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Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition最新文献

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Age-induced changes in affective prosody comprehension and its relationship with general cognitive ability and social support utilization among older adults. 由年龄引起的老年人情感拟声词理解能力的变化及其与一般认知能力和社会支持利用率的关系。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2405509
Chifen Ma, Bingyan Gong, Chao Wu

Aging can impact emotional recognition, affecting older adults' mental health and social function. This study examined how aging affects affective prosody comprehension (APC: understanding emotions through speech) across seven emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and neutrality) and its relationship with cognitive function (via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and social support (via the Social Support Rating Scale) in 199 cognitively normal older adults. We found that older adults had lower APC accuracy and more errors, often mistaking negative emotions for neutral or positive ones. APC accuracy was significantly associated with social support, and a partial least squares (PLS) cognitive component fully mediated the relationship between the APC component and social support utilization, explaining 61.7% of the total effect. These results suggest that declines in APC during aging are linked to social support utilization through cognitive function, offering insights for interventions to improve social and cognitive health in older adults.

衰老会影响情绪识别,从而影响老年人的心理健康和社会功能。本研究考察了衰老如何影响 199 名认知正常的老年人对七种情绪(快乐、惊讶、悲伤、愤怒、恐惧、厌恶和中性)的情感前奏理解(APC:通过语音理解情绪),以及它与认知功能(通过蒙特利尔认知评估)和社会支持(通过社会支持分级量表)之间的关系。我们发现,老年人的 APC 准确率较低,错误较多,经常将负面情绪误认为中性或正面情绪。APC的准确性与社会支持有很大关系,偏最小二乘法(PLS)认知成分完全调节了APC成分与社会支持利用之间的关系,解释了总效应的61.7%。这些结果表明,在衰老过程中,APC 的下降通过认知功能与社会支持的利用相关联,这为干预措施改善老年人的社会和认知健康提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Increased reliance on heuristic thinking in mild cognitive impairment. 轻度认知障碍患者对启发式思维的依赖增加。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2405506
Jeffrey C Zemla

Reasoning can be fast, automatic, and intuitive or slow, deliberate, and analytical. Use of one cognitive reasoning style over the other has broad implications for beliefs, but differences in cognitive style have not previously been reported in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here, the cognitive reflection test is used to measure cognitive style in healthy older adults and those with MCI. Those with MCI performed worse than cognitively healthy older adults, indicating they are more likely to engage in intuitive thinking than age-matched adults. This association is reliable after controlling for additional cognitive, self-report, and demographic factors. Across all measures, subjective cognitive decline was the best predictor of cognitive status. A difference in cognitive style represents a novel behavioral marker of MCI, and future work should explore whether this explains a broader pattern of reasoning errors in those with MCI, such as susceptibility to scams or impaired financial reasoning.

推理可以是快速、自动和直觉性的,也可以是缓慢、深思熟虑和分析性的。使用一种认知推理方式比使用另一种认知推理方式对信念有广泛的影响,但认知方式的差异在轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者中还没有报道过。本文采用认知反思测试来测量健康老年人和 MCI 患者的认知风格。与认知健康的老年人相比,MCI 患者的表现更差,这表明他们比年龄匹配的成年人更倾向于直觉思维。在控制了其他认知、自我报告和人口学因素后,这种关联是可靠的。在所有测量指标中,主观认知能力下降是预测认知状况的最佳指标。认知风格的差异代表了 MCI 的一种新的行为标记,未来的工作应探索这种差异是否能解释 MCI 患者更广泛的推理错误模式,如容易受骗或财务推理能力受损。
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引用次数: 0
Preserved memory for decisions across adulthood. 成年后对决策的记忆保持不变。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2398790
Morgan K Taylor, Gregory R Samanez-Larkin, Elizabeth J Marsh

Remembering our decisions is crucial - it allows us to learn from past mistakes and construct future behavior. However, it is unclear if age-related memory declines impact the memorability of older adults' decisions. Here, we compared younger and older adults' ability to remember their decisions. In Studies 1 and 2, participants made choices between two objects based on their star rating (shopping context) or circle count (neutral context) and later remembered what they chose. while Study 3 tested participants' memory for active vs. passive decisions. Overall, we found no evidence for age differences in the ability to remember decisions. Furthermore, age did not interact with context - both similarly benefitted from making and remembering their decisions in a more shopping-like context. These results reveal an aspect of cognition that appears to be preserved in healthy aging. Highlighting such aspects can help improve older adults' self-perceptions and reframe the narrative around aging.

记住我们的决定至关重要--它能让我们从过去的错误中吸取教训,并构建未来的行为。然而,目前还不清楚与年龄相关的记忆力衰退是否会影响老年人决策的可记性。在这里,我们比较了年轻人和老年人对其决定的记忆能力。在研究 1 和研究 2 中,参与者根据两个物体的星级(购物情境)或圈数(中性情境)在两个物体之间做出选择,然后记住他们的选择。总体而言,我们没有发现年龄在决策记忆能力方面存在差异。此外,年龄与情境也没有相互影响--在更类似于购物的情境中做出并记住他们的决定,两者都同样受益。这些结果揭示了在健康老龄化过程中似乎可以保留的认知能力的一个方面。强调这些方面有助于改善老年人的自我认知,并重塑对衰老的看法。
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引用次数: 0
Goal-directed remembering in older adults. 老年人的目标导向记忆。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2282223
Joseph P Hennessee, Julia M Schorn, Catherine Walsh, Alan D Castel, Barbara J Knowlton

Compared to younger adults, older adults show a reduced difference in memory between items they are directed to remember and items they are directed to forget. This effect may result from increased processing of goal-irrelevant information in aging. In contrast, healthy older adults are often able to selectively remember valuable information, suggesting preservation of goal-directed encoding in aging. Here, we examined how value may differentially affect directed-forgetting and memory for irrelevant details for younger and older adults in a value-directed remembering task. In Experiment 1, participants studied words paired with a directed-forgetting cue and a point-value they earned for later recognition. Participants' memory was then tested, either after an 8-min or 24-hr retention interval. In Experiment 2 words were presented in two colors and the recognition test assessed whether the participant could retrieve the incidentally-presented point value and the color of each recognized words. In both experiments, older and younger adults displayed a comparable ability to selectively encode valuable items. However, older adults showed a reduced directed-forgetting effect compared to younger adults that was maintained across the 24-hr retention interval. In Experiment 2, older adults showed both intact directed-forgetting and similar incidental detail retrieval compared to younger adults. These findings suggest that older adults maintained selectivity to value, demonstrating that aging does not impact the differential encoding of valuable information. Furthermore, younger and older adults may be similarly goal-directed in terms of item features to encode, but that instructions to forget presented items are less effective in older adults.

与年轻人相比,老年人在被要求记住和被要求忘记的东西之间的记忆差异较小。这种效应可能是由于在衰老过程中对目标无关信息的处理增加所致。相比之下,健康的老年人通常能够选择性地记住有价值的信息,这表明在衰老过程中保留了目标导向的编码。在这里,我们研究了价值是如何不同地影响年轻人和老年人在价值导向记忆任务中的定向遗忘和对无关细节的记忆的。在实验1中,参与者学习了与定向遗忘线索和他们为以后识别而获得的分数值配对的单词。然后在8分钟或24小时的记忆间隔后测试参与者的记忆。在实验2中,以两种颜色呈现单词,识别测试评估被试是否能够检索偶然呈现的点值和每个识别单词的颜色。在这两个实验中,老年人和年轻人表现出相当的选择性编码有价值物品的能力。然而,与年轻人相比,老年人的定向遗忘效应有所减弱,并在24小时的记忆间隔内保持不变。在实验2中,与年轻人相比,老年人同时表现出完整的定向遗忘和相似的附带细节检索。这些发现表明,老年人对价值保持选择性,表明年龄不会影响有价值信息的差异编码。此外,就要编码的物品特征而言,年轻人和老年人可能具有相似的目标导向,但在老年人中,忘记呈现的物品的指令效果较差。
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引用次数: 0
Metacognition for hearing in noise: a comparison between younger and older adults. 噪音中听觉的元认知:年轻人和老年人的比较。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2281691
Elena Giovanelli, Chiara Valzolgher, Elena Gessa, Tommaso Rosi, Chiara Visentin, Nicola Prodi, Francesco Pavani

Metacognition entails knowledge of one's own cognitive skills, perceived self-efficacy and locus of control when performing a task, and performance monitoring. Age-related changes in metacognition have been observed in metamemory, whereas their occurrence for hearing remained unknown. We tested 30 older and 30 younger adults with typical hearing, to assess if age reduces metacognition for hearing sentences in noise. Metacognitive monitoring for older and younger adults was overall comparable. In fact, the older group achieved better monitoring for words in the second part of the phrase. Additionally, only older adults showed a correlation between performance and perceived confidence. No age differentiation was found for locus of control, knowledge or self-efficacy. This suggests intact metacognitive skills for hearing in noise in older adults, alongside a somewhat paradoxical overconfidence in younger adults. These findings support exploiting metacognition for older adults dealing with noisy environments, since metacognition is central for implementing self-regulation strategies.

元认知需要了解自己的认知技能、自我效能感和执行任务时的控制点,以及绩效监控。在元记忆中已经观察到与年龄相关的元认知变化,而在听力中发生的变化仍然未知。我们测试了30名老年人和30名听力正常的年轻人,以评估年龄是否会降低在噪音中听句子的元认知。老年人和年轻人的元认知监测总体上具有可比性。事实上,年龄较大的一组对短语第二部分的单词监测效果更好。此外,只有老年人表现出表现与感知自信之间的相关性。控制点、知识和自我效能无年龄差异。这表明老年人在噪音中听力的元认知技能完好无损,而年轻人则有点自相矛盾地过度自信。这些发现支持开发老年人处理嘈杂环境的元认知,因为元认知是实施自我调节策略的核心。
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引用次数: 0
Are subjective language complaints in memory clinic patients informative? 记忆门诊患者的主观语言抱怨是否提供了信息?
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-22 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2270209
Svetlana Malyutina, Alina Zabolotskaia, Victor Savilov, Timur Syunyakov, Marat Kurmyshev, Elena Kurmysheva, Irina Lobanova, Natalia Osipova, Olga Karpenko, Alisa Andriushchenko

To diagnose mild cognitive impairment, it is crucial to understand whether subjective cognitive complaints reflect objective cognitive deficits. This question has mostly been investigated in the memory domain, with mixed results. Our study was one of the first to address it for language. Participants were 55-to-93-year-old memory clinic patients (n = 163). They filled in a questionnaire about subjective language and memory complaints and performed two language tasks (naming-by-definition and sentence comprehension). Greater language complaints were associated with two language measures, thus showing a moderate value in predicting language performance. Greater relative severity of language versus memory complaints was a better predictor, associated with three language performance measures. Surprisingly, greater memory complaints were associated with better naming, probably due to anosognosia in further disease progression or personality-related factors. Our findings highlight the importance of relative complaint severity across domains and, clinically, call for developing self-assessment questionnaires asking specific questions about multiple cognitive functions.

要诊断轻度认知障碍,了解主观认知主诉是否反映客观认知缺陷至关重要。这个问题主要在记忆领域进行了研究,结果喜忧参半。我们的研究是最早在语言方面解决这一问题的研究之一。参与者是55-93岁的记忆门诊患者(n = 163)。他们填写了一份关于主观语言和记忆抱怨的问卷,并完成了两项语言任务(根据定义命名和句子理解)。较大的语言抱怨与两种语言测量有关,因此在预测语言表现方面显示出适度的价值。语言与记忆抱怨的相对严重程度越高是更好的预测因素,与三种语言表现指标相关。令人惊讶的是,更大的记忆力抱怨与更好的命名有关,可能是由于疾病进一步发展中的嗅觉缺失或性格相关因素。我们的研究结果强调了各领域相对投诉严重程度的重要性,并在临床上呼吁制定自我评估问卷,询问有关多种认知功能的具体问题。
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引用次数: 0
Loneliness and social isolation are not associated with executive functioning in a cross-sectional study of cognitively healthy older adults. 在一项针对认知健康老年人的横断面研究中,孤独和社交孤立与执行功能无关。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-22 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2270208
Katelyn S McVeigh, Matthias R Mehl, Angelina J Polsinelli, Suzanne A Moseley, David A Sbarra, Elizabeth L Glisky, Matthew D Grilli

The literature on the relationship between social interaction and executive functions (EF) in older age is mixed, perhaps stemming from differences in EF measures and the conceptualization/measurement of social interaction. We investigated the relationship between social interaction and EF in 102 cognitively unimpaired older adults (ages 65-90). Participants received an EF battery to measure working memory, inhibition, shifting, and global EF. We measured loneliness subjectively through survey and social isolation objectively through naturalistic observation. Loneliness was not significantly related to any EF measure (p-values = .13-.65), nor was social isolation (p-values = .11-.69). Bayes factors indicated moderate to extremely strong evidence (BF01 = 8.70 to BF01 = 119.49) in support of no relationship..   Overall, these findings suggest that, among cognitively healthy older adults, there may not be a robust cross-sectional relationship between EF and subjective loneliness or objective social isolation.

关于老年人社会互动与执行功能之间关系的文献喜忧参半,可能源于执行功能测量和社会互动概念化/测量的差异。我们调查了102名认知未受损的老年人(65-90岁)的社交互动与EF之间的关系。参与者接受EF电池,以测量工作记忆、抑制、移位和整体EF。我们通过调查主观地测量孤独,通过自然主义观察客观地测量社会孤立。孤独感与任何EF测量均无显著相关性(p值 = .13-.65),也不是社会孤立(p值 = .11-.69)。贝叶斯因子表示中等到极强的证据(BF01 = 8.70至BF01 = 119.49)支持没有关系。。   总的来说,这些发现表明,在认知健康的老年人中,EF与主观孤独或客观社会孤立之间可能没有强有力的横截面关系。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence for an age-related decline in feature-based attention. 基于特征的注意力与年龄相关的下降的证据。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2271583
Armien Lanssens, Kobe Desender, Celine R Gillebert

Feature-based attention allows to efficiently guide attention to relevant information in the visual scene, but unambiguous empirical evidence on age-related effects is still limited. In this study, young and older participants performed a two-alternative forced choice task in which a response was selected based on a task-relevant number (=target) presented alone or with a task-irrelevant letter (=neutral distracter) or number (=compatible/incompatible distracter). Participants were required to select the target based on color. To compare the behavioral interference of the distracters between the age groups, data were modeled with a hierarchical drift-diffusion model. The results revealed that decreases in the rate at which information was collected in the conditions with versus without a distracter were more pronounced in the older than young age group when the distracter was compatible or incompatible. Our findings are consistent with an age-related decline in the ability to filter out distracters based on features.

基于特征的注意力可以有效地将注意力引导到视觉场景中的相关信息,但关于年龄相关影响的明确经验证据仍然有限。在这项研究中,年轻和年长的参与者进行了一项两种可选的强迫选择任务,其中根据单独呈现的任务相关数字(=目标)或与任务无关的字母(=中性干扰物)或数字(=兼容/不兼容干扰器)来选择反应。参与者被要求根据颜色选择目标。为了比较不同年龄组干扰物的行为干扰,采用分层漂移-扩散模型对数据进行建模。结果显示,在有干扰物和没有干扰物的情况下,当干扰物兼容或不兼容时,老年组的信息收集率比年轻组更明显下降。我们的发现与年龄相关的基于特征过滤分心物的能力下降一致。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching older adults to use retrieval practice improves their self-regulated learning. 教老年人使用检索练习可以提高他们的自主学习能力。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2271531
Robert Ariel, Addison Babineau, Sarah K Tauber

Retrieval practice can reduce associative memory deficits for older adults but they underutilize this potent learning tool during self-regulated learning. The current experiment investigated whether teaching older adults to use retrieval practice more can improve their self-regulated learning. Younger and older adults made decisions about when to study, how often to engage in retrieval practice, and when to stop learning a list of medication-side effect pairs. Some younger and older adults received instructions before learning that emphasized the mnemonic benefits of retrieval practice over restudying material and described how to schedule retrieval practice to learn to a goal criterion level. This minimal intervention was effective for improving both younger and older adults' associative memory. These data indicate that a simple strategy for improving older adults self-regulated learning is to provide them with instructions that teach them how to use criterion learning to schedule their retrieval practice for to-be learned material.

检索实践可以减少老年人的联想记忆缺陷,但他们在自我调节学习过程中没有充分利用这种强大的学习工具。目前的实验调查了教老年人更多地使用检索练习是否可以提高他们的自我调节学习。年轻人和老年人决定何时学习,多久进行一次检索练习,以及何时停止学习药物副作用对列表。一些年轻人和老年人在学习前接受了指导,强调了检索练习相对于重新学习材料的助记优势,并描述了如何安排检索练习以达到目标标准水平。这种最低限度的干预措施对改善年轻人和老年人的联想记忆都是有效的。这些数据表明,改善老年人自我调节学习的一个简单策略是向他们提供指导,教他们如何使用标准学习来安排他们对待学习材料的检索练习。
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引用次数: 0
"I don't know who you are": anomia for people's names in Alzheimer's disease. "我不知道你是谁":老年痴呆症患者对人名的反常现象。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2315773
Vanessa Gomes, Teresa Simón, Miguel Lázaro

It is well known that difficulty in the retrieval of people's names is an early symptom of Alzheimer's Disease Dementia (ADD), but there is a controversy about the nature of this deficit. In this study, we analyzed whether the nature of the difficulty in retrieving proper names in ADD reflects pre-semantic, semantic, or post-semantic difficulties. To do so, 85 older adults, 35 with ADD and 50 cognitively healthy (CH), completed a task with famous faces involving: recognition, naming, semantic questions, and naming with phonological cues. The ADD group scored lower than the CH group in all tasks. Both groups showed a greater capacity for recognition than naming, but this difference was more pronounced in the ADD group. Additionally, the ADD group showed significantly fewer semantic errors than the CH group. Overall results suggest that the difficulties people with ADD have in naming reflect a degradation at semantic level.

众所周知,人名检索困难是阿尔茨海默病痴呆症(ADD)的早期症状之一,但对于这种缺陷的性质却存在争议。在本研究中,我们分析了阿尔茨海默病痴呆症患者检索专有名词困难的性质是否反映了前语义、语义或后语义困难。为此,85 名老年人(35 名注意力缺失症患者和 50 名认知健康者(CH))完成了一项关于著名面孔的任务,其中包括:识别、命名、语义问题和根据语音线索命名。注意力缺失症组在所有任务中的得分都低于认知健康组。两组的识别能力都比命名能力强,但这种差异在注意力缺失症组更为明显。此外,ADD 组的语义错误明显少于 CH 组。总体结果表明,注意力缺失症患者在命名方面的困难反映了他们在语义水平上的退化。
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引用次数: 0
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Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
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