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Preserved memory for decisions across adulthood. 成年后对决策的记忆保持不变。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2398790
Morgan K Taylor, Gregory R Samanez-Larkin, Elizabeth J Marsh

Remembering our decisions is crucial - it allows us to learn from past mistakes and construct future behavior. However, it is unclear if age-related memory declines impact the memorability of older adults' decisions. Here, we compared younger and older adults' ability to remember their decisions. In Studies 1 and 2, participants made choices between two objects based on their star rating (shopping context) or circle count (neutral context) and later remembered what they chose. while Study 3 tested participants' memory for active vs. passive decisions. Overall, we found no evidence for age differences in the ability to remember decisions. Furthermore, age did not interact with context - both similarly benefitted from making and remembering their decisions in a more shopping-like context. These results reveal an aspect of cognition that appears to be preserved in healthy aging. Highlighting such aspects can help improve older adults' self-perceptions and reframe the narrative around aging.

记住我们的决定至关重要--它能让我们从过去的错误中吸取教训,并构建未来的行为。然而,目前还不清楚与年龄相关的记忆力衰退是否会影响老年人决策的可记性。在这里,我们比较了年轻人和老年人对其决定的记忆能力。在研究 1 和研究 2 中,参与者根据两个物体的星级(购物情境)或圈数(中性情境)在两个物体之间做出选择,然后记住他们的选择。总体而言,我们没有发现年龄在决策记忆能力方面存在差异。此外,年龄与情境也没有相互影响--在更类似于购物的情境中做出并记住他们的决定,两者都同样受益。这些结果揭示了在健康老龄化过程中似乎可以保留的认知能力的一个方面。强调这些方面有助于改善老年人的自我认知,并重塑对衰老的看法。
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引用次数: 0
Goal-directed remembering in older adults. 老年人的目标导向记忆。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2282223
Joseph P Hennessee, Julia M Schorn, Catherine Walsh, Alan D Castel, Barbara J Knowlton

Compared to younger adults, older adults show a reduced difference in memory between items they are directed to remember and items they are directed to forget. This effect may result from increased processing of goal-irrelevant information in aging. In contrast, healthy older adults are often able to selectively remember valuable information, suggesting preservation of goal-directed encoding in aging. Here, we examined how value may differentially affect directed-forgetting and memory for irrelevant details for younger and older adults in a value-directed remembering task. In Experiment 1, participants studied words paired with a directed-forgetting cue and a point-value they earned for later recognition. Participants' memory was then tested, either after an 8-min or 24-hr retention interval. In Experiment 2 words were presented in two colors and the recognition test assessed whether the participant could retrieve the incidentally-presented point value and the color of each recognized words. In both experiments, older and younger adults displayed a comparable ability to selectively encode valuable items. However, older adults showed a reduced directed-forgetting effect compared to younger adults that was maintained across the 24-hr retention interval. In Experiment 2, older adults showed both intact directed-forgetting and similar incidental detail retrieval compared to younger adults. These findings suggest that older adults maintained selectivity to value, demonstrating that aging does not impact the differential encoding of valuable information. Furthermore, younger and older adults may be similarly goal-directed in terms of item features to encode, but that instructions to forget presented items are less effective in older adults.

与年轻人相比,老年人在被要求记住和被要求忘记的东西之间的记忆差异较小。这种效应可能是由于在衰老过程中对目标无关信息的处理增加所致。相比之下,健康的老年人通常能够选择性地记住有价值的信息,这表明在衰老过程中保留了目标导向的编码。在这里,我们研究了价值是如何不同地影响年轻人和老年人在价值导向记忆任务中的定向遗忘和对无关细节的记忆的。在实验1中,参与者学习了与定向遗忘线索和他们为以后识别而获得的分数值配对的单词。然后在8分钟或24小时的记忆间隔后测试参与者的记忆。在实验2中,以两种颜色呈现单词,识别测试评估被试是否能够检索偶然呈现的点值和每个识别单词的颜色。在这两个实验中,老年人和年轻人表现出相当的选择性编码有价值物品的能力。然而,与年轻人相比,老年人的定向遗忘效应有所减弱,并在24小时的记忆间隔内保持不变。在实验2中,与年轻人相比,老年人同时表现出完整的定向遗忘和相似的附带细节检索。这些发现表明,老年人对价值保持选择性,表明年龄不会影响有价值信息的差异编码。此外,就要编码的物品特征而言,年轻人和老年人可能具有相似的目标导向,但在老年人中,忘记呈现的物品的指令效果较差。
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引用次数: 0
Metacognition for hearing in noise: a comparison between younger and older adults. 噪音中听觉的元认知:年轻人和老年人的比较。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2281691
Elena Giovanelli, Chiara Valzolgher, Elena Gessa, Tommaso Rosi, Chiara Visentin, Nicola Prodi, Francesco Pavani

Metacognition entails knowledge of one's own cognitive skills, perceived self-efficacy and locus of control when performing a task, and performance monitoring. Age-related changes in metacognition have been observed in metamemory, whereas their occurrence for hearing remained unknown. We tested 30 older and 30 younger adults with typical hearing, to assess if age reduces metacognition for hearing sentences in noise. Metacognitive monitoring for older and younger adults was overall comparable. In fact, the older group achieved better monitoring for words in the second part of the phrase. Additionally, only older adults showed a correlation between performance and perceived confidence. No age differentiation was found for locus of control, knowledge or self-efficacy. This suggests intact metacognitive skills for hearing in noise in older adults, alongside a somewhat paradoxical overconfidence in younger adults. These findings support exploiting metacognition for older adults dealing with noisy environments, since metacognition is central for implementing self-regulation strategies.

元认知需要了解自己的认知技能、自我效能感和执行任务时的控制点,以及绩效监控。在元记忆中已经观察到与年龄相关的元认知变化,而在听力中发生的变化仍然未知。我们测试了30名老年人和30名听力正常的年轻人,以评估年龄是否会降低在噪音中听句子的元认知。老年人和年轻人的元认知监测总体上具有可比性。事实上,年龄较大的一组对短语第二部分的单词监测效果更好。此外,只有老年人表现出表现与感知自信之间的相关性。控制点、知识和自我效能无年龄差异。这表明老年人在噪音中听力的元认知技能完好无损,而年轻人则有点自相矛盾地过度自信。这些发现支持开发老年人处理嘈杂环境的元认知,因为元认知是实施自我调节策略的核心。
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引用次数: 0
Are subjective language complaints in memory clinic patients informative? 记忆门诊患者的主观语言抱怨是否提供了信息?
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-22 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2270209
Svetlana Malyutina, Alina Zabolotskaia, Victor Savilov, Timur Syunyakov, Marat Kurmyshev, Elena Kurmysheva, Irina Lobanova, Natalia Osipova, Olga Karpenko, Alisa Andriushchenko

To diagnose mild cognitive impairment, it is crucial to understand whether subjective cognitive complaints reflect objective cognitive deficits. This question has mostly been investigated in the memory domain, with mixed results. Our study was one of the first to address it for language. Participants were 55-to-93-year-old memory clinic patients (n = 163). They filled in a questionnaire about subjective language and memory complaints and performed two language tasks (naming-by-definition and sentence comprehension). Greater language complaints were associated with two language measures, thus showing a moderate value in predicting language performance. Greater relative severity of language versus memory complaints was a better predictor, associated with three language performance measures. Surprisingly, greater memory complaints were associated with better naming, probably due to anosognosia in further disease progression or personality-related factors. Our findings highlight the importance of relative complaint severity across domains and, clinically, call for developing self-assessment questionnaires asking specific questions about multiple cognitive functions.

要诊断轻度认知障碍,了解主观认知主诉是否反映客观认知缺陷至关重要。这个问题主要在记忆领域进行了研究,结果喜忧参半。我们的研究是最早在语言方面解决这一问题的研究之一。参与者是55-93岁的记忆门诊患者(n = 163)。他们填写了一份关于主观语言和记忆抱怨的问卷,并完成了两项语言任务(根据定义命名和句子理解)。较大的语言抱怨与两种语言测量有关,因此在预测语言表现方面显示出适度的价值。语言与记忆抱怨的相对严重程度越高是更好的预测因素,与三种语言表现指标相关。令人惊讶的是,更大的记忆力抱怨与更好的命名有关,可能是由于疾病进一步发展中的嗅觉缺失或性格相关因素。我们的研究结果强调了各领域相对投诉严重程度的重要性,并在临床上呼吁制定自我评估问卷,询问有关多种认知功能的具体问题。
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引用次数: 0
Loneliness and social isolation are not associated with executive functioning in a cross-sectional study of cognitively healthy older adults. 在一项针对认知健康老年人的横断面研究中,孤独和社交孤立与执行功能无关。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-22 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2270208
Katelyn S McVeigh, Matthias R Mehl, Angelina J Polsinelli, Suzanne A Moseley, David A Sbarra, Elizabeth L Glisky, Matthew D Grilli

The literature on the relationship between social interaction and executive functions (EF) in older age is mixed, perhaps stemming from differences in EF measures and the conceptualization/measurement of social interaction. We investigated the relationship between social interaction and EF in 102 cognitively unimpaired older adults (ages 65-90). Participants received an EF battery to measure working memory, inhibition, shifting, and global EF. We measured loneliness subjectively through survey and social isolation objectively through naturalistic observation. Loneliness was not significantly related to any EF measure (p-values = .13-.65), nor was social isolation (p-values = .11-.69). Bayes factors indicated moderate to extremely strong evidence (BF01 = 8.70 to BF01 = 119.49) in support of no relationship..   Overall, these findings suggest that, among cognitively healthy older adults, there may not be a robust cross-sectional relationship between EF and subjective loneliness or objective social isolation.

关于老年人社会互动与执行功能之间关系的文献喜忧参半,可能源于执行功能测量和社会互动概念化/测量的差异。我们调查了102名认知未受损的老年人(65-90岁)的社交互动与EF之间的关系。参与者接受EF电池,以测量工作记忆、抑制、移位和整体EF。我们通过调查主观地测量孤独,通过自然主义观察客观地测量社会孤立。孤独感与任何EF测量均无显著相关性(p值 = .13-.65),也不是社会孤立(p值 = .11-.69)。贝叶斯因子表示中等到极强的证据(BF01 = 8.70至BF01 = 119.49)支持没有关系。。   总的来说,这些发现表明,在认知健康的老年人中,EF与主观孤独或客观社会孤立之间可能没有强有力的横截面关系。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence for an age-related decline in feature-based attention. 基于特征的注意力与年龄相关的下降的证据。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2271583
Armien Lanssens, Kobe Desender, Celine R Gillebert

Feature-based attention allows to efficiently guide attention to relevant information in the visual scene, but unambiguous empirical evidence on age-related effects is still limited. In this study, young and older participants performed a two-alternative forced choice task in which a response was selected based on a task-relevant number (=target) presented alone or with a task-irrelevant letter (=neutral distracter) or number (=compatible/incompatible distracter). Participants were required to select the target based on color. To compare the behavioral interference of the distracters between the age groups, data were modeled with a hierarchical drift-diffusion model. The results revealed that decreases in the rate at which information was collected in the conditions with versus without a distracter were more pronounced in the older than young age group when the distracter was compatible or incompatible. Our findings are consistent with an age-related decline in the ability to filter out distracters based on features.

基于特征的注意力可以有效地将注意力引导到视觉场景中的相关信息,但关于年龄相关影响的明确经验证据仍然有限。在这项研究中,年轻和年长的参与者进行了一项两种可选的强迫选择任务,其中根据单独呈现的任务相关数字(=目标)或与任务无关的字母(=中性干扰物)或数字(=兼容/不兼容干扰器)来选择反应。参与者被要求根据颜色选择目标。为了比较不同年龄组干扰物的行为干扰,采用分层漂移-扩散模型对数据进行建模。结果显示,在有干扰物和没有干扰物的情况下,当干扰物兼容或不兼容时,老年组的信息收集率比年轻组更明显下降。我们的发现与年龄相关的基于特征过滤分心物的能力下降一致。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching older adults to use retrieval practice improves their self-regulated learning. 教老年人使用检索练习可以提高他们的自主学习能力。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2271531
Robert Ariel, Addison Babineau, Sarah K Tauber

Retrieval practice can reduce associative memory deficits for older adults but they underutilize this potent learning tool during self-regulated learning. The current experiment investigated whether teaching older adults to use retrieval practice more can improve their self-regulated learning. Younger and older adults made decisions about when to study, how often to engage in retrieval practice, and when to stop learning a list of medication-side effect pairs. Some younger and older adults received instructions before learning that emphasized the mnemonic benefits of retrieval practice over restudying material and described how to schedule retrieval practice to learn to a goal criterion level. This minimal intervention was effective for improving both younger and older adults' associative memory. These data indicate that a simple strategy for improving older adults self-regulated learning is to provide them with instructions that teach them how to use criterion learning to schedule their retrieval practice for to-be learned material.

检索实践可以减少老年人的联想记忆缺陷,但他们在自我调节学习过程中没有充分利用这种强大的学习工具。目前的实验调查了教老年人更多地使用检索练习是否可以提高他们的自我调节学习。年轻人和老年人决定何时学习,多久进行一次检索练习,以及何时停止学习药物副作用对列表。一些年轻人和老年人在学习前接受了指导,强调了检索练习相对于重新学习材料的助记优势,并描述了如何安排检索练习以达到目标标准水平。这种最低限度的干预措施对改善年轻人和老年人的联想记忆都是有效的。这些数据表明,改善老年人自我调节学习的一个简单策略是向他们提供指导,教他们如何使用标准学习来安排他们对待学习材料的检索练习。
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引用次数: 0
"I don't know who you are": anomia for people's names in Alzheimer's disease. "我不知道你是谁":老年痴呆症患者对人名的反常现象。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2315773
Vanessa Gomes, Teresa Simón, Miguel Lázaro

It is well known that difficulty in the retrieval of people's names is an early symptom of Alzheimer's Disease Dementia (ADD), but there is a controversy about the nature of this deficit. In this study, we analyzed whether the nature of the difficulty in retrieving proper names in ADD reflects pre-semantic, semantic, or post-semantic difficulties. To do so, 85 older adults, 35 with ADD and 50 cognitively healthy (CH), completed a task with famous faces involving: recognition, naming, semantic questions, and naming with phonological cues. The ADD group scored lower than the CH group in all tasks. Both groups showed a greater capacity for recognition than naming, but this difference was more pronounced in the ADD group. Additionally, the ADD group showed significantly fewer semantic errors than the CH group. Overall results suggest that the difficulties people with ADD have in naming reflect a degradation at semantic level.

众所周知,人名检索困难是阿尔茨海默病痴呆症(ADD)的早期症状之一,但对于这种缺陷的性质却存在争议。在本研究中,我们分析了阿尔茨海默病痴呆症患者检索专有名词困难的性质是否反映了前语义、语义或后语义困难。为此,85 名老年人(35 名注意力缺失症患者和 50 名认知健康者(CH))完成了一项关于著名面孔的任务,其中包括:识别、命名、语义问题和根据语音线索命名。注意力缺失症组在所有任务中的得分都低于认知健康组。两组的识别能力都比命名能力强,但这种差异在注意力缺失症组更为明显。此外,ADD 组的语义错误明显少于 CH 组。总体结果表明,注意力缺失症患者在命名方面的困难反映了他们在语义水平上的退化。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of phonological short-term memory impairment on verbal repetition in the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. 原发性进行性失语症对数开放变异型中语音短期记忆障碍对言语重复的影响。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2249198
Joël Macoir, Robert Laforce, Monica Lavoie

The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) is characterized mainly by anomia, production of phonological errors, and impairment in repetition of sentences. The functional origin of these language impairments is mainly attributed to the breakdown of phonological short-term memory. The present study examined the effects of phonological short-term memory impairment on language processing in lvPPA. In two studies, 11 participants with lvPPA and 11 healthy control participants were presented with repetition tasks in which the type and length of stimuli and the mode of administration were manipulated. Study 1 aimed to examine the influence of length and lexicality (words vs. pseudowords) on immediate and delayed repetition, whereas Study 2 aimed to examine the influence of length, syntactic complexity (nominalized vs. pronominalized sentences), and serial position on immediate sentence repetition. Study 1 showed that participants' performance with lvPPA was impaired only on immediate repetition of five-syllable pseudowords and on delayed repetition of words and pseudowords. Study 2 showed that participants' performance with lvPPA was impaired in the repetition of nominalized sentences where a recency effect was observed. Repetition of pronominalized sentences was also impaired in the lvPPA group. This study provides additional support for arguments regarding phonological short-term memory as a cause of language impairment in lvPPA. Clinically, the results of the study suggest that instruments for assessing repetition ability in lvPPA should include not only lists of short or long nominalized sentences, but also delayed repetition of words and pseudowords and pronominalized sentences.

原发性进行性失语症(logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia,lvPPA)的主要特征是失语、语音错误和句子重复障碍。这些语言障碍的功能性根源主要归咎于语音短时记忆的崩溃。本研究探讨了语音短时记忆障碍对 lvPPA 患者语言处理能力的影响。在两项研究中,11 名患有 lvPPA 的参与者和 11 名健康对照组参与者接受了重复任务,在这些任务中,刺激的类型、长度和施测方式都受到了控制。研究一旨在考察长度和词性(单词与假词)对即时和延迟复述的影响,而研究二则旨在考察长度、句法复杂性(名词化句子与动词化句子)和序列位置对即时句子复述的影响。研究 1 显示,lvPPA 参与者的表现仅在立即重复五音节假词和延迟重复单词和假词时受损。研究 2 显示,在重复名词化句子时,受试者的 lvPPA 能力会受到影响,并观察到了复现效应。在 lvPPA 组中,主谓化句子的复述也受到了影响。这项研究为语音短时记忆是导致 lvPPA 语言障碍的原因这一论点提供了更多支持。在临床上,研究结果表明,评估lvPPA患者复述能力的工具不仅应包括长短名词化句子列表,还应包括单词、假词和名词化句子的延迟复述。
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引用次数: 0
Personality traits moderate associations between word recall and subjective memory. 人格特质缓和了单词记忆与主观记忆之间的关联。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2249195
Patrick L Hill, Gabrielle N Pfund, Patrick J Cruitt, Isaiah Spears, Sara A Norton, Ryan Bogdan, Thomas F Oltmanns

Cognitive gerontology research requires consideration of performance as well as perceptions of performance. While subjective memory is positively associated with memory performance, these correlations typically are modest in magnitude, leading to the need to consider whether certain people may show weaker or stronger linkages between performance and perceptions. The current study leveraged personality (NEO Big Five), memory performance (i.e., word recall), and perceptions of memory ability (i.e., metamemory in adulthood and memory decline) data from the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network (SPAN) study (n = 774, mean age: 71.52 years). Extraversion and conscientiousness held the most consistent associations with the cognitive variables of interest, as both traits were positively associated with metamemory and word recall, but negatively associated with subjective decline. Moreover, extraversion moderated associations between word recall and both memory capacity and complaints, insofar that objective-subjective associations were weaker for those adults higher in extraversion. These findings highlight the need to understand how personality influences the sources of information employed for subjective cognitive beliefs.

老年认知研究需要考虑成绩以及对成绩的看法。虽然主观记忆与记忆表现呈正相关,但这种相关性通常不大,因此需要考虑某些人的表现与感知之间是否会表现出更弱或更强的联系。本研究利用了圣路易斯人格与老龄化网络(SPAN)研究(n = 774,平均年龄:71.52 岁)中的人格(NEO 五大人格)、记忆表现(即单词回忆)和对记忆能力的感知(即成年后的元记忆和记忆衰退)数据。外向性和自觉性与相关认知变量的关系最为一致,因为这两种特质与元记忆和单词回忆呈正相关,但与主观记忆衰退呈负相关。此外,外向性还能调节单词记忆与记忆能力和抱怨之间的关联,因为外向性较高的成年人的客观-主观关联较弱。这些发现突出表明,有必要了解人格如何影响主观认知信念所使用的信息来源。
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引用次数: 0
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Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
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