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Summer cover crop mixes: Part 2—Weed suppression and early cash crop performance 夏季覆盖作物混合:第2部分-杂草抑制和早期经济作物性能
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70236
Jodie M. McVane, Paul B. DeLaune, Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan

Cover crop mixes offer many benefits, including the management of herbicide-resistant weeds. In Southern cropping systems, summer mixes, planted after cash crop harvest and terminated by frost, can be valuable for effective weed management. In this 3-year study, four summer mixes were evaluated for their impact on weed suppression and the establishment of subsequent cash crops. Mix 1 had four grasses; mix 2 had two grasses, one legume, and one non-leguminous broadleaf; mix 3 had two grasses and two legumes; and mix 4 had two legumes and two non-leguminous broadleaves. Mixes 1, 2, and 3 produced the greatest biomass, thus offering the highest post-harvest weed suppression (>80% reduction in weed biomass) and moderate early-summer weed suppression, compared to fallow. The summer grasses sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) were effective contributors to biomass production and weed suppression. Mix 4, with no grass component, still had a 54% reduction in weed biomass compared to the weedy check control. The corn and grain sorghum planted into the terminated legume mix plots showed enhanced growth, with none of the mixes negatively impacting these cash crops. In mixes 2 and 3 that contained legumes, corn plants were 18% taller on average and had 29% greater early-season plant biomass than the weed-free check. Overall, the findings suggest that summer mixtures, particularly those dominated by grasses, provide substantial weed suppression, with grass–legume combinations offering additional benefits to early cash crop performance.

覆盖作物混合种植有很多好处,包括管理抗除草剂杂草。在南方的种植系统中,在经济作物收获后种植并因霜冻而终止的夏季混合种植对有效的杂草管理很有价值。在这项为期3年的研究中,评估了四种夏季混合对杂草抑制和后续经济作物建立的影响。Mix 1有四种草;混合2有两种草,一种豆科,一种非豆科阔叶;混合3有两种草和两种豆科植物;混合4有两个豆科阔叶和两个非豆科阔叶。与休耕相比,混合1、2和3产生的生物量最大,因此收获后杂草抑制最高(杂草生物量减少80%),初夏杂草抑制适度。夏草高粱-苏丹草(Sorghum - sudanense × S. bicolor var. sudanense)和珍珠粟(Pennisetum glaucum L.)是有效的生物质生产和杂草抑制贡献者。与杂草对照相比,不含草成分的混合4的杂草生物量仍减少54%。将玉米和高粱种植在终止豆科作物混交地中,对这些经济作物的生长都有促进作用,没有任何一种混交地对这些经济作物产生负面影响。在含有豆类的混合2和混合3中,玉米植株比无杂草的混合2平均高18%,早季植物生物量比无杂草的混合3平均高29%。总的来说,研究结果表明,夏季混合,特别是那些以草为主的混合,提供了大量的杂草抑制,草-豆科植物组合为早期经济作物的表现提供了额外的好处。
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引用次数: 0
Nitrapyrin application at different topographic positions affects corn productivity and economic returns 在不同的地形位置施用硝吡啶影响玉米的生产力和经济效益
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70239
Pranay Kumar Kadari, Gurbir Singh, Kelly A. Nelson, Gurpreet Kaur, Adauto Rocha Junior

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency on claypan soils is often low; therefore, adopting effective management practices is crucial for increasing corn (Zea mays L.) productivity and maximizing economic returns. The objective of this 4-year field study (2019–2022) was to evaluate the impact of anhydrous ammonia (AA) with or without a nitrification inhibitor (nitrapyrin) on corn productivity, grain quality, partial factor productivity (PFP), and economic returns across different topographic positions (shoulder, backslope, and footslope) within a landscape. Averaged over the years, AA + nitrapyrin treatment had over 6.4% yield advantage compared to AA alone. Grain N removal was 11 kg ha−1 higher and PFP was 3.6 units higher with AA + nitrapyrin compared to AA treatment. Although the expected net returns with nitrapyrin were lower at the footslope and higher at the shoulder position, the incremental yields, economic yield difference, and net economic gains at the footslope were consistently greater than those at the backslope and shoulder. Averaged over site-years, the footslope position generated higher net economic gains ($200.07 ha−1), which were $46.04 and $125.37 ha−1 higher than the backslope and shoulder positions, respectively. These findings emphasize the importance of site-specific N management with nitrapyrin for optimizing yields, enhancing nutrient use efficiency, and maximizing economic returns under varying landscapes.

粘土土氮素利用效率往往较低;因此,采取有效的管理措施对于提高玉米(Zea mays L.)生产力和实现经济回报最大化至关重要。这项为期4年的实地研究(2019-2022)旨在评估有无硝化抑制剂(nitrapyrin)的无水氨(AA)对景观中不同地形位置(肩坡、后坡和脚坡)的玉米生产力、谷物质量、部分要素生产率(PFP)和经济回报的影响。多年平均来看,AA + nitrapyrin处理比单独AA处理的产量优势超过6.4%。与AA处理相比,AA +硝霉素处理的籽粒氮去除率提高了11 kg ha - 1, PFP提高了3.6个单位。尽管施用硝吡林的预期净收益在坡脚较低,而在坡肩较高,但坡脚的增量产量、经济产量差和净经济收益始终大于坡背和坡肩。在站点年平均值上,脚坡位置产生了更高的净经济收益(200.07 ha - 1美元),分别比背坡和肩坡位置高46.04美元和125.37美元ha - 1。这些发现强调了在不同景观条件下,使用硝基吡啶进行特定地点氮素管理对于优化产量、提高养分利用效率和最大化经济回报的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the stability and plasticity of rice quality traits through reaction norms on environmental covariates 利用环境协变量反应规范评价水稻品质性状的稳定性和可塑性
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70227
Kajal Gupta, Brijesh Angira, Adam Famoso, Roberto Fritsche-Neto

We applied the reaction norm concept to assess the stability and plasticity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain quality traits, specifically for whole milling, chalk, and length. For that, we used 15 days of planting trials from 2021 and 2022, which included 19 commercial varieties evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis was conducted in two phases: first, we obtained adjusted means for each line in each trial, followed by a joint analysis to calculate broad-sense heritability and genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction. Next, we used Finlay–Wilkinson's regression, genotype-genotype × enviroment (GGE) biplot, and environmental covariates to dissect the G × E. All analyses were performed in R using SpATS, sommer, statgenGxE, metan, EnvRtpe, caret, and snpReady packages. Furthermore, to better understand the G × E effect, we employed linear and exponential regression models. Our results revealed a higher G × E interaction for whole milling and chalk, while grain length showed a lower interaction. Notably, the specific planting days were more critical for quality traits than planting windows. We identified key environmental covariates: potential evapotranspiration and relative humidity from pre-flowering to flowering for whole milling; vapor pressure deficit and relative humidity from flowering to post-flowering for chalk; and wind speed, potential evapotranspiration, and relative temperature anomaly during various growth stages for grain length. These covariates explained ∼76% of the total variation in these traits. Reaction norm curves provided insights into genotype-specific responses to environmental factors, and the narrow-sense heritability of reaction norm components (intercept and slope) revealed “new” heritable traits to be used for stability and adaptability selection.

应用反应范数概念评价水稻籽粒品质性状的稳定性和可塑性,特别是全碾磨、白垩和长度。为此,我们在2021年和2022年进行了15天的种植试验,其中包括19个商业品种,采用随机完全区组设计进行评估,有3个重复。分析分两个阶段进行:首先,我们得到每个试验中每个品系的校正均值,然后进行联合分析,计算广义遗传力和基因型-环境(G × E)互作。接下来,我们使用Finlay-Wilkinson回归、基因型-基因型×环境(GGE)双图和环境协变量来剖析gx e。所有分析都使用SpATS、sommer、statgenGxE、meta、EnvRtpe、caret和snready软件包在R中进行。此外,为了更好地理解G × E效应,我们采用了线性和指数回归模型。结果表明,磨粒和白垩粉的G × E相互作用较高,而晶粒长度的G × E相互作用较低。具体植树日比植树窗对品质性状的影响更为关键。我们确定了关键的环境协变量:开花前到开花期间的潜在蒸散量和相对湿度;白垩花开花至花后的蒸汽压差和相对湿度;籽粒生长各阶段风速、潜在蒸散量和相对温度的距平。这些协变量解释了这些性状中约76%的总变异。反应范数曲线揭示了基因型对环境因子的特异性反应,反应范数分量(截距和斜率)的狭义遗传力揭示了“新的”遗传性状,可用于稳定性和适应性选择。
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引用次数: 0
Short-statured maize, past challenges and future prospects: A systematic review 矮个子玉米,过去的挑战和未来的前景:系统综述
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70218
Alex S. Wassgren, Pratishtha Poudel, Sylvie M. Brouder, Daniel J. Quinn, Jeffrey J. Volenec

Despite improvements to grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) during the Green Revolution, maize remained predominantly tall unlike other major cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Although short-statured maize (SSM) has been a topic of interest for many decades, historical efforts to introduce it commercially have remained unsuccessful. Commercial interest in SSM has recently returned mainly due to their lodging resistance, potential for high-density planting, and better in-season accessibility for pest and disease management. In this article, we conduct a systematic review to examine the limitations of past SSM hybrids in regard to genetic backgrounds and traits associated with agronomic performance, and renewed interest in SSM. Our objectives are to (i) identify the limiting factors of early SSM to understand why maize lagged behind in adopting dwarf traits compared to other cereal crops, and (ii) analyze the drivers behind renewed interest in SSM to assess its agronomic significance and potential role in future crop improvement strategies. This study analyses 45 studies and 17 patents and patent applications published between 1965 and 2024. Linear regression models were used to analyze changes in yield, height, harvest index, and lodging over time in both short and tall hybrids. Based on our review results, traits used to reduce height in maize introduced undesirable defects in plant reproductive development and architecture in early SSM hybrids. Modern improvements in SSM hybrid performance are due to less severe dwarfing traits or through concentrating trait effects away from reproductive structures.

尽管在绿色革命期间玉米(Zea mays L.)的产量有所提高,但与小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和水稻(Oryza sativa L.)等其他主要谷物不同,玉米仍然以高为主。尽管矮小型玉米(SSM)几十年来一直是人们感兴趣的话题,但历史上将其商业化的努力仍然不成功。最近,对SSM的商业兴趣又回来了,主要是因为它们具有抗倒伏性,高密度种植的潜力,以及更好的季节性病虫害管理。在这篇文章中,我们对过去SSM杂交种在遗传背景和与农艺性能相关的性状方面的局限性进行了系统的回顾,并重新燃起了对SSM的兴趣。我们的目标是:(i)确定早期SSM的限制因素,以了解为什么玉米在采用矮秆性状方面落后于其他谷类作物;(ii)分析SSM重新引起关注背后的驱动因素,以评估其农艺意义和在未来作物改良策略中的潜在作用。本研究分析了1965年至2024年间发表的45项研究和17项专利和专利申请。采用线性回归模型分析了矮、高杂交种的产量、高度、收获指数和倒伏随时间的变化。根据我们的综述结果,用于降低玉米高度的性状在早期SSM杂交种中引入了植物生殖发育和结构上的不良缺陷。SSM杂交性能的现代改进是由于不太严重的矮化性状或通过集中性状效应远离生殖结构。
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引用次数: 0
An economic, environmental, and social analysis of autonomous mechanical weeding in sugar beet farming 甜菜种植中自动除草的经济、环境和社会分析
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70246
Elias Maritan, Olivia Spykman, James Lowenberg-DeBoer, Markus Gandorfer, Karl Behrendt

Weeding robots are expected to decrease herbicide use on conventional farms and reduce manual labor on organic farms. A multi-objective linear programming model was used to compare the economic, environmental, and social performance of robotic and non-robotic weed control in conventional and organic sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production in Bavaria, Germany. On the conventional farm, the weeding robot generated a mean gross return of €58,612 year−1 compared to €57,728 year−1 when using herbicide spraying. However, the mean return on total costs for the weeding robot was negative (€−2750 year−1) and substantially lower than the €8663 year−1 achieved with herbicide spraying. In organic farming, this technology was more profitable than non-robotic mechanical weeding, generating a mean gross return of €73,098 year−1 and a mean return on total costs of €10,373 year−1. The corresponding figures for non-robotic mechanical weeding were € 59,176 and €7,577 year−1. The carbon emission intensity of sugar beet was comparable between weed control strategies on the conventional farm and marginally lower for robotic weeding on the organic farm. On both farms, autonomous mechanical weeding used more skilled labor due to routine supervision, field-to-field transport, and human intervention requirements. Higher skilled labor time with robotics negatively affected farmers’ work–life balance. Investment cost, supervision and human intervention requirements, technology specialization, and logistics of field operations were identified as the main barriers to adoption of the tested weeding robot. These barriers should be prioritized when developing future autonomous farm equipment.

除草机器人有望减少传统农场除草剂的使用,减少有机农场的体力劳动。采用多目标线性规划模型比较了德国巴伐利亚州传统甜菜和有机甜菜生产中机器人和非机器人杂草控制的经济、环境和社会绩效。在传统农场,除草机器人产生的平均总回报为58,612欧元,而使用除草剂喷洒的平均总回报为57,728欧元。然而,除草机器人的平均总成本回报率为负(2750欧元/年),大大低于喷洒除草剂的8663欧元/年。在有机农业中,该技术比非机器人机械除草更有利可图,平均总回报为73,098欧元,平均总成本回报为10,373欧元。非机器人机械除草的相应数字为59,176欧元和7,577欧元。传统农田的杂草控制策略与有机农场的机器人除草策略相比,甜菜的碳排放强度相当,略低。在这两个农场,由于日常监督、田间运输和人工干预要求,自动机械除草需要更多的熟练劳动力。使用机器人技术的高技能劳动时间对农民的工作与生活平衡产生了负面影响。投资成本、监督和人为干预要求、技术专业化以及现场作业的物流被认为是采用测试除草机器人的主要障碍。在开发未来的自主农场设备时,应该优先考虑这些障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Losing control: What happens when the control treatment is excluded in nitrogen fertilizer rate trials? 失去控制:当对照处理在氮肥用量试验中被排除时会发生什么?
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70243
Alex M. Cleveringa, Curtis J. Ransom, Marshall D. McDaniel, Kenneth J. Moore, Jarad B. Niemi, Fernando E. Miguez

Providing accurate and precise nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations remains a significant challenge. To arrive at a recommendation, researchers traditionally conduct hundreds or thousands of field experiments measuring the grain yield response to varying N fertilizer rates. A statistical model is then fit to the data to calculate the agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (AONR)—the fertilizer N rate that maximizes crop yield. We evaluated the impact of excluding individual fertilizer rates on the AONR estimate and its precision using a mixed-effects quadratic-plateau model on a previously published dataset of 49 maize (Zea mays L.) fertility trials with eight N fertilizer rates. When excluding the control treatment (0 kg N ha−1), the AONR deviated from the AONR calculated using all eight rates from 0 to 59 kg N ha−1 for individual sites—a larger change than when any other N rate was excluded. Excluding the control treatment also caused the greatest loss in the AONR estimate precision, with an average standard error increase of +43% without the control compared to +23% for other N rates. Furthermore, our simulations confirmed these findings and showed the largest losses of accuracy and precision when the control treatment was excluded. These trends in bias and precision persisted with different simulated experimental designs. Our results demonstrate the importance of including the control treatment in N fertility trials designed to estimate the AONR. Therefore, we recommend including a control treatment for a more precise N fertilizer recommendation program, especially in on-farm research.

提供准确和精确的氮肥建议仍然是一个重大挑战。为了得出建议,研究人员传统上进行了数百或数千次田间试验,测量粮食产量对不同氮肥施用量的反应。然后用统计模型拟合数据来计算农艺最适氮肥用量(AONR)——使作物产量最大化的氮肥用量。我们利用先前发表的49个玉米(Zea mays L.) 8种氮肥水平的生育试验数据集,利用混合效应二次平台模型评估了排除个别肥料水平对AONR估算及其精度的影响。当排除对照处理(0 kg N ha - 1)时,AONR偏离使用0至59 kg N ha - 1的所有8种处理对单个站点计算的AONR,比排除任何其他N率时的变化更大。排除对照处理也造成了AONR估计精度的最大损失,没有对照的平均标准误差增加了43%,而其他N浓度的平均标准误差增加了23%。此外,我们的模拟证实了这些发现,并显示了当排除对照处理时,准确度和精度的损失最大。这些偏差和精度的趋势在不同的模拟实验设计中持续存在。我们的研究结果表明,在旨在估计AONR的氮素生育试验中包括对照处理的重要性。因此,我们建议在更精确的氮肥推荐计划中包括一个对照处理,特别是在农场研究中。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating climate change's effects on yield and economic return of cropping systems in northern Shanxi, China 评估气候变化对山西北部种植系统产量和经济回报的影响
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70247
Xuan Yang, Huaqiang Cheng, Qingqing Hou, Shijia He, Peng Liu, Fangshan Xia

Future climate change is expected to have serious effects on crop production in northern Shanxi province, China. However, systematic research on the effects of future climate change on the productivity and economic returns of cropping systems is limited. Based on field observations, this study validated the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) and conducted long-term scenario simulations in northern Shanxi to assess the productivity/economic return of several common cropping systems in six clusters divided by climate conditions. Results indicated the following: (1) The APSIM validation during 2022–2023 presented generally acceptable results, with normalized root mean square error of 6.4%–28.8% and Willmott agreement index of 0.800–0.978 in simulating yield and biomass. (2) Future projections offered higher yields, economic returns, higher rate of actual yield accounting for potential value (RAY), and higher rate of actual economic return accounting for potential value (RAE). (3) The RAY was higher in food crops (87.7%–99.9%) than in forages (61.3%–87.1%), while the rotations with maize (Zea mays L.) produced lower actual yield and RAY. (4) The highest actual economic returns were observed in continuous maize (34.15–45.23 × 103 RMB 2-year−1), whereas crop–forage rotations were predicted to show lower RAE. (5) High precipitation condition primarily resulted in high actual yield/economic return, while low temperature and radiation were important factors enhancing potential values. Generally, crop–forage rotations were mostly recommended in clusters with at least moderate precipitation, whereas maize and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-based systems were expected to thrive under high- and low-precipitation conditions, respectively.

预计未来的气候变化将对中国山西省北部的农作物生产产生严重影响。然而,关于未来气候变化对种植系统生产力和经济收益影响的系统研究是有限的。本研究在实地观测的基础上,验证了农业生产系统模拟器(APSIM),并在山西北部进行了长期情景模拟,以评估不同气候条件下6个集群中几种常见种植制度的生产力/经济回报。结果表明:(1)2022 ~ 2023年APSIM验证结果基本可以接受,模拟产量和生物量的归一化均方根误差为6.4% ~ 28.8%,Willmott一致性指数为0.800 ~ 0.978。(2)未来预测具有较高的收益率、经济回报、较高的潜在价值实际收益率(RAY)和潜在价值实际经济收益率(RAE)。(3)粮食作物的RAY(87.7% ~ 99.9%)高于牧草的RAY(61.3% ~ 87.1%),而玉米轮作的实际产量和RAY较低。(4)玉米连作的实际经济效益最高(34.15 ~ 45.23 × 103元,2年−1),而草料轮作的实际经济效益较低。(5)高降水条件是提高实际产量/经济效益的主要因素,低温和辐射是提高潜在价值的重要因素。一般来说,作物-饲料轮作主要建议在至少中等降水的集群中进行,而玉米和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)为基础的系统预计分别在高降水和低降水条件下茁壮成长。
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引用次数: 0
Foliar nutrient application improves sugarcane bioenergy production by boosting photosynthetic enzyme activity and the antioxidant system 叶面养分施用通过提高光合酶活性和抗氧化系统提高甘蔗生物能源产量
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70245
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol, Anibal Pacheco de Almeida Prado Filho, Cleber de Morais Hervatin, Letusa Momesso, Lucas Moraes Jacomassi, Marcela Pacola

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) is a globally important crop, and foliar fertilization can enhance plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance. However, the use of multi-nutrient complexes remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the effect of two multi-nutrient foliar fertilizer applications at vegetative stage (N, K, S, B, Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn) and at maturation stage (P, K, Mg, S and B) in 13 field experiments in the early, mid-late, and late sugarcane harvest seasons. Four treatments were compared: (i) no application of multi-nutrient foliar fertilizer (control), (ii) application at the vegetative stage of sugarcane (V), (iii) application at the maturation stage (M), and (iv) application at both the vegetative and maturation stages (VMs). Application resulted in significant gains in all biometric parameters, sugar yield, and theoretically recoverable sugars; the largest increases occurred in VM. Bagasse, straw, and energy production followed the pattern of biometric parameters and increased by averages of 7.9%, 9.7%, and 9.7% compared to the control. In early harvest sugarcane, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase activities and proline content were enhanced in M and VM, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde contents decreased in these treatments. In summary, multi-nutrient foliar fertilization at the VMs enhanced sugarcane growth, yield, energy production, and quality across all harvest seasons while improving photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme activities. The results demonstrate that tailoring multi-nutrient foliar fertilizer application to the specific physiological and nutritional demands of each phenological stage can promote sugarcane development by reducing the production of stress-related molecules and enhancing carbon assimilation.

甘蔗(Saccharum spp. L.)是一种全球性的重要作物,叶面施肥可以提高植株的生长、产量和抗逆性。然而,多营养素复合物的使用仍未得到充分探索。在甘蔗收获季早、中、晚、晚的13个大田试验中,研究了营养期(N、K、S、B、Cu、Mn、Mo和Zn)和成熟期(P、K、Mg、S和B)施用两种多营养叶面肥的效果。比较了4种处理:(i)不施用多养分叶面肥(对照),(ii)在甘蔗营养期施用(V), (iii)在成熟期施用(M), (iv)在营养期和成熟期同时施用(vm)。应用结果在所有生物特征参数、糖产量和理论上可回收糖方面都有显著的提高;增幅最大的是VM。甘蔗渣、秸秆和能量产量遵循生物特征参数模式,与对照相比平均增加7.9%、9.7%和9.7%。在早期收获的甘蔗中,M和VM处理提高了磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶加氧酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶的活性和脯氨酸含量,降低了过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛含量。综上所述,vm叶面多养分施肥在整个收获季节都促进了甘蔗的生长、产量、能量生产和品质,同时提高了光合和抗氧化酶活性。结果表明,根据不同物候阶段的生理和营养需求定制多养分叶面肥施用可以通过减少胁迫相关分子的产生和增强碳同化来促进甘蔗的发育。
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引用次数: 0
Resistant peanut cultivars reduce peanut root-knot nematode infestation in field production 抗性花生品种在田间生产中减少了花生根结线虫的侵害
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70249
Z. J. Grabau, R. Sandoval-Ruiz, S. Singh, M. F. Thoms, C. Liu, A. K. Oyetunde, H. Singh

Meloidogyne arenaria (peanut root-knot nematode [PRKN]) is the most important plant–parasitic nematode on peanut (Arachis hypogea) in the United States. Some PRKN-resistant cultivars are available, but comparisons among these cultivars in the field are needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate cultivars designated as resistant for their influence on PRKN and agronomic performance in fields with PRKN. The resistant cultivars TifNV-HighO/L, TifNV-HG, Georgia-14N, Georgia-22MPR, and ACI N104 were tested without nematicides. These were compared to a susceptible cultivar, Georgia-06G, with or without in-furrow fluopyram nematicide. Field trials were conducted in northwestern Florida (West Florida Research and Education Center [WFREC]) in 2023 and 2024 as well as north-central Florida (North Florida Research and Education Center [NFREC]) in 2024. PRKN indicators were low and unaffected by cultivars at harvest at WFREC in 2023 and midseason at NFREC. For all other seasons and sites, TifNV-HighO/L, TifNV-HG, Georgia-14N, and Georgia-22MPR substantially reduced PRKN abundances from roots at midseason and in soil at harvest as well as root and pod galling at harvest relative to Georgia-06G. ACI N104 typically supported greater PRKN abundances than other resistant cultivars, but generally reduced galling relative to the susceptible cultivar. In-furrow fluopyram with Georgia-06G was not effective at reducing PRKN abundances or improving yield. TifNV-HG was consistently a high-yielding cultivar, Georgia-06G was generally a low-yielding cultivar, and the other cultivars varied by site-year. In summary, cultivars highly resistant to PRKN are available, but even when PRKN is present, yield benefits of resistant relative to susceptible cultivars can vary based on environmental conditions.

花生根结线虫(Meloidogyne arenaria)是美国花生(arachhis hypogea)上最重要的植物寄生线虫。目前已有一些抗prkn的品种,但还需要对这些品种进行田间比较。本研究的目的是评估被指定为抗PRKN的品种对PRKN的影响及其在PRKN田间的农艺性能。抗性品种TifNV-HighO/L、TifNV-HG、Georgia-14N、Georgia-22MPR和ACI N104在不使用杀线虫剂的情况下进行试验。这些与一个敏感品种Georgia-06G进行了比较,使用或不使用沟内氟吡虫啉杀线虫剂。现场试验分别于2023年和2024年在佛罗里达州西北部(西佛罗里达州研究与教育中心[WFREC])和2024年在佛罗里达州中北部(北佛罗里达州研究与教育中心[NFREC])进行。2023年WFREC收获期和NFREC季中,PRKN指标较低且不受品种影响。在所有其他季节和地点,TifNV-HighO/L、TifNV-HG、Georgia-14N和Georgia-22MPR显著降低了季中根部和收获时土壤中PRKN的丰度,以及收获时根系和荚果的磨损。ACI N104通常比其他抗性品种支持更高的PRKN丰度,但相对于感病品种,通常减少了刺痛。用Georgia-06G进行沟内氟化处理对降低PRKN丰度或提高产量没有效果。TifNV-HG一贯为高产品种,Georgia-06G普遍为低产品种,其他品种因立地年而异。总而言之,对PRKN具有高度抗性的品种是可用的,但即使存在PRKN,抗性品种相对于易感品种的产量效益也会因环境条件而异。
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引用次数: 0
Systematic review of maize nitrogen rates, yield, nitrate leaching, and their variability 玉米施氮量、产量、硝态氮淋失及其变异的系统综述
IF 2 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70244
Dereje Ademe Birhan, Ayush K. Sharma, Karun Katoch, Ravinder Singh, Sukhdeep Singh, Lakesh K. Sharma

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations in crops are affected by various factors including environmental and management practices. Effective N management should sustain maize (Zea mays L.) yield while minimizing nitrate (NO3-N) leaching. This systematic review synthesized 132 peer-reviewed studies to quantify how recommended N rates (RNRs) vary across environmental and management factors, and to evaluate associations between RNRs, yield, and NO3-N leaching. RNRs were grouped into quartiles derived from the empirical distribution of the study-level RNR values in the review dataset. RNRs were generally higher (>200 kg ha−1) in subtropical and dry climates, in coarse-textured soils, and under irrigation. Yield responses to RNRs tended to be stronger in temperate climates, in coarse-textured soils, with conventional N sources, under split applications, and with irrigation. Studies conducted in semi-humid climates and in fine-textured soils showed weaker and inconsistent associations. NO3-N leaching increased with RNRs under irrigation-based studies. Apparent increase in NO3-N leaching in medium-textured soils likely results from residual N accumulation and post-harvest flushing where rainfall is high. These findings should be interpreted cautiously due to uneven study coverage and heterogeneous methods. Several key gaps remain in the evidence base. First, few studies quantify environment-by-management interactions. Second, NO3-N leaching is rarely measured, and irrigation amount scheduling is often unreported. Third, paired irrigated-rainfed comparisons are uncommon. Finally, criteria for deriving RNR are inconsistent, and geographic coverage is limited. Research priorities include integrated factorial designs across climates and textures, water-accounted paired designs, concurrent residual-N profiling, long-term trials, transparent RNR definitions, and curated open datasets to enable synthesis.

作物氮肥推荐用量受到包括环境和管理实践在内的各种因素的影响。有效的氮素管理应在保持玉米产量的同时尽量减少硝态氮淋失。本系统综述综合了132项同行评议的研究,量化了推荐施氮率(RNRs)在不同环境和管理因素下的变化,并评估了RNRs、产量和硝态氮淋失之间的关系。根据综述数据集中研究水平RNR值的经验分布,将RNR分组为四分位数。在亚热带和干燥气候、粗质土壤和灌溉条件下,rnr一般较高(200 kg ha - 1)。在温带气候、粗质土壤、常规氮源、分施和灌溉条件下,rnr对产量的响应更强。在半湿润气候和细质土壤中进行的研究显示出较弱和不一致的关联。在以灌溉为基础的研究中,NO3-N浸出随着rnr的增加而增加。中等质地土壤中NO3-N淋溶的明显增加可能是由于残余氮积累和收获后降雨高的冲洗。由于研究范围不均匀和方法不一致,这些发现应谨慎解释。证据基础中仍存在几个关键的空白。首先,很少有研究量化环境与管理的相互作用。其次,NO3-N浸出很少被测量,灌溉量的安排也经常没有报道。第三,配对灌溉与旱地灌溉的比较并不常见。最后,推导RNR的标准不一致,地理覆盖范围有限。研究重点包括跨气候和质地的综合因子设计、水分计算的配对设计、并发剩余氮谱分析、长期试验、透明RNR定义和策划的开放数据集,以实现综合。
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引用次数: 0
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Agronomy Journal
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