Pub Date : 2024-04-30eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2024/3184356
Robert W Davies, Arthur E Lynch, Uttam Kumar, Philip M Jakeman
Methods: Five electronic databases (PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Sport Discus, and Cochrane Library) were searched for controlled trials that assessed the MPS response to RE in healthy, adult humans, postabsorptive state. Individual study and random-effects meta-analysis arewere used to inform the effects of RE and covariates on MPS. Results from 79 controlled trials with 237 participants were analysed.
Results: Analysis of the pooled effects revealed robust increases in MPS following RE (weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.032% h-1, 95% CI: [0.024, 0.041] % h-1, I2 = 92%, k = 37, P < 0.001). However, the magnitude of the increase in MPS was lower in older adults (>50 y: WMD: 0.015% h-1, 95% CI: [0.007, 0.022] % h-1, I2 = 76%, k = 12, P = 0.002) compared to younger adults (<35 y: WMD: 0.041% h-1, 95% CI: [0.030, 0.052] % h-1, I2 = 88%, k = 25, P < 0.001). Individual studies have reported that the temporal proximity of the RE, muscle group, muscle protein fraction, RE training experience, and the loading parameters of the RE (i.e., intensity, workload, and effort) appeared to affect the MPS response to RE, whereas sex or type of muscle contraction does not.
Conclusion: A single bout of RE can sustain measurable increases in postabsorptive MPS soon after RE cessation and up to 48 h post-RE. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude and time course of the MPS response between trials, which appears to be influenced by participants' age and/or the loading parameters of the RE itself.
方法：在五个电子数据库（PubMed (Medline)、Web of Science、Embase、Sport Discus 和 Cochrane Library）中搜索了评估健康成年人在吸收后状态下对 RE 的 MPS 反应的对照试验。使用了单项研究和随机效应荟萃分析来了解 RE 和协变量对 MPS 的影响。分析了来自 79 项对照试验、237 名参与者的结果：汇总效应分析表明，RE 可显著提高 MPS（加权平均差 (WMD)：0.032% h-1，95% CI：[0.024, 0.041] % h-1，I2 = 92%，k = 37，P < 0.001）。然而，老年人（50 岁以上）的 MPS 增加幅度较低：WMD：0.015% h-1，95% CI：[0.007, 0.022] % h-1，I2 = 76%，k = 12，P = 0.002）与年轻人相比（-1，95% CI：[0.030, 0.052] % h-1，I2 = 88%，k = 25，P < 0.001）。个别研究报告显示，RE 的时间接近程度、肌肉群、肌肉蛋白组分、RE 训练经验和 RE 的负荷参数（即强度、工作量和努力程度）似乎会影响 MPS 对 RE 的反应，而性别或肌肉收缩类型则不会：结论：单次 RE 可使吸收后 MPS 在 RE 停止后不久和 RE 后 48 小时内保持可测量的增长。然而，不同试验之间 MPS 反应的程度和时间过程存在很大差异，这似乎受到参与者年龄和/或 RE 本身负荷参数的影响。
{"title":"Characterisation of the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Resistance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Robert W Davies, Arthur E Lynch, Uttam Kumar, Philip M Jakeman","doi":"10.1155/2024/3184356","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/3184356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five electronic databases (PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Sport Discus, and Cochrane Library) were searched for controlled trials that assessed the MPS response to RE in healthy, adult humans, postabsorptive state. Individual study and random-effects meta-analysis arewere used to inform the effects of RE and covariates on MPS. Results from 79 controlled trials with 237 participants were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of the pooled effects revealed robust increases in MPS following RE (weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.032% h<sup>-1</sup>, 95% CI: [0.024, 0.041] % h<sup>-1</sup>, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 92%, <i>k</i> = 37, <i>P</i> < 0.001). However, the magnitude of the increase in MPS was lower in older adults (>50 y: WMD: 0.015% h<sup>-1</sup>, 95% CI: [0.007, 0.022] % h<sup>-1</sup>, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 76%, <i>k</i> = 12, <i>P</i> = 0.002) compared to younger adults (<35 y: WMD: 0.041% h<sup>-1</sup>, 95% CI: [0.030, 0.052] % h<sup>-1</sup>, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 88%, <i>k</i> = 25, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Individual studies have reported that the temporal proximity of the RE, muscle group, muscle protein fraction, RE training experience, and the loading parameters of the RE (i.e., intensity, workload, and effort) appeared to affect the MPS response to RE, whereas sex or type of muscle contraction does not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A single bout of RE can sustain measurable increases in postabsorptive MPS soon after RE cessation and up to 48 h post-RE. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude and time course of the MPS response between trials, which appears to be influenced by participants' age and/or the loading parameters of the RE itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11074832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuno Nascimento, Roula Kotsifaki, Emmanouil T Papakostas, Bashir A Zikria, Khalid Alkhelaifi, Elisabet Hagert, B. Olory, Pieter D’Hooghe, Rod Whiteley
Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are commonly assessed using clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging, but these methods have limitations in reproducibility and quantification. Instrumented laxity measurements using devices, like the DYNEELAX®, offer an alternative approach. However, to date, there is no human data on the DYNEELAX® and the reliability of these devices remains a subject of debate, and there is no consensus on appropriate knee tightening levels for testing. We hypothesized that the DYNEELAX®, with standardized knee tightening, would provide reliable measurements of knee laxity in adult volunteers. Methods This prospective cohort study involved 48 pain-free adult volunteers. Laxity measurements were taken using a robotic-type motorized instrument (DYNEELAX®) on two separate occasions, at least 1 h and no more than 8 h apart, with knee tightening forces of 90 N ± 5 N. Metrics of anterior tibial translation and internal/external tibial axial rotations were recorded. Results The device displayed excellent intrarater reliability for all the metrics, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.91 to 0.96. Anterior translation exhibited the highest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96), with a minimum detectable change of 0.83 mm. Conclusions DYNEELAX® is reliable in measuring knee laxity in adult volunteers when using standardized stabilizing knee tightening forces of 90 ± 5 N. The most sensitive measurement parameters (in terms of minimum detectable change as a proportion of the observed range) were anterior translation (in mm) at 150 N and secondary compliance.
{"title":"DYNEELAX Robotic Arthrometer Reliability and Feasibility on Healthy and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injured/Reconstructed Persons","authors":"Nuno Nascimento, Roula Kotsifaki, Emmanouil T Papakostas, Bashir A Zikria, Khalid Alkhelaifi, Elisabet Hagert, B. Olory, Pieter D’Hooghe, Rod Whiteley","doi":"10.1155/2024/3413466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3413466","url":null,"abstract":"Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are commonly assessed using clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging, but these methods have limitations in reproducibility and quantification. Instrumented laxity measurements using devices, like the DYNEELAX®, offer an alternative approach. However, to date, there is no human data on the DYNEELAX® and the reliability of these devices remains a subject of debate, and there is no consensus on appropriate knee tightening levels for testing. We hypothesized that the DYNEELAX®, with standardized knee tightening, would provide reliable measurements of knee laxity in adult volunteers. Methods This prospective cohort study involved 48 pain-free adult volunteers. Laxity measurements were taken using a robotic-type motorized instrument (DYNEELAX®) on two separate occasions, at least 1 h and no more than 8 h apart, with knee tightening forces of 90 N ± 5 N. Metrics of anterior tibial translation and internal/external tibial axial rotations were recorded. Results The device displayed excellent intrarater reliability for all the metrics, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.91 to 0.96. Anterior translation exhibited the highest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96), with a minimum detectable change of 0.83 mm. Conclusions DYNEELAX® is reliable in measuring knee laxity in adult volunteers when using standardized stabilizing knee tightening forces of 90 ± 5 N. The most sensitive measurement parameters (in terms of minimum detectable change as a proportion of the observed range) were anterior translation (in mm) at 150 N and secondary compliance.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of 2- and 5 min of static stretching protocols on the changes in blood circulation of tendon (as well as muscle) and heart rate. Twelve healthy males (age: 26.2 ± 9.1 yrs) volunteered for this study. Before, during stretching, during the recovery period (30 min), blood circulation (oxyhemoglobin; oxy, deoxyhemoglobin; deoxy, blood volume; THb, oxygen saturation; StO2) of the Achilles tendon and medial gastrocnemius muscle were measured using red laser lights and near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, heart rate was measured during the experimental period. For 2- and 5 min of static stretching, oxy, deoxy, THb, and StO2 of the tendon did not change during or after stretching. Regarding muscle blood circulation, oxy and StO2 decreased, and deoxy and THb increased during 2- and 5 min of static stretching but returned immediately upon completion. In addition, heart rate significantly reduced during and after stretching, whereas the changes in blood volume of tendon and muscle during stretching were not associated with those in heart rate (except for the relationship between tendon THb and heart rate in 2 min of static stretching). These results suggest that static stretching showed no change in tendon blood circulation, although muscle blood circulation during stretching was altered. In addition, significant heart rate reduction with static stretching was not associated with changes in tendon and muscle blood circulation.
{"title":"Effects of Static Stretching on the Blood Circulation of Human Tendon In Vivo","authors":"Ayaka Yasuda, K. Kubo","doi":"10.1155/2024/4413113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4413113","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of 2- and 5 min of static stretching protocols on the changes in blood circulation of tendon (as well as muscle) and heart rate. Twelve healthy males (age: 26.2 ± 9.1 yrs) volunteered for this study. Before, during stretching, during the recovery period (30 min), blood circulation (oxyhemoglobin; oxy, deoxyhemoglobin; deoxy, blood volume; THb, oxygen saturation; StO2) of the Achilles tendon and medial gastrocnemius muscle were measured using red laser lights and near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, heart rate was measured during the experimental period. For 2- and 5 min of static stretching, oxy, deoxy, THb, and StO2 of the tendon did not change during or after stretching. Regarding muscle blood circulation, oxy and StO2 decreased, and deoxy and THb increased during 2- and 5 min of static stretching but returned immediately upon completion. In addition, heart rate significantly reduced during and after stretching, whereas the changes in blood volume of tendon and muscle during stretching were not associated with those in heart rate (except for the relationship between tendon THb and heart rate in 2 min of static stretching). These results suggest that static stretching showed no change in tendon blood circulation, although muscle blood circulation during stretching was altered. In addition, significant heart rate reduction with static stretching was not associated with changes in tendon and muscle blood circulation.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140717058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caleb C. Voskuil, Monique D. Dudar, Joshua C. Carr
Background B-mode ultrasonography is an accessible and cost-effective method to assess muscle size and quality through muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI), respectively. Muscle thickness and EI have demonstrated relationships with maximal strength and local muscle endurance, providing a noninvasive and efficient modality to examine muscle fitness. However, these relationships have not been quantified in the individual quadriceps muscles of habitually endurance-trained populations, which may provide information to practitioners regarding rehabilitation and performance. Methods Twenty-three participants (males: N = 10; females: N = 13) underwent B-mode ultrasonography to assess MT, EI, and adipose tissue thickness-corrected echo intensity (cEI) in the vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF). Muscle fitness was evaluated through maximal strength (1RM) and local muscle endurance (4 sets to failure at 50% 1RM) during dynamic knee extension. Relationships between ultrasonography outcomes and muscle fitness were examined through stepwise multiple linear regression. Results The results indicate that VI cEI is the strongest predictor of 1RM strength (r = −0.643), while no ultrasonography-derived measures significantly predicted local muscle endurance. Conclusion The study demonstrates that ultrasonography, specifically measures of cEI in the VI, has the greatest association with maximal strength in endurance-trained individuals. These findings suggest monitoring VI muscle size and quality may benefit practitioners who aim to improve knee extension strength for performance or following injury. In addition, the findings support the use of EI examinations in trained populations.
背景 B 型超声波检查是通过肌肉厚度（MT）和回声强度（EI）分别评估肌肉大小和质量的一种简便、经济的方法。肌肉厚度和 EI 已证明与最大力量和局部肌肉耐力有关，为检查肌肉健康提供了一种无创、高效的方法。然而，这些关系尚未在习惯性耐力训练人群的个别股四头肌中得到量化，这可能会为从业人员提供有关康复和表现的信息。方法 23 名参与者（男性：10 人；女性：13 人）接受了 B 型超声波检查，以评估中股阔肌（VI）、外股阔肌（VL）和股直肌（RF）的 MT、EI 和脂肪组织厚度校正回波强度（cEI）。在膝关节动态伸展过程中，通过最大力量（1RM）和局部肌肉耐力（4 组，每组 50%1RM）评估肌肉健康状况。通过逐步多元线性回归研究了超声波检查结果与肌肉健康状况之间的关系。结果 结果表明，VI cEI 是预测 1RM 力量的最强指标（r = -0.643），而超声波成像衍生指标均不能显著预测局部肌肉耐力。结论 该研究表明，超声波检查，特别是测量 VI 的 cEI，与耐力训练者的最大力量关系最大。这些研究结果表明，监测 VI 肌肉的大小和质量可能会对旨在提高膝关节伸展力量以提高成绩或伤后恢复的从业人员有所帮助。此外，研究结果还支持在训练人群中使用EI检查。
{"title":"Exploring the Relationship between Ultrasonographic Measures of the Quadriceps and Knee Extensor Muscle Fitness in Endurance-Trained Individuals","authors":"Caleb C. Voskuil, Monique D. Dudar, Joshua C. Carr","doi":"10.1155/2024/3415740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3415740","url":null,"abstract":"Background B-mode ultrasonography is an accessible and cost-effective method to assess muscle size and quality through muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI), respectively. Muscle thickness and EI have demonstrated relationships with maximal strength and local muscle endurance, providing a noninvasive and efficient modality to examine muscle fitness. However, these relationships have not been quantified in the individual quadriceps muscles of habitually endurance-trained populations, which may provide information to practitioners regarding rehabilitation and performance. Methods Twenty-three participants (males: N = 10; females: N = 13) underwent B-mode ultrasonography to assess MT, EI, and adipose tissue thickness-corrected echo intensity (cEI) in the vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF). Muscle fitness was evaluated through maximal strength (1RM) and local muscle endurance (4 sets to failure at 50% 1RM) during dynamic knee extension. Relationships between ultrasonography outcomes and muscle fitness were examined through stepwise multiple linear regression. Results The results indicate that VI cEI is the strongest predictor of 1RM strength (r = −0.643), while no ultrasonography-derived measures significantly predicted local muscle endurance. Conclusion The study demonstrates that ultrasonography, specifically measures of cEI in the VI, has the greatest association with maximal strength in endurance-trained individuals. These findings suggest monitoring VI muscle size and quality may benefit practitioners who aim to improve knee extension strength for performance or following injury. In addition, the findings support the use of EI examinations in trained populations.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Keogh, M. Ruder, Kaylee White, Momchil G. Gavrilov, Stuart M Phillips, Jennifer J. Heisz, Matthew J Jordan, Dylan Kobsar
Background The growth in participation in collegiate athletics has been accompanied by increased sport-related injuries. The complex and multifactorial nature of sports injuries highlights the importance of monitoring athletes prospectively using a novel and integrated biopsychosocial approach, as opposed to contemporary practices that silo these facets of health. Methods Data collected over two competitive basketball seasons were used in a principal component analysis (PCA) model with the following objectives: (i) investigate whether biomechanical PCs (i.e., on-court and countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics) were correlated with psychological state across a season and (ii) explore whether subject-specific significant fluctuations could be detected using minimum detectable change statistics. Weekly CMJ (force plates) and on-court data (inertial measurement units), as well as psychological state (questionnaire) data, were collected on the female collegiate basketball team for two seasons. Results While some relationships (n = 2) were identified between biomechanical PCs and psychological state metrics, the magnitude of these associations was weak (r = |0.18-0.19|, p < 0.05), and no other overarching associations were identified at the group level. However, post-hoc case study analysis showed subject-specific relationships that highlight the potential utility of red-flagging meaningful fluctuations from normative biomechanical and psychological patterns. Conclusion Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of advanced analytical modeling to characterize components of and detect statistically and clinically relevant fluctuations in student-athlete performance, health, and well-being and the need for more tailored and athlete-centered monitoring practices.
{"title":"Longitudinal Monitoring of Biomechanical and Psychological State in Collegiate Female Basketball Athletes Using Principal Component Analysis","authors":"J. Keogh, M. Ruder, Kaylee White, Momchil G. Gavrilov, Stuart M Phillips, Jennifer J. Heisz, Matthew J Jordan, Dylan Kobsar","doi":"10.1155/2024/7858835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7858835","url":null,"abstract":"Background The growth in participation in collegiate athletics has been accompanied by increased sport-related injuries. The complex and multifactorial nature of sports injuries highlights the importance of monitoring athletes prospectively using a novel and integrated biopsychosocial approach, as opposed to contemporary practices that silo these facets of health. Methods Data collected over two competitive basketball seasons were used in a principal component analysis (PCA) model with the following objectives: (i) investigate whether biomechanical PCs (i.e., on-court and countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics) were correlated with psychological state across a season and (ii) explore whether subject-specific significant fluctuations could be detected using minimum detectable change statistics. Weekly CMJ (force plates) and on-court data (inertial measurement units), as well as psychological state (questionnaire) data, were collected on the female collegiate basketball team for two seasons. Results While some relationships (n = 2) were identified between biomechanical PCs and psychological state metrics, the magnitude of these associations was weak (r = |0.18-0.19|, p < 0.05), and no other overarching associations were identified at the group level. However, post-hoc case study analysis showed subject-specific relationships that highlight the potential utility of red-flagging meaningful fluctuations from normative biomechanical and psychological patterns. Conclusion Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of advanced analytical modeling to characterize components of and detect statistically and clinically relevant fluctuations in student-athlete performance, health, and well-being and the need for more tailored and athlete-centered monitoring practices.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140749848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background For professional road cyclists, most overload injuries affect the lower limbs. They are mostly represented by contractures or muscle shortening, characterised by a variation of muscular tone, stiffness, and elasticity. This real-life study aimed to assess specific mechanical parameters in top-class female cyclists who participated in 3 races a week. Hypothesis. Muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity will be affected immediately after competition and at the end of the week due to accumulated fatigue. Methods Six professional cyclists were evaluated. This pilot study consisted of a controlled trial and three days of competition, with rest days between them. MyotonPRO was used to measure tone, stiffness, and elasticity in six leg muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and medial gastrocnemius (MG). Daily basal and pre- and postrace measures were carried through to the 3 races in a week. Results The muscular tone of VL, VM, LG, and MG and the stiffness of VL, VM, RF, BF, LG, and MG decreased after races. VL and RF were mostly affected by (p=0.05) and (p=0.009), respectively. Basal elasticity improved over time until the last day. Conclusions Muscle tone and stiffness decreased after a very intense and exhausting cycling endurance competition. Basal elasticity improved immediately after the race and continued this trend until the end of the week. More research is needed on changes in mechanical properties in competition and risk prevention of injuries.
{"title":"Muscle Tone, Stiffness, and Elasticity in Elite Female Cyclists after Consecutive Short Competitions","authors":"Cristina Rotllan, F. Corbi, Ginés Viscor","doi":"10.1155/2024/2434494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2434494","url":null,"abstract":"Background For professional road cyclists, most overload injuries affect the lower limbs. They are mostly represented by contractures or muscle shortening, characterised by a variation of muscular tone, stiffness, and elasticity. This real-life study aimed to assess specific mechanical parameters in top-class female cyclists who participated in 3 races a week. Hypothesis. Muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity will be affected immediately after competition and at the end of the week due to accumulated fatigue. Methods Six professional cyclists were evaluated. This pilot study consisted of a controlled trial and three days of competition, with rest days between them. MyotonPRO was used to measure tone, stiffness, and elasticity in six leg muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and medial gastrocnemius (MG). Daily basal and pre- and postrace measures were carried through to the 3 races in a week. Results The muscular tone of VL, VM, LG, and MG and the stiffness of VL, VM, RF, BF, LG, and MG decreased after races. VL and RF were mostly affected by (p=0.05) and (p=0.009), respectively. Basal elasticity improved over time until the last day. Conclusions Muscle tone and stiffness decreased after a very intense and exhausting cycling endurance competition. Basal elasticity improved immediately after the race and continued this trend until the end of the week. More research is needed on changes in mechanical properties in competition and risk prevention of injuries.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate how overall competitive winningness in combat sports depended on patterns of victory and loss, as well as training habits. Competitors (N = 280) from several combat sports participated in the study. The online survey included questions on self-reported patterns of victory (and loss), training habits, general demographics (e.g., age), and sport-specific information (e.g., stage of career and competitive style). Overall, it was found across four models that reflected diversity of winningness in combat sports that the most important predictors of competitive winningness were loss by points (negative), loss by submission (negative), loss (negative) or victory (positive) by throw or technical fall, and loss (negative) or victory (positive) by knockout. The findings applied to amateur and regional/state athletes, and rarely to karate or tae kwon do. Findings around demographics or training habits were largely unremarkable, outside of a relationship between higher training loads and less career winning in wrestlers. Results show that while winning via a finishing sequence (e.g., knockout or submission) is preferable to the judge’s decision or points, the matter of victory is less important than the methods by which an athlete loses. In grappling-only sports, we observed a trend that more losses via finishing sequence were worse for careers than losing by points. In fact, having most of one’s losses coming via judge’s decision or points was beneficial in wrestling and judo, perhaps due to athletes taking less risks and having better defence. These findings may aid practitioners developing effective tactics and training programs.
{"title":"Different Methods of Winning, Losing, and Training in Combat Sports and Their Relationship with Overall Competitive Winningness","authors":"Oliver R. Barley, Craig A. Harms","doi":"10.1155/2024/5531981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5531981","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate how overall competitive winningness in combat sports depended on patterns of victory and loss, as well as training habits. Competitors (N = 280) from several combat sports participated in the study. The online survey included questions on self-reported patterns of victory (and loss), training habits, general demographics (e.g., age), and sport-specific information (e.g., stage of career and competitive style). Overall, it was found across four models that reflected diversity of winningness in combat sports that the most important predictors of competitive winningness were loss by points (negative), loss by submission (negative), loss (negative) or victory (positive) by throw or technical fall, and loss (negative) or victory (positive) by knockout. The findings applied to amateur and regional/state athletes, and rarely to karate or tae kwon do. Findings around demographics or training habits were largely unremarkable, outside of a relationship between higher training loads and less career winning in wrestlers. Results show that while winning via a finishing sequence (e.g., knockout or submission) is preferable to the judge’s decision or points, the matter of victory is less important than the methods by which an athlete loses. In grappling-only sports, we observed a trend that more losses via finishing sequence were worse for careers than losing by points. In fact, having most of one’s losses coming via judge’s decision or points was beneficial in wrestling and judo, perhaps due to athletes taking less risks and having better defence. These findings may aid practitioners developing effective tactics and training programs.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebastian Hacker, Johannes Keck, Thomas Reichel, Klaus Eder, R. Ringseis, Karsten Krüger, Britta Krüger
The high interindividual variability of exercise response complicates the efficient use of blood-based biomarkers in sports. To address this problem, a useful algorithm to characterize the individual regulation and predictive value of different candidate markers will be developed. Forty-nine participants completed two identical exercise trials. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 3 hours after, and 24 hours after completion of exercise. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL-) 1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, creatine kinase (CK), cortisol, c-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. Individualized regulation was analyzed using k-means clustering and a Group Assignment Quality (GAQ) score. Regression trees with a bootstrapped-aggregated approach were used to assess the predictive qualities of the markers. For most of the markers studied, a distinction can be made between individuals who show a stronger or weaker response to a particular endurance training program. The regulation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CK exhibited a high degree of stability within the individuals. Regarding the predictive power of the markers, for all dependent variables, the most accurate predictions were obtained for cortisol and IL-8 based on the baseline value. For CK, a good prediction of recovery of maximal strength and subjective feeling of exhaustion can be made. For IL-1RA and TBARS, especially their reregulation can be predicted if the baseline level is known. Focusing individual variations in biomarker responses, our results suggest the combined use of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CK for the personalized management of stress and recovery cycles following endurance exercise.
{"title":"Biomarkers in Endurance Exercise: Individualized Regulation and Predictive Value","authors":"Sebastian Hacker, Johannes Keck, Thomas Reichel, Klaus Eder, R. Ringseis, Karsten Krüger, Britta Krüger","doi":"10.1155/2023/6614990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6614990","url":null,"abstract":"The high interindividual variability of exercise response complicates the efficient use of blood-based biomarkers in sports. To address this problem, a useful algorithm to characterize the individual regulation and predictive value of different candidate markers will be developed. Forty-nine participants completed two identical exercise trials. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 3 hours after, and 24 hours after completion of exercise. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL-) 1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, creatine kinase (CK), cortisol, c-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. Individualized regulation was analyzed using k-means clustering and a Group Assignment Quality (GAQ) score. Regression trees with a bootstrapped-aggregated approach were used to assess the predictive qualities of the markers. For most of the markers studied, a distinction can be made between individuals who show a stronger or weaker response to a particular endurance training program. The regulation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CK exhibited a high degree of stability within the individuals. Regarding the predictive power of the markers, for all dependent variables, the most accurate predictions were obtained for cortisol and IL-8 based on the baseline value. For CK, a good prediction of recovery of maximal strength and subjective feeling of exhaustion can be made. For IL-1RA and TBARS, especially their reregulation can be predicted if the baseline level is known. Focusing individual variations in biomarker responses, our results suggest the combined use of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CK for the personalized management of stress and recovery cycles following endurance exercise.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives. There is growing evidence regarding cannabinoid use in sports medicine and performance, especially cannabidiol (CBD). This study aims to determine if sports medicine physicians are recommending cannabinoids for therapeutic purposes, as well as analyze perceptions of cannabinoids within sports medicine and performance. Methods. Physician members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) completed an anonymous survey on demographics, CBD and Cannabis recommendations, as well as attitudes toward cannabinoid products within sports medicine. Factors associated with CBD and cannabis recommendations as well as perceptual differences were found using multivariate regression modelling. Results. Responses from 333 physicians were recorded. The following groups were less likely to agree with allowing cannabis for recreational purposes: female gender (coeff. = 0.79 (0.33–1.25), p = 0.001 ), increasing age (coeff. = 0.04 (0.02, 0.07), p < 0.001 ), and rural respondents (compared to baseline urban, coeff. = 1.16 (0.36, 1.95), p = 0.004 ). Similarly, these three factors were associated with a higher likelihood of disagreeing with WADA removing cannabis from the prohibited substance list and with the NCAA allowing CBD use by collegiate athletes ( p ≤ 0.045 ). CBD was less likely to be recommended by pediatricians, rural physicians, and academic physicians ( p ≤ 0.030 ). Male physicians and younger physicians were less likely to identify cannabis as performance-enhancing ( p ≤ 0.042 ). Conclusions. Sports medicine physicians have varying views on cannabinoids. While sports medicine physicians generally have favorable attitudes toward CBD and cannabis, these perceptions appear to be significantly affected by age, practice type, and gender.
{"title":"Physician Perceptions of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabis in Sports Medicine and Performance","authors":"Brendon Ross, Thomas Trojian, D. Cushman","doi":"10.1155/2023/8824466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8824466","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. There is growing evidence regarding cannabinoid use in sports medicine and performance, especially cannabidiol (CBD). This study aims to determine if sports medicine physicians are recommending cannabinoids for therapeutic purposes, as well as analyze perceptions of cannabinoids within sports medicine and performance. Methods. Physician members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) completed an anonymous survey on demographics, CBD and Cannabis recommendations, as well as attitudes toward cannabinoid products within sports medicine. Factors associated with CBD and cannabis recommendations as well as perceptual differences were found using multivariate regression modelling. Results. Responses from 333 physicians were recorded. The following groups were less likely to agree with allowing cannabis for recreational purposes: female gender (coeff. = 0.79 (0.33–1.25), \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ), increasing age (coeff. = 0.04 (0.02, 0.07), \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 \u0000 <\u0000 \u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ), and rural respondents (compared to baseline urban, coeff. = 1.16 (0.36, 1.95), \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 0.004\u0000 \u0000 ). Similarly, these three factors were associated with a higher likelihood of disagreeing with WADA removing cannabis from the prohibited substance list and with the NCAA allowing CBD use by collegiate athletes (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 ≤\u0000 0.045\u0000 \u0000 ). CBD was less likely to be recommended by pediatricians, rural physicians, and academic physicians (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 ≤\u0000 0.030\u0000 \u0000 ). Male physicians and younger physicians were less likely to identify cannabis as performance-enhancing (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 ≤\u0000 0.042\u0000 \u0000 ). Conclusions. Sports medicine physicians have varying views on cannabinoids. While sports medicine physicians generally have favorable attitudes toward CBD and cannabis, these perceptions appear to be significantly affected by age, practice type, and gender.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Floor A. P. van den Brandt, Mohammed Khudair, Florentina J. Hettinga, Marije T. Elferink-Gemser
Purpose. In competitive sports, optimizing performance is the key. An interesting venue to explore is to consider drafting as a pacing strategy. The purpose of this study is to identify the magnitude of drafting benefits for biomechanical, physiological, and psychobiological parameters in and between athletes in cycling, kayaking, running, skating, skiing, and swimming. Design. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Results. In total, 205 studies were found, from which 22 were relevant (including 232 participants and 548 observations). Methodological quality was high for all the included articles. The meta-analyses for all parameters indicated strong evidence for a benefit of drafting, with moderate effects between leading and drafting athletes found for the heart rate (3.9%), VO2 (8.9%), power output (11.3%), and rating of perceived exertion (10.4%). Large effect sizes were found for blood lactate (24.2%), VE (16.2%), and EMG (56.4%). A moderator analysis showed differences between sports on the effect of drafting with most benefits in cycling. Discussion. Based on the observed effects of drafting in the biomechanical, physiological, and psychobiological parameters, it can be considered as an element of pacing, a strategy to conserve energy and optimize performance. Conclusion. There is strong evidence that drafting benefits athletes, with varying levels of effect for athletes in different sports. Knowledge about the magnitude of benefits can be used to improve training sessions, race strategies, and performance in competition.
目的。在竞技体育中，优化表现是关键。一个值得探索的有趣方法是将起草作为一种节奏策略。本研究的目的是确定在骑自行车、皮划艇、跑步、滑冰、滑雪和游泳运动员之间的生物力学、生理和心理生物学参数的牵伸效益的大小。设计。系统回顾和荟萃分析。方法。在PubMed、Web of Science和Embase数据库中进行系统搜索。结果。共发现205项研究，其中22项相关(包括232名参与者和548项观察)。所有纳入的文章的方法学质量都很高。所有参数的荟萃分析都有力地证明了牵伸运动的好处，领跑运动员和牵伸运动员在心率(3.9%)、耗氧量(8.9%)、功率输出(11.3%)和感知运动等级(10.4%)方面的影响中等。血乳酸(24.2%)、VE(16.2%)和肌电图(56.4%)的效应值较大。一项调节分析显示，不同运动对起草效果的影响差异最大的是骑自行车。讨论。根据观察到的牵伸在生物力学、生理和心理生物学参数方面的影响，它可以被认为是一种节奏要素，一种节约能量和优化表现的策略。结论。有强有力的证据表明，起草有利于运动员，对不同运动项目的运动员有不同程度的影响。有关益处大小的知识可以用于改进训练课程、比赛策略和比赛表现。
{"title":"Be Aware of the Benefits of Drafting in Sports and Take Your Advantage: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Floor A. P. van den Brandt, Mohammed Khudair, Florentina J. Hettinga, Marije T. Elferink-Gemser","doi":"10.1155/2023/3254847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3254847","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. In competitive sports, optimizing performance is the key. An interesting venue to explore is to consider drafting as a pacing strategy. The purpose of this study is to identify the magnitude of drafting benefits for biomechanical, physiological, and psychobiological parameters in and between athletes in cycling, kayaking, running, skating, skiing, and swimming. Design. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Results. In total, 205 studies were found, from which 22 were relevant (including 232 participants and 548 observations). Methodological quality was high for all the included articles. The meta-analyses for all parameters indicated strong evidence for a benefit of drafting, with moderate effects between leading and drafting athletes found for the heart rate (3.9%), VO2 (8.9%), power output (11.3%), and rating of perceived exertion (10.4%). Large effect sizes were found for blood lactate (24.2%), VE (16.2%), and EMG (56.4%). A moderator analysis showed differences between sports on the effect of drafting with most benefits in cycling. Discussion. Based on the observed effects of drafting in the biomechanical, physiological, and psychobiological parameters, it can be considered as an element of pacing, a strategy to conserve energy and optimize performance. Conclusion. There is strong evidence that drafting benefits athletes, with varying levels of effect for athletes in different sports. Knowledge about the magnitude of benefits can be used to improve training sessions, race strategies, and performance in competition.","PeriodicalId":75247,"journal":{"name":"Translational sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135341482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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