G. Mühlbachová, P. H. Cepkova, I. Capouchová, P. Konvalina, R. Vavera, D. Janovská
Abstract Intercropping is a technique in which two or more crops are grown together that is reported to be soil and water friendly. Field trials were conducted at three different localities in the Czech Republic. Spring wheat was grown together with different legumes (Egyptian clover, crimson clover, red clover, white clover, common pea, dun pea, common vetch, bird’s-foot-trefoil, common kidney vetch, and fenugreek) in an organic cropping system. Two basic systems were compared mixture and row-by-row cropping. The yield of grain was lower on average in row-by-row cropping than in the mixture. Lower yields were found in Prague (PR) compared to Uhříněves (UH) and Zvíkov (ZV). The mixture system seemed to be more effective in grain production than cultivation in separate rows (PR 2.14 t/ha, UH 4.71 t/ha, ZV 3.00 t/ha) in terms of spring wheat grain yield in comparison with the mixture system (PR 2.45 t/ha, UH 5.44 t/ha, ZV 3.14 t/ha). Quality parameters such as crude protein, wet gluten, gluten index, Zeleny test of wheat grown with legumes were compared to the control. The mean quality parameters of both systems were the following: test weight 75.75%, crude protein 13.9%, wet gluten 31.5%, Zeleny test 56.2 mL, falling number 266.4 s. The combinations of spring wheat with Egyptian clover, white clover, common vetch, common kidney vetch, and bird’s-foot-trefoil are recommended as the most promising according to the results obtained across all sites and considering all parameters.
{"title":"Yields and Quality of Spring Wheat Grain in Intercropping System with Different Legume Species","authors":"G. Mühlbachová, P. H. Cepkova, I. Capouchová, P. Konvalina, R. Vavera, D. Janovská","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intercropping is a technique in which two or more crops are grown together that is reported to be soil and water friendly. Field trials were conducted at three different localities in the Czech Republic. Spring wheat was grown together with different legumes (Egyptian clover, crimson clover, red clover, white clover, common pea, dun pea, common vetch, bird’s-foot-trefoil, common kidney vetch, and fenugreek) in an organic cropping system. Two basic systems were compared mixture and row-by-row cropping. The yield of grain was lower on average in row-by-row cropping than in the mixture. Lower yields were found in Prague (PR) compared to Uhříněves (UH) and Zvíkov (ZV). The mixture system seemed to be more effective in grain production than cultivation in separate rows (PR 2.14 t/ha, UH 4.71 t/ha, ZV 3.00 t/ha) in terms of spring wheat grain yield in comparison with the mixture system (PR 2.45 t/ha, UH 5.44 t/ha, ZV 3.14 t/ha). Quality parameters such as crude protein, wet gluten, gluten index, Zeleny test of wheat grown with legumes were compared to the control. The mean quality parameters of both systems were the following: test weight 75.75%, crude protein 13.9%, wet gluten 31.5%, Zeleny test 56.2 mL, falling number 266.4 s. The combinations of spring wheat with Egyptian clover, white clover, common vetch, common kidney vetch, and bird’s-foot-trefoil are recommended as the most promising according to the results obtained across all sites and considering all parameters.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"13 1","pages":"176 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76759951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the traditional crops currently being newly re-introduced in Slovakia and cultivated for multi-purpose uses, while still there is a lack of crop biomass yield data. The main objective of the paper is to document the yield of aboveground biomass of selected cultivars of hemp ('Bialobrzeskie', 'Felina', 'Santhica', 'Epsilon', and 'Futura'), which were tested in the pilot open-field experiments conducted during 2009 − 2012, immediately after a wave of legislative changes. The trial was agronomically designed including three nitrogen treatments as follows: (i) T1 30 kg N/ha (the full 30 kg/ha in the phenophase BBCH 31), (ii) T2 60 kg N/ha (dividing on 30 + 30 kg/ha in the phenophase BBCH 31 and 51, respectively), and (iii) T3 90 kg N/ha (dividing on 30 + 30 + 30 kg/ha in the phenophase BBCH 31, 51 and 59, respectively); whereas NPK 15-15-15 in the dose of 200 kg/ha was applied before the sowing all across the treatments. The total average dry matter (DM) yield of 9.49 t/ha was achieved, ranging from 2.12 to 16.80 t/ha. DM yield was affected mainly by years (F-ratio 337.40, P-value 0.0000), followed by nitrogen treatment (F-ratio 47.86, P-value 0.0001), then by cultivars (F-ratio 22.37, P-value 0.0019) and finally by replications (F-ratio 0.65, P-value 0.58). However, the need for further studies aimed to quantify more precisely the response of the cultivars to the weather and soil conditions is necessary, especially the cultivars of new and foreign origin.
大麻(Cannabis sativa L.)是一种传统作物，目前在斯洛伐克被重新引入并用于多用途种植，但仍然缺乏作物生物量产量数据。本文的主要目的是记录选定的大麻品种(“Bialobrzeskie”、“Felina”、“Santhica”、“Epsilon”和“Futura”)的地上生物量产量，这些品种在2009年至2012年期间进行的试点露天试验中进行了测试，紧接着是一波立法变化。试验采用农艺设计，包括3个氮肥处理:(i) T1 30 kg N/ha(在BBCH 31物候期全部施用30 kg/ha)， (ii) T2 60 kg N/ha(在BBCH 31和51物候期分别施用30 + 30 kg/ha)， (iii) T3 90 kg N/ha(在BBCH 31、51和59物候期分别施用30 + 30 + 30 kg/ha);各处理播前施用氮磷钾15-15-15，剂量为200 kg/ha。总平均干物质(DM)产量为9.49 t/ha，介于2.12 ~ 16.80 t/ha之间。DM产量主要受年份(f比337.40,p值0.0000)影响，其次是氮肥处理(f比47.86,p值0.0001)，其次是品种(f比22.37,p值0.0019)，最后是重复(f比0.65,p值0.58)。然而，需要进一步的研究，以更精确地量化栽培品种对天气和土壤条件的反应，特别是新品种和外来品种。
{"title":"Effect of Differentiated Nitrogen Nutrition on Aboveground Biomass of Selected Cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. Cultivated Under Central European Conditions","authors":"P. Porvaz, I. Kron, Š. Tóth, A. Kintl","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the traditional crops currently being newly re-introduced in Slovakia and cultivated for multi-purpose uses, while still there is a lack of crop biomass yield data. The main objective of the paper is to document the yield of aboveground biomass of selected cultivars of hemp ('Bialobrzeskie', 'Felina', 'Santhica', 'Epsilon', and 'Futura'), which were tested in the pilot open-field experiments conducted during 2009 − 2012, immediately after a wave of legislative changes. The trial was agronomically designed including three nitrogen treatments as follows: (i) T1 30 kg N/ha (the full 30 kg/ha in the phenophase BBCH 31), (ii) T2 60 kg N/ha (dividing on 30 + 30 kg/ha in the phenophase BBCH 31 and 51, respectively), and (iii) T3 90 kg N/ha (dividing on 30 + 30 + 30 kg/ha in the phenophase BBCH 31, 51 and 59, respectively); whereas NPK 15-15-15 in the dose of 200 kg/ha was applied before the sowing all across the treatments. The total average dry matter (DM) yield of 9.49 t/ha was achieved, ranging from 2.12 to 16.80 t/ha. DM yield was affected mainly by years (F-ratio 337.40, P-value 0.0000), followed by nitrogen treatment (F-ratio 47.86, P-value 0.0001), then by cultivars (F-ratio 22.37, P-value 0.0019) and finally by replications (F-ratio 0.65, P-value 0.58). However, the need for further studies aimed to quantify more precisely the response of the cultivars to the weather and soil conditions is necessary, especially the cultivars of new and foreign origin.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"12 1","pages":"191 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77094773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrícia Máčajová, M. Tóthová, Veronika Krchňavá, Š. Týr, P. Tóth
Abstract Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) has become a major threat to agriculture in many parts of the world. Global agriculture relies on the use of herbicides against A. artemisiifolia in the crops most at risk – sunflower, maize and soybean. This paper aims to provide an overview of the chemical control of A. artemisiifolia and to summarize the latest knowledge in this field. The sunflower is the crop most threatened by A. artemisiifolia, as both plants belong to the same family. The best control level was achieved after the preemergence application of flurochloridone and the combination of dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin. The introduction of the non-GM Clearfield and ExpressSun technologies allowed effective control with postemergence herbicides in sunflower varieties tolerant to imidazolinone and tribenuron-methyl herbicides. In soybean, the highest efficacy was observed in trials with imazamox and bentazone alone and in combination. The combination of imazamox with bentazone had a positive effect on yield compared to untreated stands. The introduction of transgenic soybeans tolerant to glyphosate led to increased glyphosate use and the predictable emergence of weed resistance in America in 1996. Preplant followed by postemergence herbicides were critical for the effective control of glyphosate-resistant A. artemisiifolia in glufosinate tolerant soybean. In maize, the highest efficacy was obtained after the application of glufosinate, bromoxynil and mesotrione + atrazine. Of the above substances for the control of A. artemisiifolia in maize, only mesotrione is currently registered in the EU.
摘要蒿属菊科植物(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)已成为世界许多地区农业的主要威胁。全球农业依赖于在向日葵、玉米和大豆等最危险的作物上使用除草剂来对付蒿属植物。本文综述了艾草化学防治的研究进展，并对该领域的最新研究进展进行了综述。向日葵是受蒿属植物威胁最大的作物，因为这两种植物属于同一科。以氟氯酮和二甲胺- p +苯二甲胺联用为最佳防治水平。非转基因Clearfield和ExpressSun技术的引入，使得对咪唑啉酮和三苯脲-甲基除草剂耐受的向日葵品种可以有效地控制苗期除草剂。在大豆中，伊马唑莫和苯他酮单独和联合使用的效果最高。与未处理林分相比，伊马唑莫与苯达酮联合施用对产量有积极影响。1996年，对草甘膦耐受的转基因大豆的引入导致草甘膦的使用增加，并且在美国出现了可预见的杂草抗性。在耐草甘膦大豆中，种植前和出苗期施用除草剂是有效防治抗草甘膦的关键。在玉米中，施用草甘膦、溴虫腈和美索三酮+阿特拉津的效果最好。在上述用于控制玉米中蒿甲蚜的物质中，目前只有美索三酮在欧盟注册。
{"title":"Herbicide control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in sunflower, soybean and maize","authors":"Patrícia Máčajová, M. Tóthová, Veronika Krchňavá, Š. Týr, P. Tóth","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) has become a major threat to agriculture in many parts of the world. Global agriculture relies on the use of herbicides against A. artemisiifolia in the crops most at risk – sunflower, maize and soybean. This paper aims to provide an overview of the chemical control of A. artemisiifolia and to summarize the latest knowledge in this field. The sunflower is the crop most threatened by A. artemisiifolia, as both plants belong to the same family. The best control level was achieved after the preemergence application of flurochloridone and the combination of dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin. The introduction of the non-GM Clearfield and ExpressSun technologies allowed effective control with postemergence herbicides in sunflower varieties tolerant to imidazolinone and tribenuron-methyl herbicides. In soybean, the highest efficacy was observed in trials with imazamox and bentazone alone and in combination. The combination of imazamox with bentazone had a positive effect on yield compared to untreated stands. The introduction of transgenic soybeans tolerant to glyphosate led to increased glyphosate use and the predictable emergence of weed resistance in America in 1996. Preplant followed by postemergence herbicides were critical for the effective control of glyphosate-resistant A. artemisiifolia in glufosinate tolerant soybean. In maize, the highest efficacy was obtained after the application of glufosinate, bromoxynil and mesotrione + atrazine. Of the above substances for the control of A. artemisiifolia in maize, only mesotrione is currently registered in the EU.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"178 1","pages":"110 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82479828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Adhikari, Dipiza Oli, Ashim Pokhrel, Babita Dhungana, Bipul Paudel, Shishir Pandit, G. C. Bigyan, Apurba Dhakal
Abstract The potato tuber moth (PTM; caused by Phthorimaea operculella) is one of the most serious insect pests that causes damage to crop production and storage of potatoes. It causes damage to the potato, while larvae of P. operculella feed on and grow in the leaves and tubers of potatoes, resulting in direct product losses. The larvae construct tunnels through tubers and mine leaves, stems, and petioles, resulting in uneven galleries. Foliar damage to the potato crop does not normally result in major output losses, although contaminated tubers may have lower marketability and storage losses of up to 100%. Light watering every 4 days and mulching with neem leaves during the last 4 weeks before the harvest was found to be a successful treatment. Spraying a thin layer of testing natural oils also acts as a defensive layer, which causes confusion or disturbance to the searching neonate larvae. The pest is tough to eradicate, so producers rely heavily on insecticides and biological approaches. Potato tuberworm damage was reduced by rotating esfenvalerate and indoxacarb treatments before and after vine kill. At 5 g/kg potato tuber in farmer rustic storage, Acorus calamus dust exhibited great efficiency in preventing PTM tuber damage. In different regions of the world, parasitoids such as Copidosoma spp. and Apanteles spp. are significant in PTM management. Pheromone traps are used for pest population monitoring as well as pest management in the field and during storage.
{"title":"A review on the biology and management of potato tuber moth","authors":"A. Adhikari, Dipiza Oli, Ashim Pokhrel, Babita Dhungana, Bipul Paudel, Shishir Pandit, G. C. Bigyan, Apurba Dhakal","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The potato tuber moth (PTM; caused by Phthorimaea operculella) is one of the most serious insect pests that causes damage to crop production and storage of potatoes. It causes damage to the potato, while larvae of P. operculella feed on and grow in the leaves and tubers of potatoes, resulting in direct product losses. The larvae construct tunnels through tubers and mine leaves, stems, and petioles, resulting in uneven galleries. Foliar damage to the potato crop does not normally result in major output losses, although contaminated tubers may have lower marketability and storage losses of up to 100%. Light watering every 4 days and mulching with neem leaves during the last 4 weeks before the harvest was found to be a successful treatment. Spraying a thin layer of testing natural oils also acts as a defensive layer, which causes confusion or disturbance to the searching neonate larvae. The pest is tough to eradicate, so producers rely heavily on insecticides and biological approaches. Potato tuberworm damage was reduced by rotating esfenvalerate and indoxacarb treatments before and after vine kill. At 5 g/kg potato tuber in farmer rustic storage, Acorus calamus dust exhibited great efficiency in preventing PTM tuber damage. In different regions of the world, parasitoids such as Copidosoma spp. and Apanteles spp. are significant in PTM management. Pheromone traps are used for pest population monitoring as well as pest management in the field and during storage.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"47 1","pages":"97 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79304268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Plant viruses are a threat to a sustainable economy because they cause economic losses in yields. The epidemiology of plant viruses is of particular interest because of their dynamic spread by insect vectors and their transmission by seeds. The speed and direction of viral evolution are determined by the selective environment in which they are found. Knowledge of the ecology of plant viruses is critical to the transmission of many plant viruses. Accurate and timely detection of plant viruses is an essential part of their control. Rapid climate change and the globalization of trade through free trade agreements encourage the transmission of vectors and viruses from country to country. Another factor affecting the emergence of viruses is the cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity a nd high plant density. Trade in plant material (germplasm and living plants) also cause the emergence of new viruses. Viruses have a fast adaptation and development in a new environment. Aphids are the most widespread and important vectors of plant viruses. Myzus persicae transmits more than 100 different plant viruses. In nature plant viruses are transmitted also by nematodes, fungi, mites, leafhoppers, whiteflies, beetles, and planthoppers. The symptoms of viral diseases are very diverse and are often confused with symptoms of abiotic stress. Control of viral diseases is based on two strategies: i) immunization (genetic resistance acquired by plant transformation, breeding, or cross-protection), ii) prophylaxis to limit viruses (removal of infected plants and control of their vectors). For management, we rely on quick and accurate identification of the disease.
{"title":"The transmission of plant viruses","authors":"S. Grešíková","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plant viruses are a threat to a sustainable economy because they cause economic losses in yields. The epidemiology of plant viruses is of particular interest because of their dynamic spread by insect vectors and their transmission by seeds. The speed and direction of viral evolution are determined by the selective environment in which they are found. Knowledge of the ecology of plant viruses is critical to the transmission of many plant viruses. Accurate and timely detection of plant viruses is an essential part of their control. Rapid climate change and the globalization of trade through free trade agreements encourage the transmission of vectors and viruses from country to country. Another factor affecting the emergence of viruses is the cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity a nd high plant density. Trade in plant material (germplasm and living plants) also cause the emergence of new viruses. Viruses have a fast adaptation and development in a new environment. Aphids are the most widespread and important vectors of plant viruses. Myzus persicae transmits more than 100 different plant viruses. In nature plant viruses are transmitted also by nematodes, fungi, mites, leafhoppers, whiteflies, beetles, and planthoppers. The symptoms of viral diseases are very diverse and are often confused with symptoms of abiotic stress. Control of viral diseases is based on two strategies: i) immunization (genetic resistance acquired by plant transformation, breeding, or cross-protection), ii) prophylaxis to limit viruses (removal of infected plants and control of their vectors). For management, we rely on quick and accurate identification of the disease.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"28 1","pages":"119 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82521477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Idris, Agusdin Dharma Fefirenta, Vega Kartika Sari, I. Sudiana
Abstract Sorghum has good adaptability to drought stress conditions, but its early vegetative phase and the generative phase are susceptible to stress. Understanding the physiological response of plants under drought and mechanisms regulating drought tolerance in a plant, mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) will be useful in developing a strategy to deal with drought. Here, a pot experiment was used to explore the growth performance, biomass production and physiological responses of two sorghum accessions (4183A and JP-1) inoculated by the AMF under drought stress, as well as the effect of AMF on soil enzyme and microbial stability. Based on growth observations, the AMF inoculation treatment had not significant effect on increasing the drought resistance of the two sorghum accessions. Drought stress decreased the rate of height increment for 4183A, and JP-1 accessions by 37% and 55%, respectively, compared to normal conditions. Shoot dry weight and root dry weight losses were up to 59% and 66%, respectively, compared to well-watered conditions. However, the interaction of AMF and plants to deal with drought can be captured through physiological response, particularly proline accumulation. AMF inoculation in JP-1 accession reduced proline accumulation (99.91 mM/leaf fresh weight) compared to non-AMF inoculated plants (149.86 mM/leaf fresh weight). It can be implied that mycorrhiza can reduce plant stress. In contrast to accession 4183A, there was an increase in the accumulation of proline in plants inoculated with mycorrhiza under drought conditions. Additionally, AMF inoculation improved acid phosphatase activity in the soil and proved crucial for maintaining the stability of the rhizosphere microorganisms under drought-stressed conditions.
{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced different proline accumulations in two sorghum accessions in a response to drought stress","authors":"I. Idris, Agusdin Dharma Fefirenta, Vega Kartika Sari, I. Sudiana","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sorghum has good adaptability to drought stress conditions, but its early vegetative phase and the generative phase are susceptible to stress. Understanding the physiological response of plants under drought and mechanisms regulating drought tolerance in a plant, mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) will be useful in developing a strategy to deal with drought. Here, a pot experiment was used to explore the growth performance, biomass production and physiological responses of two sorghum accessions (4183A and JP-1) inoculated by the AMF under drought stress, as well as the effect of AMF on soil enzyme and microbial stability. Based on growth observations, the AMF inoculation treatment had not significant effect on increasing the drought resistance of the two sorghum accessions. Drought stress decreased the rate of height increment for 4183A, and JP-1 accessions by 37% and 55%, respectively, compared to normal conditions. Shoot dry weight and root dry weight losses were up to 59% and 66%, respectively, compared to well-watered conditions. However, the interaction of AMF and plants to deal with drought can be captured through physiological response, particularly proline accumulation. AMF inoculation in JP-1 accession reduced proline accumulation (99.91 mM/leaf fresh weight) compared to non-AMF inoculated plants (149.86 mM/leaf fresh weight). It can be implied that mycorrhiza can reduce plant stress. In contrast to accession 4183A, there was an increase in the accumulation of proline in plants inoculated with mycorrhiza under drought conditions. Additionally, AMF inoculation improved acid phosphatase activity in the soil and proved crucial for maintaining the stability of the rhizosphere microorganisms under drought-stressed conditions.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"47 1","pages":"127 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84210415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Increased agricultural operations result in increased usage of various pesticides to safeguard crops, however, this is done without paying attention to the effects of the amounting potential harm to both humans and the environment. In this present study, a structured study was conducted on the uptake of atrazine, mesotrione, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D), and glyphosate herbicides from contaminated soil and translocation into different maize segments. It was observed that 2.4-D was least absorbed by the soil, however, all the studied herbicide showed high absorption in the leafy segment of the maize plant due to the high polarity of the leaf cuticle. Glyphosate showed a high absorption rate in soil, roots, stalk, and leaves while mesotrione was highly absorbed in corn and tassels in all treatments. The absorption rate of the herbicide increased with increasing growth days. The higher treatment concentration (0.75 µg/l) showed elevated accumulation with the highest concentration (1.0 µg/l) observed for glyphosate in leaves after 140 days and high mesotrione in corn (0.51 µg/l) and tassel (0.42 µg/l) observed after 120 days. The PTi values of all treatments were >1 however, the hi data were below 100% indicating minimal possible health risk linked to the intake of these crops by both adults and children.
{"title":"Assessment of Herbicides Uptake by Soil and Translocation in to Different Maize Segments","authors":"S. Zondo, P. Mahlambi","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Increased agricultural operations result in increased usage of various pesticides to safeguard crops, however, this is done without paying attention to the effects of the amounting potential harm to both humans and the environment. In this present study, a structured study was conducted on the uptake of atrazine, mesotrione, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D), and glyphosate herbicides from contaminated soil and translocation into different maize segments. It was observed that 2.4-D was least absorbed by the soil, however, all the studied herbicide showed high absorption in the leafy segment of the maize plant due to the high polarity of the leaf cuticle. Glyphosate showed a high absorption rate in soil, roots, stalk, and leaves while mesotrione was highly absorbed in corn and tassels in all treatments. The absorption rate of the herbicide increased with increasing growth days. The higher treatment concentration (0.75 µg/l) showed elevated accumulation with the highest concentration (1.0 µg/l) observed for glyphosate in leaves after 140 days and high mesotrione in corn (0.51 µg/l) and tassel (0.42 µg/l) observed after 120 days. The PTi values of all treatments were >1 however, the hi data were below 100% indicating minimal possible health risk linked to the intake of these crops by both adults and children.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"223 1","pages":"87 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85942685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study aimed to determine the changes in soil properties due to land rolling after sowing and analysis the effects of these changes in soil properties on the plant growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted by using three weights of the land roller (196.37, 337.67, 478.97 kg/m) and untreated control treatment after sowing barley. The results showed that land rolling significantly changed the soil properties such as bulk density, moisture content, and penetration resistance. These changes in soil conditions significantly affected the plant growth parameters in barley production. The increased bulk density at the 0 ‒ 100 mm depth of the soil due to land rolling increased the seed emergence, the plant growth parameters and the yield of barley. However, it was observed that the grain yield per ear started decreasing at the higher penetration resistance than 345, 486, and 630 kPa for 50 mm, 75 mm and 100 mm, respectively. Consequently, it can be said that the use of a land roller after sowing in barley production can increase the yield by improving the plant growth parameters and soil physical properties under the soil and climate conditions like the experimental field.
{"title":"Effects of the changes in soil conditions due to land rolling on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)","authors":"S. Gürsoy","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to determine the changes in soil properties due to land rolling after sowing and analysis the effects of these changes in soil properties on the plant growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted by using three weights of the land roller (196.37, 337.67, 478.97 kg/m) and untreated control treatment after sowing barley. The results showed that land rolling significantly changed the soil properties such as bulk density, moisture content, and penetration resistance. These changes in soil conditions significantly affected the plant growth parameters in barley production. The increased bulk density at the 0 ‒ 100 mm depth of the soil due to land rolling increased the seed emergence, the plant growth parameters and the yield of barley. However, it was observed that the grain yield per ear started decreasing at the higher penetration resistance than 345, 486, and 630 kPa for 50 mm, 75 mm and 100 mm, respectively. Consequently, it can be said that the use of a land roller after sowing in barley production can increase the yield by improving the plant growth parameters and soil physical properties under the soil and climate conditions like the experimental field.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"163 1","pages":"62 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73255046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Biochar as an eco-friendly and low-cost product has the potential for modification to improve its functionality. The application of modified biochar is a new approach that can improve soil properties, quality, and productivity of plants, thereby helping sustainable agriculture. The focus of the recent studies has dealt with methods for improving the function of biochar. Biochar can be modified to enhance its physicochemical properties (such as bulk density, cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, and porosity) and nutritional value. This review provides crucial and summarizing information about the classification of biochar modification techniques for agricultural application and a comparison of pristine and modified biochar function on soil fertility and plant production. There are several approaches for modification of biochar, which can be divided into four main categories: chemical, physical, enriched with minerals, and nanocomposites. The modified biochar could be more appropriate for poor-nutrient soils and has a high adsorption capacity and potential for different pollutants immobilization. Further research is needed to determine the best methods of biochar modification with short-term and long-term effects on soil fertility and plant growth under different environmental conditions.
{"title":"Biochar modification and application to improve soil fertility and crop productivity","authors":"K. Ghassemi-Golezani, S. Rahimzadeh","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biochar as an eco-friendly and low-cost product has the potential for modification to improve its functionality. The application of modified biochar is a new approach that can improve soil properties, quality, and productivity of plants, thereby helping sustainable agriculture. The focus of the recent studies has dealt with methods for improving the function of biochar. Biochar can be modified to enhance its physicochemical properties (such as bulk density, cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, and porosity) and nutritional value. This review provides crucial and summarizing information about the classification of biochar modification techniques for agricultural application and a comparison of pristine and modified biochar function on soil fertility and plant production. There are several approaches for modification of biochar, which can be divided into four main categories: chemical, physical, enriched with minerals, and nanocomposites. The modified biochar could be more appropriate for poor-nutrient soils and has a high adsorption capacity and potential for different pollutants immobilization. Further research is needed to determine the best methods of biochar modification with short-term and long-term effects on soil fertility and plant growth under different environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"38 1","pages":"45 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83257191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi is one of the main problems associated with the roots of asparagus plants and inflicting serious losses worldwide. A novel and eco-friendly strategy to reduce pathogen resistance and management of the Fusarium crown and root rot is using chitosan and Trichoderma harzianum as a sustainable treatment approach to improve both disease resistance and yields, while also effectively managing the asparagus product. In this study, the effect of chitosan and Trichoderma harzianum on growth promotion and control of Fusarium crown and root rot in asparagus plants was investigated. diseased plants from the main production areas of Iran were surveyed. The in vitro antifungal properties of chitosan solutions (concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/mL) and T. harzianum strain were evaluated by the dual culture method. T. harzianum and chitosan solution (20 mg/mL) gave the largest inhibition zone against F. oxysporum and were selected for further studies in the greenhouse. Chitosan (20 mg/mL) and T. harzianum were applied as seed treatments and they significantly reduced disease incidence by 92% and 73% respectively, compared to the control.
摘要:尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi)是与芦笋根部相关的主要病害之一，在世界范围内造成了严重的危害。利用壳聚糖和哈兹木霉作为一种可持续的处理方法，既能提高芦笋的抗病性和产量，又能有效地管理芦笋产品，这是一种降低枯萎病和根腐病抗性和管理病原菌的新型生态策略。本研究研究了壳聚糖和哈兹木霉对芦笋生长的促进作用和防治芦笋枯萎病和根腐病的效果。对伊朗主要产区的病株进行了调查。采用双培养法评价壳聚糖溶液(浓度分别为5、10、15和20 mg/mL)和哈兹芽孢杆菌的体外抑菌性能。选择20 mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用最大，并在温室中进行进一步研究。壳聚糖(20 mg/mL)和哈兹兰作为种子处理，与对照相比，发病率分别显著降低92%和73%。
{"title":"Chitosan and Trichoderma harzianum a new Challenge for managing Fusarium crown and root rot in asparagus plant","authors":"Kowsar Shirazi, Narjes Khaton Ramesh, M. Asef","doi":"10.2478/agri-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi is one of the main problems associated with the roots of asparagus plants and inflicting serious losses worldwide. A novel and eco-friendly strategy to reduce pathogen resistance and management of the Fusarium crown and root rot is using chitosan and Trichoderma harzianum as a sustainable treatment approach to improve both disease resistance and yields, while also effectively managing the asparagus product. In this study, the effect of chitosan and Trichoderma harzianum on growth promotion and control of Fusarium crown and root rot in asparagus plants was investigated. diseased plants from the main production areas of Iran were surveyed. The in vitro antifungal properties of chitosan solutions (concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/mL) and T. harzianum strain were evaluated by the dual culture method. T. harzianum and chitosan solution (20 mg/mL) gave the largest inhibition zone against F. oxysporum and were selected for further studies in the greenhouse. Chitosan (20 mg/mL) and T. harzianum were applied as seed treatments and they significantly reduced disease incidence by 92% and 73% respectively, compared to the control.","PeriodicalId":7527,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)","volume":"2 1","pages":"75 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89919741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：