butanol (93.8%) > ethyl acetate (66.7%) > petroleum ether (6.3%) > aqueous phase (2.1%); so the chloroform extract was evaluated further. It inhibited wild oat radicle growth by 100%, and plumule growth by 97.9%, while spraying young plants with a 5 mg/mL extract caused severe desiccation of the leaves, stalk wilting, and plant death. IC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> values for inhibition of plumule and radicle growth and germination were 0.64–0.72 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed changes in the microstructure of the leaves and root tips, and degradation of organelles following chloroform extract treatment. The 5 mg/mL extract had no adverse impact on the growth or health of highland barley (<jats:italic>Hordeum vulgare</jats:italic> L.), corn (<jats:italic>Zea mays</jats:italic>), and broad bean (<jats:italic>Vicia faba</jats:italic> L.), indicating that this novel bioherbicide is suitable for control of wild oat weeds in the production of these food crops (while having a minor impact on the health of pea plants and being phytotoxic to wheat plants).","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141518220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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