Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition最新文献

Cognitive aging researchers have long reported "paradoxical" age differences in prospective memory (PM), with age deficits in laboratory settings and age benefits (or no deficits) in real-world settings. We propose a theoretical account that explains this "age-PM-paradox" as a consequence of both methodological factors and developmental changes in cognitive abilities and personality traits. To test this account, young  and older  adults   performed a series of naturalistic PM tasks in the lab and real world. Age-related PM deficits were observed in both lab-based tasks where demands were implemented using virtual reality and in-person role-playing. In contrast, older adults performed equal to or better than young adults on both real-world tasks, where demands were implemented in participants' daily lives. Consistent with our proposed account, an index of these "paradoxical" effects was partially predicted by age-related differences in working memory, vigilance, agreeableness, and neuroticism, whose predictive utility varied across task settings.

Word-finding difficulty (WFD) is a common cognitive complaint in aging, manifesting both in natural speech and in controlled laboratory tests. Various theories of cognitive aging have addressed WFD, and understanding its underlying mechanisms can help to clarify whether it has diagnostic value for neurodegenerative disease. Two influential "information-universal" theories attribute it to rather broad changes in cognition. The processing speed theory posits a general slowdown of all cognitive processes, while the inhibitory deficit hypothesis (IDH) predicts a specific problem in suppressing irrelevant information. One "information specific" theory of language production, the transmission deficit hypothesis (TDH), posits a breakdown in retrieval of phonological word forms from a corresponding lemma. To adjudicate between these accounts, we administered an online gamified covert naming task featuring picture-word interference (PWI), previously validated to elicit similar semantic interference and phonological facilitation effects as overt naming tasks. 125 healthy adults aged 18 to 85 completed the task, along with a battery of executive function tasks and a naturalistic speech sample to quantify WFD in connected speech. PWI effects provided strong support for the TDH but limited support for IDH, in that semantic interference increased and phonological facilitation decreased across the lifespan. However, neither of these effects on single-word retrieval associated with WFD measured in connected speech. Rather, overall reaction time for word retrieval (controlling for psychomotor slowing) was the best predictor of spontaneous WFD and executive function decline, suggesting processing speed as the key factor, and that verbal reaction time may be an important clinical measure.

Subjective memory decline (SMD) might represent the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and has been reported in epileptic amnesia associated with accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). We investigated ALF in SMD subjects by means of RAVLT recall and recognition and ROCF recall after 1-week retention and compared with a control group. Two-way ANOVAs for RAVLT and ROCF were conducted, and stepwise regression analysis was administered considering EMQ and DASS-21 as factors. SMD subjects performed significantly worse than controls at 1-week delay on RAVLT recall and recognition, but not on ROCF, and not associated with depression or memory complaints. SMD patients showed ALF, which is usually associated with temporomesial dysfunctions, representing a cognitive marker to assess objectively memory problems in SMD, and to undisclose initial neurodegenerative disease involving temporal structures usually compromised in AD. Therefore, SMD might no longer be "subjective," but rather a specific and defined clinical entity.

Unitization - the fusion of objects into a single unit through an action/consequence sequence - can mitigate relational memory impairments, but the circumstances under which unitization is effective are unclear. Using transverse patterning (TP), we compared unitization (and its component processes of fusion, motion, and action/consequence) with extended practice on relational learning and transfer in older adults and neuropsychological cases with lesions (to varying extents) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or hippocampus/medial temporal lobe (HC/MTL). The latter included a person with bilateral HC lesions primarily within the dentate gyrus. For older adults, TP accuracy increased, and transfer benefits were observed, with extended practice and unitization. Broadly, the lesion cases did not benefit from either extended practice or unitization, suggesting the mPFC and dentate gyrus play important roles in relational memory and in unitization. The results suggest that personalized strategy interventions must align with the cognitive and neural profiles of the user.

Creative divergent thinking involves the generation of unique ideas by pulling from semantic memory stores and exercising cognitive flexibility to shape these memories into something new. Although cognitive abilities decline with age, semantic memory tends to remain intact. This study aims to utilize that memory to investigate the effectiveness of a brief cognitive training to improve creative divergent thinking. Older adults were trained using a semantic retrieval strategy to improve creativity in the Alternate Uses Task (AUT) and the Divergent Association Task (DAT). Participants were tested on the AUT and DAT across three time points: before the strategy was introduced (T0 and T1) and afterward (T2). Results showed that the strategy enhances idea novelty in the AUT; additionally, participants that initially scored lowest on the AUT showed the greatest increase in AUT performance. This finding suggests that older adults can use a semantic retrieval strategy to enhance creative divergent thinking.

Emotional reactivity, based on the discrete emotions approach (DEA), is related to opportunities or constraints across development. While prior research suggests sadness to be more adaptive in old age and anger to be more adaptive in young adulthood, there may be facets within these discrete emotion categories that further expand the DEA framework: loss-based vs. failure-based sadness and frustration-based vs. moral violation-based anger. A sample of 49 younger adults (M_age = 20.00, SD = 2.26) and 51 older adults (M_age = 66.00, SD = 4.94) were asked to relive and describe an emotional memory associated with facets of sadness and anger. Emotional reactivity was operationalized through self-report ratings on distinct facet categories. Results revealed a significant age difference in emotional reactivity to moral violation-based anger, with older adults being more reactive than younger adults. No other significant age differences were observed. These findings are discussed in terms of how further distinctions across emotional facets can inform a better understanding of affective experience across adulthood and old age.

We tested the longitudinal associations between life space mobility (LSM) at baseline and cognitive performance in three domains (memory, reasoning, and speed of processing) over time. Our analytic sample includes 2,690 older adults (mean age = 73.0, 75.9% female) participating in the ACTIVE Study. We used multiple linear mixed-effects models to evaluate whether LSM, measured using the Life Space Questionnaire, at baseline was longitudinally associated with scores on eight cognitive tests and three composite scores across 10 years. In unadjusted models, there were significant main effects of baseline LSM on memory and reasoning domains, and one speed of processing test (beta: 0.019 to 0.055, p < 0.05). All effects were non-significant in adjusted models. Over time, baseline LSM was associated with one memory test score in adjusted models. Greater LSM at baseline is associated with marginally higher cognitive performance but does not appear to affect the rate of cognitive change at a clinically significant level.

The Test of Practical Judgment (TOP-J) has not been thoroughly investigated in terms of its incremental validity. In the current study, we explored whether the TOP-J adds unique and meaningful information to the neuropsychological assessment beyond other executive functioning tests that are often used as proxies for practical judgment. Ninety-seven older adults who were classified as cognitively unimpaired, with subjective cognitive decline, or with mild cognitive impairment completed a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Incremental validity was assessed through hierarchical ordinal regression analysis by modeling the TOP-J (Forms A and B, 15-item and 9-item versions), in addition to widely used tests of executive function, with participant classification/diagnosis as the outcome. The addition of the TOP-J (both 15-item versions) added incremental validity beyond traditional executive functioning measures to predict diagnosis. Including the TOP-J within neuropsychological evaluations of older adults may enhance differentiation of preclinical dementia diagnoses and provide clinically valuable information to the exam.

Aging can impact emotional recognition, affecting older adults' mental health and social function. This study examined how aging affects affective prosody comprehension (APC: understanding emotions through speech) across seven emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and neutrality) and its relationship with cognitive function (via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and social support (via the Social Support Rating Scale) in 199 cognitively normal older adults. We found that older adults had lower APC accuracy and more errors, often mistaking negative emotions for neutral or positive ones. APC accuracy was significantly associated with social support, and a partial least squares (PLS) cognitive component fully mediated the relationship between the APC component and social support utilization, explaining 61.7% of the total effect. These results suggest that declines in APC during aging are linked to social support utilization through cognitive function, offering insights for interventions to improve social and cognitive health in older adults.

Reasoning can be fast, automatic, and intuitive or slow, deliberate, and analytical. Use of one cognitive reasoning style over the other has broad implications for beliefs, but differences in cognitive style have not previously been reported in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here, the cognitive reflection test is used to measure cognitive style in healthy older adults and those with MCI. Those with MCI performed worse than cognitively healthy older adults, indicating they are more likely to engage in intuitive thinking than age-matched adults. This association is reliable after controlling for additional cognitive, self-report, and demographic factors. Across all measures, subjective cognitive decline was the best predictor of cognitive status. A difference in cognitive style represents a novel behavioral marker of MCI, and future work should explore whether this explains a broader pattern of reasoning errors in those with MCI, such as susceptibility to scams or impaired financial reasoning.