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Examining cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between multidomain physical fitness metrics, education, and cognition in Black older adults. 研究黑人老年人多领域体质指标、教育和认知之间的横截面和纵向关系。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-22 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2225848
Matthew Stauder, Kelly J Hiersche, Scott M Hayes

A limited number of studies examine cognitive aging in Black or African American older adults. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between health-related fitness metrics, education, and cognition at baseline and over a 4-year follow-up in a sample of 321 Black or African American older adults in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Physical fitness was assessed with measures of gait speed, peak expiratory flow, grip strength, and body mass index. Global cognition was assessed with an adapted version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS). Analyses of relative importance and hierarchical multiple regression were used to examine baseline cross-sectional relationships. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine prospective relationships with longitudinal cognitive status. Education was the strongest predictor of global cognition at baseline and follow-up. More years of education significantly increased the odds of maintaining cognitive status at 4-year follow-up. After accounting for education, gait speed was independently associated with baseline cognitive performance and accounted for additional variance. Grip strength, peak expiratory flow, and body mass index were not significantly associated with cognition. The results indicated that modifiable variables, including years of educational attainment and gait speed, were more strongly associated with global cognition than other modifiable variables including body mass index, grip strength, and peak expiratory flow. The lack of observed associations between other fitness variables and cognition may be attributable to the brief assessment methods implemented, which was necessitated by the large-scale, epidemiological approach of the HRS.

少数研究调查了黑人或非裔美国老年人的认知衰老。本研究的目的是在健康与退休研究(HRS)中,以321名黑人或非裔美国老年人为样本,探讨基线和4年随访时与健康相关的健身指标、教育和认知之间的关系。通过步态速度、呼气峰流量、握力和体重指数来评估身体素质。认知状态电话访谈(TICS)对全球认知进行了评估。使用相对重要性分析和层次多元回归来检查基线横截面关系。多元逻辑回归用于检验与纵向认知状态的前瞻性关系。在基线和随访中,教育是全球认知的最强预测因素。在4年的随访中,受教育年限越长,保持认知状态的几率就越大。在考虑了教育因素后,步态速度与基线认知表现独立相关,并解释了额外的差异。握力、呼气峰流量和体重指数与认知能力无显著相关性。结果表明,与体重指数、握力和呼气峰流量等其他可改变变量相比,包括受教育年限和步态速度在内的可改变变量与全局认知的相关性更强。其他适应度变量和认知之间缺乏观察到的关联可能是由于实施了简短的评估方法,这是HRS的大规模流行病学方法所必需的。
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引用次数: 0
Memory self-efficacy and working memory. 记忆自我效能和工作记忆。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2259023
Genna M Mashinchi, Stuart Hall, Kelly A Cotter

Dementia affects multiple aspects of cognitive functioning, including working memory and executive functioning. Memory self-efficacy (MSE) has previously been related to episodic memory performance and to executive functioning, but little research has examined the relations between MSE and working memory. United States older adults (N  = 197) were recruited via MTurk to complete an MSE questionnaire before completing a digit span working memory task. Hierarchical regression results revealed that the model accounted for a significant amount of variance in working memory performance after statistically controlling for several covariates, F(11, 179) = 4.94, p < .001, adjusted R2 = .19. MSE explained a large and unique portion of variance (B = 1.02, SE = 0.17, p < .001). Based on our findings, one's beliefs about their memory are positively associated with their working memory performance. These novel findings provide support for neuropsychologists to consider using MSE measures and utilizing MSE interventions.

痴呆症会影响认知功能的多个方面,包括工作记忆和执行功能。记忆自我效能(MSE)以前曾与外显记忆表现和执行功能相关,但很少有研究探讨 MSE 与工作记忆之间的关系。我们通过 MTurk 招募了美国老年人(N = 197),让他们在完成数字跨度工作记忆任务前填写 MSE 问卷。分层回归结果显示,在对几个协变量进行统计控制后,该模型在工作记忆表现中占了相当大的变异量(F(11, 179) = 4.94, p R2 = .19)。MSE 解释了很大一部分独特的方差(B = 1.02,SE = 0.17,p
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引用次数: 0
Serial and strategic memory processes in younger and older adults. 年轻人和老年人的序列记忆和策略记忆过程。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2371177
Dillon H Murphy, Alan D Castel

We investigated age-related differences in serial and strategic processing during the encoding and retrieval of high-value words. Younger and older adults were presented with word triads positioned left, center, and right, with one word being more valuable than the others. In Experiment 1, younger adults more effectively recalled the middle, high-value word, demonstrating enhanced strategic memory. Younger adults were more likely to initiate recall with a high-value word whereas older adults were equally likely to initiate recall with a left and high-value word. Additionally, older adults were more likely to recall words in their presented order while younger adults strategically recalled successive high-value words. However, both age groups demonstrated strategic processing in Experiments 2 and 3, even without prior knowledge of the high-value word's location. Thus, serial and strategic processing may differ based on age and task demands, but strategic processing is preserved in older adults in certain contexts.

我们研究了在对高价值词进行编码和检索时,序列和策略处理与年龄有关的差异。我们向年轻人和老年人展示了三个单词,分别位于左侧、中间和右侧,其中一个单词比其他单词更有价值。在实验 1 中,年轻人能更有效地回忆起中间的高价值单词,这表明他们的策略记忆能力得到了增强。年轻人更有可能开始回忆高价值单词,而老年人同样有可能开始回忆左侧和高价值单词。此外,老年人更有可能按照单词出现的顺序回忆单词,而年轻人则有策略地回忆连续的高价值单词。然而,在实验 2 和 3 中,两个年龄组的人都表现出了策略性加工,即使事先不知道高价值词的位置。因此,序列加工和策略加工可能会因年龄和任务要求的不同而不同,但老年人在某些情境下会保留策略加工。
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引用次数: 0
Perceptions of task difficulty predict cognitive effort for older adults. 对任务难度的感知可预测老年人的认知努力程度。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2366033
MacKenzie L Hughes, Shevaun D Neupert, Ann Pearman

This study examined age differences in effort devoted to completing cognitively demanding tasks. Fifty-two younger adults ages 18-30 years (Mage = 21.19) and 57 older adults ages 61-93 years (Mage = 76.56) completed a series of memory tests. Following each test, participants rated the test's difficulty and had their blood pressure measured. Effort was indexed by systolic blood pressure response (SBP-R) with greater increases in SBP-R reflecting more effort. Multilevel modeling was used to examine age differences in the intraindividual association between trial-level subjective task difficulty and trial-level effort. Results showed that increases in task difficulty were significantly related to decreases in SBP-R for the older but not younger adults, suggesting the older adults disengaged from the tests they perceived as highly difficult. Findings support Selective Engagement Theory (Hess, 2014), which suggests the perceived cognitive costs of completing difficult tasks may reduce older adults' motivation to engage in the tasks.

本研究考察了完成认知要求较高的任务时所付出努力的年龄差异。52 名 18-30 岁的年轻人(平均年龄为 21.19 岁)和 57 名 61-93 岁的老年人(平均年龄为 76.56 岁)完成了一系列记忆测试。每次测试后,参与者对测试难度进行评分,并测量血压。努力程度以收缩压反应(SBP-R)为指标,SBP-R 升高越大,表示越努力。研究人员采用多层次建模的方法来研究试验水平的主观任务难度与试验水平的努力程度之间的个体内关联的年龄差异。结果表明,对于老年人而非年轻人来说,任务难度的增加与 SBP-R 的降低有显著关系,这表明老年人在他们认为难度很大的测试中脱离了参与。研究结果支持选择性参与理论(Hess,2014 年),该理论认为完成困难任务的认知成本可能会降低老年人参与任务的积极性。
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引用次数: 0
Age-related changes in the effects of induced positive affect on executive control in younger and older adults-evidence from a task-switching paradigm. 诱导积极情绪对年轻人和老年人执行控制能力影响的年龄相关变化--来自任务转换范式的证据。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2361960
Kerstin Unger, Jordan Wylie, Julia Karbach

Positive affect has been shown to promote task-switching performance in healthy young adults. Given the well-documented age-related decline in executive functioning, we asked whether induced positive affect also helps to improve task-switching performance in older adults. Sixty-eight younger and older adults performed a switching task before and after they had watched cartoon clips (positive affect group) or documentaries (neutral affect group). Positive affect was associated with reduced error rates across all trial types in both age groups. In older adults, the increase in accuracy came at the expense of slower response times for task-switch trials, resulting in greater switch costs. This pattern of findings is inconsistent with the popular notion that positive affect supports greater cognitive flexibility. Instead, positive affect may trigger adjustments in response control settings - such as a shift in the speed-accuracy trade-off toward more cautious responding - depending on the experienced level of task difficulty.

在健康的年轻人身上,积极情绪已被证明能促进任务切换能力。鉴于与年龄相关的执行功能下降已得到充分证实,我们想知道诱导积极情绪是否也有助于提高老年人的任务切换能力。68 名年轻人和老年人在观看动画片(积极情绪组)或纪录片(中性情绪组)前后进行了任务切换。在两个年龄组的所有试验类型中,积极情绪都与错误率降低有关。在老年人中,准确率的提高是以任务切换试验的反应时间变慢为代价的,从而导致切换成本增加。这种发现模式与 "积极情绪有助于提高认知灵活性 "这一流行观点并不一致。相反,积极情绪可能会引发反应控制设置的调整--例如,速度-准确性权衡向更谨慎的反应转变--这取决于所经历的任务难度水平。
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引用次数: 0
Critical periods for cognitive reserve building activities for late life global cognition and cognitive decline: the Sydney memory and aging cohort study. 认知储备建立活动对晚年全球认知和认知能力下降的关键时期:悉尼记忆和衰老队列研究。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2181941
Princess Neila Litkouhi, Katya Numbers, Michael Valenzuela, John D Crawford, Ben C P Lam, Princess Noosha Litkouhi, Perminder S Sachdev, Nicole A Kochan, Henry Brodaty

Cognitive, social, and physical activities, collectively linked to cognitive reserve, are associated with better late-life cognitive outcomes. To better understand the building of cognitive reserve, we investigated which of these activities, during which stages of life, had the strongest associations with late-life cognitive performance. From the Sydney Memory and Aging Study, 546 older Australians, who were community-dwelling and without a dementia diagnosis at recruitment (Mage 80.13 years, 52.2% female), were asked about their engagement in social, physical, and cognitive activities throughout young adulthood (YA), midlife (ML), and late-life (LL). Comprehensive neuropsychological testing administered biennially over 6 years measured baseline global cognition and cognitive decline. In our study, YA, but not ML nor LL, cognitive activity was significantly associated with late-life global cognition (β = 0.315, p < .001). A follow-up analysis pointed to the formal education component of the YA cognitive activity measure, rather than YA cognitive leisure activities, as a significant predictor of better late-life global cognition (β = 0.146, p = .003). YA social activity and LL cognitive activity were significantly associated with less cognitive decline (β = 0.023, p < .001, and β = 0.016, p = .022, respectively). Physical activity was not found to be associated with global cognition or cognitive decline. Overall, YA cognitive activity was associated with better late-life cognition, and YA social and LL cognitive activities were associated with less cognitive decline. Formal education emerges as the key contributor in the association between YA cognitive activity and late-life global cognition.

认知、社交和体育活动与认知储备共同相关,与更好的晚年认知结果相关。为了更好地理解认知储备的建立,我们调查了这些活动中的哪些活动,在生命的哪个阶段,与晚年的认知表现有最强的关联。来自悉尼记忆与衰老研究的546名澳大利亚老年人,他们居住在社区,在招募时没有被诊断为痴呆症(Mage 80.13 年龄,52.2%的女性),被问及他们在青年期(YA)、中年期(ML)和晚年(LL)参与社会、身体和认知活动的情况。6年内每两年进行一次的综合神经心理学测试,测量基线全球认知和认知能力下降。在我们的研究中,YA,而不是ML和LL,认知活动与晚年全球认知显著相关(β=0.315,p β=0.146,p = .003)。YA社交活动和LL认知活动与较少的认知能力下降显著相关(β=0.023,p β = 0.016,p = .022)。没有发现体育活动与整体认知能力或认知能力下降有关。总体而言,YA认知活动与更好的晚年认知有关,YA社交和LL认知活动与较少的认知下降有关。正规教育是YA认知活动和晚年全球认知之间联系的关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
Detecting mild cognitive impairment remotely with the modified memory impairment screen by telephone. 通过电话使用改良记忆障碍筛查远程检测轻度认知障碍。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2189688
Amanda L Stein, Kathryn A Tolle, Amanda N Stover, Marcelle D Shidler, Robert Krikorian

The original Memory Impairment Screen by Telephone (MIST) was designed to identify individuals with dementia but was relatively ineffective for identification of less severe impairment observed in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We expanded the original MIST to create a modified instrument (mMIST) with greater sensitivity to less severe memory impairment. Older men and women with subjective cognitive decline were assessed by phone with the mMIST and subsequently classified independently with MCI or non-pathological cognitive decline. Participants with MCI produced lower scores on the mMIST than did participants without MCI, 10.8 ± 2.7 vs 13.3 ± 1.3, t = 5.68, p < 0.001, and performance on the mMIST predicted performances on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Verbal Paired Associate Learning Test (VPAL), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total score, and MoCA memory index score, p < 0.001. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses identified the optimal cut score on the mMIST to distinguish participants with and without MCI with Sensitivity = 73.1%, Specificity = 79.1%, and AUC = 0.79. Predictive values for distinguishing the amnestic form of MCI (aMCI) from non-amnestic MCI were Sensitivity = 81.8%, Specificity = 30%, and AUC = 0.82. These findings indicate that the mMIST is a valid screening instrument for identifying MCI. It can be administered remotely at low cost and low participant burden. Also, the mMIST has potential utility for remote cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluation in research and clinical contexts. Further investigation is indicated to corroborate its utility for assessment of aging patients and research participants.

最初的电话记忆障碍筛查(MIST)是为识别痴呆症患者而设计的,但对于识别轻度认知障碍(MCI)中出现的不太严重的记忆障碍效果相对较差。我们对原有的 MIST 进行了扩充,开发出一种对较轻度记忆损伤更敏感的改良工具(mMIST)。我们通过电话使用 mMIST 对主观认知能力下降的老年男性和女性进行了评估,随后将他们独立归类为 MCI 或非病理性认知能力下降。患有 MCI 的受试者在 mMIST 中的得分低于未患有 MCI 的受试者,分别为 10.8 ± 2.7 vs 13.3 ± 1.3,t = 5.68,p p
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引用次数: 0
Uncorrected errors and correct saccades in the antisaccade task distinguish between early-stage Alzheimer's disease dementia, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging. 在反误差任务中,未纠正的错误和正确的囊视可区分早期阿尔茨海默氏症痴呆、失忆性轻度认知障碍和正常衰老。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2198191
Hatice Eraslan Boz, Koray Koçoğlu, Müge Akkoyun, Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci, Merve Ekin, Pınar Özçelik, Gülden Akdal

Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is a degenerative illness that is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive abilities. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is seen as a precursor to AD. The changes in antisaccade performance that can be seen in MCI may provide important clues in the early detection of AD. Therefore, the antisaccade deficits in AD and aMCI remain a research question. This study aimed to examine antisaccade responses and the relationship between antisaccade and cognitive function in AD, aMCI, and healthy controls (HC). This study included 30 patients with early-stage AD, 34 with aMCI, and 32 HC. Patients with AD showed higher rates of uncorrected error, anticipatory saccades and corrected errors, as well as decreased correct saccade rates, and shortened saccade latency compared to aMCI and HC in this study. Patients with aMCI exhibited increased rates of express saccades relative to HC. The antisaccade task and cognitive domains were found to be significantly related. Our study showed that the rate of correct saccades has the capacity to distinguish AD from HC with 87% sensitivity and 86% specificity (AUC = 0.93, p < 0.001). In addition, the rate of uncorrected errors was found to be capable of distinguishing AD from HC with 84% sensitivity and 83% specificity (AUC = 0.91, p < 0.001). This study presented promising findings that these parameters can be used clinically to differentiate AD and aMCI from healthy older individuals.

阿尔茨海默病(AD)痴呆症是一种以认知能力逐渐下降为特征的退行性疾病。失忆性轻度认知障碍(aMCI)被视为阿尔茨海默病的前兆。在 MCI 中可以看到的反施法表现的变化可能为早期发现老年痴呆症提供重要线索。因此,AD 和 aMCI 中的反施法障碍仍是一个研究问题。本研究旨在探讨 AD、aMCI 和健康对照组(HC)的反施法反应以及反施法与认知功能之间的关系。这项研究包括 30 名早期注意力缺失症患者、34 名 aMCI 患者和 32 名健康对照者。在这项研究中,与 aMCI 和 HC 相比,AD 患者表现出更高的未纠正错误率、预期性囊回和纠正错误率,以及更低的囊回正确率和更短的囊回潜伏期。与 HC 相比,aMCI 患者表现出更高的明确囊回率。研究发现,反盲目任务与认知领域有显著相关性。我们的研究表明,正确的囊回率能够区分AD和HC,灵敏度为87%,特异度为86%(AUC = 0.93, p p
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引用次数: 0
The influence of interruptions and planning on serial everyday multitasking in older adults. 中断和计划对老年人连续日常多任务处理的影响。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2210814
Sarah E MacPherson, Vairi A W Gilmour

Cognitive aging research has studied the influence of healthy aging on the ability to multitask. Yet, little is known about the factors that might improve or impair serial multitasking performance in older adults. Three experiments involving younger and older adults assessed the impact of interruptions and planning on a prop-based test of multitasking. In Experiment 1, 26 younger adults and 25 older adults' multitasking abilities were assessed; older adults performed significantly more poorly than younger adults. In Experiment 2, 19 younger and 22 older adults were randomly allocated to a group who experienced a one minute unexpected interruption while multitasking or a group with no interruption. The results showed that, when there was an interruption, the age difference disappeared. In Experiment 3, 32 younger and 30 older adults were randomly allocated to a group who were given 3 minutes to write an outline describing how they intended to approach the multitasking task, and another group who were given 3 minutes to label pictures of everyday objects prior to multitasking. Again, when participants were encouraged to plan, no age difference was found. These results highlight the advantage that interruptions and planning might have on serial everyday multitasking performance in older adults.

认知老化研究已经对健康老化对多任务处理能力的影响进行了研究。然而,人们对可能提高或损害老年人连续多任务处理能力的因素知之甚少。由年轻人和老年人参与的三项实验评估了中断和计划对基于道具的多任务测试的影响。在实验 1 中,对 26 名年轻人和 25 名老年人的多任务处理能力进行了评估;老年人的多任务处理能力明显比年轻人差。在实验 2 中,19 名年轻人和 22 名老年人被随机分配到在进行多任务处理时遇到一分钟意外中断的一组和没有中断的一组。结果显示,当出现中断时,年龄差异消失了。在实验 3 中,32 名年轻人和 30 名老年人被随机分配到一组,让他们在 3 分钟内写出一份提纲,说明他们打算如何处理多任务,另一组则让他们在多任务处理前用 3 分钟标出日常物品的图片。同样,当鼓励参与者制定计划时,没有发现年龄差异。这些结果凸显了中断和计划可能对老年人日常连续多任务处理表现的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence for the role of affective theory of mind in face-name associative memory. 情感心理理论在面孔联想记忆中作用的证据。
IF 1.6 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2194607
Lucas J Hamilton, Anne C Krendl

Poor face-name recall has been associated with age-related impairments in cognitive functioning, namely declines in episodic memory and executive control. However, the role of social cognitive function - the ability to remember, process, and store information about others - has been largely overlooked in this work. Extensive work has shown that social and nonsocial cognitive processes rely on unique, albeit overlapping, mechanisms. In the current study, we explored whether social cognitive functioning - specifically the ability to infer other people's mental states (i.e., theory of mind) - facilitates better face-name learning. To do this, a sample of 289 older and young adults completed a face-name learning paradigm along with standard assessments of episodic memory and executive control alongside two theory of mind measures, one static and one dynamic. In addition to expected age differences, several key effects emerged. Age-related differences in recognition were explained by episodic memory, not social cognition. However, age effects in recall were explained by both episodic memory and social cognition, specifically affective theory of mind in the dynamic task. Altogether, we contend that face-name recall can be supported by social cognitive functioning, namely understanding emotions. While acknowledging the influence of task characteristics (i.e., lures, target ages), we interpret these findings in light of existing accounts of age differences in face-name associative memory.

面部名称记忆不良与年龄相关的认知功能损伤有关,即情景记忆和执行控制能力下降。然而,在这项工作中,社会认知功能的作用——记忆、处理和存储他人信息的能力——在很大程度上被忽视了。大量研究表明,社会和非社会认知过程依赖于独特的、尽管重叠的机制。在目前的研究中,我们探讨了社会认知功能——特别是推断他人心理状态的能力(即心理理论)——是否有助于更好地学习人脸名称。为了做到这一点,289名老年人和年轻人的样本完成了一个名字学习范式,以及对情景记忆和执行控制的标准评估,以及两种心理测量理论,一种是静态的,另一种是动态的。除了预期的年龄差异外,还出现了几个关键影响。与年龄相关的认知差异是由情景记忆而非社会认知来解释的。然而,回忆中的年龄效应可以用情景记忆和社会认知来解释,特别是动态任务中的心理情感理论。总之,我们认为,人名回忆可以得到社会认知功能的支持,即理解情绪。在承认任务特征(即诱惑、目标年龄)的影响的同时,我们根据现有的人脸名称联想记忆中年龄差异的解释来解释这些发现。
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引用次数: 0
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Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
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