Jonna Shephard, C. Spivey, K. White, Vijay Mohakar, V. Reukov
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been linked to cellular degeneration, irreversible DNA damage, and various diseases. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have shown promising medical applications for their SOD mimetic activity to catalyze the breakdown of various ROS. Increasing the biocompatibility, longevity of residence, and rate of internalization of nanoceria are essential to increase its range of biomedical applications. Polyethylene glycol’s (PEG) hydrophilic, nonimmunogenic, and antioxidative properties make it an ideal coating for increasing cerium nanoparticle’s applicability. Gelatin’s low cost and versatility have made it widely employed as an antioxidant drug carrier in a variety of physiological systems. Because of gelatin’s susceptibility to ROS denaturation and well-researched structure, it is a useful tool for assessing conformational damage in applications that involve acute oxidative stress. PEG-nanoceria of various molar weights was synthesized from Ce (III) nitrate and incorporated into gelatin hydrogels that were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to provide oxidative stress damage. This study aims to assess changes to gelatin conformation were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. PEGNanoceria showed radical damage mitigation in hydrogels as evident by the decreased change in transmittance over its nonPEG counterpart. There was notably exceptional damage mitigation in the amide A and amide II regions. These promising findings suggest more research should be done to examine polymer-coated nanoceria’s antioxidative properties in more biologically relevant models.
{"title":"THE CERIUM OXIDE GENERATED RADICAL ELIMINATION PROPERTIES OF PEG-NANOCERIA","authors":"Jonna Shephard, C. Spivey, K. White, Vijay Mohakar, V. Reukov","doi":"10.34107/lwwj5713200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/lwwj5713200","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been linked to cellular degeneration, irreversible DNA damage, and various diseases. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have shown promising medical applications for their SOD mimetic activity to catalyze the breakdown of various ROS. Increasing the biocompatibility, longevity of residence, and rate of internalization of nanoceria are essential to increase its range of biomedical applications. Polyethylene glycol’s (PEG) hydrophilic, nonimmunogenic, and antioxidative properties make it an ideal coating for increasing cerium nanoparticle’s applicability. Gelatin’s low cost and versatility have made it widely employed as an antioxidant drug carrier in a variety of physiological systems. Because of gelatin’s susceptibility to ROS denaturation and well-researched structure, it is a useful tool for assessing conformational damage in applications that involve acute oxidative stress. PEG-nanoceria of various molar weights was synthesized from Ce (III) nitrate and incorporated into gelatin hydrogels that were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to provide oxidative stress damage. This study aims to assess changes to gelatin conformation were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. PEGNanoceria showed radical damage mitigation in hydrogels as evident by the decreased change in transmittance over its nonPEG counterpart. There was notably exceptional damage mitigation in the amide A and amide II regions. These promising findings suggest more research should be done to examine polymer-coated nanoceria’s antioxidative properties in more biologically relevant models.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44615349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: As of 2019, the Annual Report of the Center for Collegiate Mental Health [2] reported that anxiety continues as the most common problem among students who completed the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms, with 67.7% of 82,685 respondents participating in the report. Clinicians also reported that anxiety continues to be the most common diagnosis among students seeking services at on-campus counseling centers. Mental illness can affect students’ motivation, concentration, social interactions, and college success [1]. The effects of the lockdown and stay-at-home orders have brought a negative impact on higher education. It has brought into focus the mental health of various affected populations and the many disparities facing them, as well as the need for more programming aimed to serve students at historically black universities. A recent review of virus outbreaks and pandemics documented stressors such as infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma [5]. Much of the current literature on the psychological impacts of COVID-19 has emerged from the earliest hot spots in China [6,10,11]. Although several studies have assessed mental health issues during epidemics, most have focused on health workers, patients, children, and the general population [6,7]. Review results support a baseline need for future HBCU studies to support anticipated funding by way of applied grants, to better serve the disparities faced by the students on an HBUC & a PBI campus, as a result of Mental Illness.
{"title":"STRESSORS & MENTAL HEALTH AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS ON HBCU & PBI CAMPUSES","authors":"Lashanda Brumfield, M. Sandifer","doi":"10.34107/lwwj5713120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/lwwj5713120","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: As of 2019, the Annual Report of the Center for Collegiate Mental Health [2] reported that anxiety continues as the most common problem among students who completed the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms, with 67.7% of 82,685 respondents participating in the report. Clinicians also reported that anxiety continues to be the most common diagnosis among students seeking services at on-campus counseling centers. Mental illness can affect students’ motivation, concentration, social interactions, and college success [1]. The effects of the lockdown and stay-at-home orders have brought a negative impact on higher education. It has brought into focus the mental health of various affected populations and the many disparities facing them, as well as the need for more programming aimed to serve students at historically black universities. A recent review of virus outbreaks and pandemics documented stressors such as infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma [5]. Much of the current literature on the psychological impacts of COVID-19 has emerged from the earliest hot spots in China [6,10,11]. Although several studies have assessed mental health issues during epidemics, most have focused on health workers, patients, children, and the general population [6,7]. Review results support a baseline need for future HBCU studies to support anticipated funding by way of applied grants, to better serve the disparities faced by the students on an HBUC & a PBI campus, as a result of Mental Illness.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43306997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rotator cuff (RC) is a group of four muscles that helps maintain dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint and provides force rotation of the shoulder [1]. Rotator cuff tears are a common injury that may result in pain and limited joint stability [1]. Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) are two popular treatment options for complete RC tears that can improve abduction strength and mobility [2,3]. During joint rotation, the change in muscle length, or excursion, can be used to assess muscle function [4]. This study aims to measure muscle excursion during shoulder abduction in SCR/rTSA repaired shoulders to demonstrate their biomechanical contributions during limb movement after surgery. The experiment was performed using an apparatus to abduct six cadaveric shoulders under three conditions: intact, SCR, and rTSA. Digital points were tracked at muscle origin and insertion to calculate muscle length. While the supraspinatus no longer contributes to abduction after rTSA, our results showed significantly greater values of theoretical excursion compared to the intact shoulder, which is in line with the inferior-medial shift of the glenohumeral joint center of rotation produced after rTSA (p<0.05). Teres minor showed no significant differences in excursion between conditions, while subscapularis excursion was significantly smaller after SCR (p<0.05). For infraspinatus, rTSA and SCR produced significantly smaller excursions (p<0.05). Significantly lower excursion values could suggest that the muscle was utilized more as a stabilizer. These results may be necessary for evaluating RC performance after surgical repair.
{"title":"CHANGES TO ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLE LENGTH DURING ABDUCTION AFTER SUPERIOR CAPSULAR RECONSTRUCTION (SCR) AND REVERSE TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY (RTSA)","authors":"E. Hu, M. Dolan, J. Koh, F. Amirouche","doi":"10.34107/lwwj5713213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/lwwj5713213","url":null,"abstract":"The rotator cuff (RC) is a group of four muscles that helps maintain dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint and provides force rotation of the shoulder [1]. Rotator cuff tears are a common injury that may result in pain and limited joint stability [1]. Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) are two popular treatment options for complete RC tears that can improve abduction strength and mobility [2,3]. During joint rotation, the change in muscle length, or excursion, can be used to assess muscle function [4]. This study aims to measure muscle excursion during shoulder abduction in SCR/rTSA repaired shoulders to demonstrate their biomechanical contributions during limb movement after surgery. The experiment was performed using an apparatus to abduct six cadaveric shoulders under three conditions: intact, SCR, and rTSA. Digital points were tracked at muscle origin and insertion to calculate muscle length. While the supraspinatus no longer contributes to abduction after rTSA, our results showed significantly greater values of theoretical excursion compared to the intact shoulder, which is in line with the inferior-medial shift of the glenohumeral joint center of rotation produced after rTSA (p<0.05). Teres minor showed no significant differences in excursion between conditions, while subscapularis excursion was significantly smaller after SCR (p<0.05). For infraspinatus, rTSA and SCR produced significantly smaller excursions (p<0.05). Significantly lower excursion values could suggest that the muscle was utilized more as a stabilizer. These results may be necessary for evaluating RC performance after surgical repair.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45514101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leah M. Swahlan, Benjamin Killen, Alison L. Olsen, K. C. Wilcox, W. Pannell, Shuying Lin, Janet P. Slaughter, Rachel K. Dear
Background: Pediatric obesity affects approximately 18% of children in the United States. Childhood obesity contributes to several health-related issues, including diabetes, hypertension, decreased quality of life (QOL), and adult morbidity. Risk factors for developing childhood obesity include socioeconomic factors, sedentary lifestyle, diet, and genetics. Programs tailored toward educating children and parents on healthy lifestyle choices, exercise, and nutrition have been shown to improve health-related outcomes for this population. Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the effects of an 8-week community pediatric health program on body mass index (BMI), fitness measures, and QOL in overweight children. Methods: Subjects aged 8-16 years were recruited from a hospital-based weight management clinic to participate in an 8-week weight loss program. Subjects attended weekly one-hour sessions of health and wellness education, exercise instruction, home program development, and practical goal-setting. Seven children participated in the program and completed all outcome measures. Outcome measures included Body Mass Index (BMI), functional strength (jumping jacks, wall sits, push-ups, and sit-ups), balance (single-limb stance, SLS), flexibility (straight leg raise, SLR), endurance (6-minute walk test, 6MWT), and QOL assessment (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, PQOL). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and week eight. Results: Although the BMI did not show clinically significant improvement, three functional strength measures (wall sit p=0.026; push-ups p=0.010; sit-ups p=0.003), endurance (6MWT, p=0.026), and flexibility (left SLR, p=0.011, right SLR, p= 0.046) showed statistically significant improvement at week eight. Jumping jacks and the PQOL showed improvement without reaching statistical significance (p>0.05). No improvement in SLS was noted (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate a community-based pediatric health and wellness program significantly improved overweight children's fitness. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of this program.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF A FREE COMMUNITY PEDIATRIC HEALTH INITIATIVE ON BMI, FITNESS MEASURES, AND QUALITY OF LIFE: A PILOT STUDY","authors":"Leah M. Swahlan, Benjamin Killen, Alison L. Olsen, K. C. Wilcox, W. Pannell, Shuying Lin, Janet P. Slaughter, Rachel K. Dear","doi":"10.34107/lwwj5713126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/lwwj5713126","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pediatric obesity affects approximately 18% of children in the United States. Childhood obesity contributes to several health-related issues, including diabetes, hypertension, decreased quality of life (QOL), and adult morbidity. Risk factors for developing childhood obesity include socioeconomic factors, sedentary lifestyle, diet, and genetics. Programs tailored toward educating children and parents on healthy lifestyle choices, exercise, and nutrition have been shown to improve health-related outcomes for this population. Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the effects of an 8-week community pediatric health program on body mass index (BMI), fitness measures, and QOL in overweight children. Methods: Subjects aged 8-16 years were recruited from a hospital-based weight management clinic to participate in an 8-week weight loss program. Subjects attended weekly one-hour sessions of health and wellness education, exercise instruction, home program development, and practical goal-setting. Seven children participated in the program and completed all outcome measures. Outcome measures included Body Mass Index (BMI), functional strength (jumping jacks, wall sits, push-ups, and sit-ups), balance (single-limb stance, SLS), flexibility (straight leg raise, SLR), endurance (6-minute walk test, 6MWT), and QOL assessment (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, PQOL). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and week eight. Results: Although the BMI did not show clinically significant improvement, three functional strength measures (wall sit p=0.026; push-ups p=0.010; sit-ups p=0.003), endurance (6MWT, p=0.026), and flexibility (left SLR, p=0.011, right SLR, p= 0.046) showed statistically significant improvement at week eight. Jumping jacks and the PQOL showed improvement without reaching statistical significance (p>0.05). No improvement in SLS was noted (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate a community-based pediatric health and wellness program significantly improved overweight children's fitness. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of this program.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42325753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuying Lin, Cora N. Geno, Kolby D. Wesson, Allyn C. Edmonson, Rachel A. Sollie
Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of chronic motor disability in childhood. Children with CP often demonstrate various types of abnormal muscle tone, with spastic CP being the most common presentation. Spasticity and the resulting decrease in joint range of motion of lower extremities could lead to gait difficulties in this patient population. Previous research has shown that botulinum toxin (BTX) can decrease muscle spasticity and improve joint range of motion. However, it remains unclear whether BTX improves ambulation capacity in children with CP. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review (SR) was to evaluate the effects of BTX on gait in children with CP. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched on November 18, 2021 for randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies with control that investigated the effectiveness of BTX on gait in children with CP. Only studies published since 2011 were included in the current review. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed with PEDro. Results: Seven studies with a total number of 367 individuals with spastic CP were included in this SR. The control group received conventional physical therapy, while the interventional group received single dose of BTX injection in one of the lower extremity muscle groups in addition to conventional physical therapy. Our findings revealed BTX improved gait parameters at 4-12 weeks following injection as compared to the control group (p<0.05) in 6 out of 7 studies. However, one study showed BTX did not add to the clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation as compared to control (p>0.05). Side effects including local muscle weakness were noted in a small portion of participants. The average PEDro score is 7.7/10, indicating good quality of the included studies. Conclusion: BTX could potentially improve ambulation capacity in children with CP.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF BOTULINUM TOXIN ON GAIT IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW","authors":"Shuying Lin, Cora N. Geno, Kolby D. Wesson, Allyn C. Edmonson, Rachel A. Sollie","doi":"10.34107/lwwj5713132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/lwwj5713132","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of chronic motor disability in childhood. Children with CP often demonstrate various types of abnormal muscle tone, with spastic CP being the most common presentation. Spasticity and the resulting decrease in joint range of motion of lower extremities could lead to gait difficulties in this patient population. Previous research has shown that botulinum toxin (BTX) can decrease muscle spasticity and improve joint range of motion. However, it remains unclear whether BTX improves ambulation capacity in children with CP. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review (SR) was to evaluate the effects of BTX on gait in children with CP. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched on November 18, 2021 for randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies with control that investigated the effectiveness of BTX on gait in children with CP. Only studies published since 2011 were included in the current review. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed with PEDro. Results: Seven studies with a total number of 367 individuals with spastic CP were included in this SR. The control group received conventional physical therapy, while the interventional group received single dose of BTX injection in one of the lower extremity muscle groups in addition to conventional physical therapy. Our findings revealed BTX improved gait parameters at 4-12 weeks following injection as compared to the control group (p<0.05) in 6 out of 7 studies. However, one study showed BTX did not add to the clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation as compared to control (p>0.05). Side effects including local muscle weakness were noted in a small portion of participants. The average PEDro score is 7.7/10, indicating good quality of the included studies. Conclusion: BTX could potentially improve ambulation capacity in children with CP.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48150993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sejal Ghandi, A. Goodman, Emily Long, Herchel Patel, K. Patel, R. Patel, Dhruvi Patel, Vijay Mohakar, A. Sorkin, V. Reukov
A leading cause of tooth decay stems from the build-up of microbes and the formation of biofilms on the surfaces of teeth. Oral health is impacted by this proliferation of bacteria, which often produce harmful acids as by-products of metabolism. In particular, the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans metabolizes sugars into lactic acid and plays a prevalent role in tooth decay. Research regarding the nanoparticle cerium oxide (nanoceria, CeO2) shows nanoceria as a potential antimicrobial agent and biofilm disruptor through the lysis of bacterial cell walls. We propose that synthesized nanoceria can be utilized as an inhibitor of S. mutans; by reducing growth and lactic acid production, tooth decay may be reduced. We first studied the growth pattern of S. mutans through optical density (OD) and colony-forming unit (CFU) measurements. Next, we examined the effect of nanoceria on lactic acid production through pH tests conducted at varying sucrose concentrations. After initial measurements were taken, the antimicrobial effect of nanoceria on pH and OD was studied. Preliminary tests showed nanoceria inhibiting lactic acid production and decreasing the log phase of the bacteria, and future trials will further examine these associations. In the future, these findings could support using nanoceria in dental applications as an antibacterial agent.
{"title":"GROWTHINHIBITIONOF Streptococcus mutans USING NANOCERIA","authors":"Sejal Ghandi, A. Goodman, Emily Long, Herchel Patel, K. Patel, R. Patel, Dhruvi Patel, Vijay Mohakar, A. Sorkin, V. Reukov","doi":"10.34107/lwwj5713205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/lwwj5713205","url":null,"abstract":"A leading cause of tooth decay stems from the build-up of microbes and the formation of biofilms on the surfaces of teeth. Oral health is impacted by this proliferation of bacteria, which often produce harmful acids as by-products of metabolism. In particular, the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans metabolizes sugars into lactic acid and plays a prevalent role in tooth decay. Research regarding the nanoparticle cerium oxide (nanoceria, CeO2) shows nanoceria as a potential antimicrobial agent and biofilm disruptor through the lysis of bacterial cell walls. We propose that synthesized nanoceria can be utilized as an inhibitor of S. mutans; by reducing growth and lactic acid production, tooth decay may be reduced. We first studied the growth pattern of S. mutans through optical density (OD) and colony-forming unit (CFU) measurements. Next, we examined the effect of nanoceria on lactic acid production through pH tests conducted at varying sucrose concentrations. After initial measurements were taken, the antimicrobial effect of nanoceria on pH and OD was studied. Preliminary tests showed nanoceria inhibiting lactic acid production and decreasing the log phase of the bacteria, and future trials will further examine these associations. In the future, these findings could support using nanoceria in dental applications as an antibacterial agent.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48185709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian P. Kramer, Taytum M. Reid, Alex T. Shepard, Madeline O. Tisdale, K. C. Wilcox
According to the Centers for Disease Control, roughly 795,000 people in the United States experience a stroke each year. A common result of a stroke is the negative impact on the person’s gait, including an asymmetrical gait pattern, a slower cadence, and decreased stride and step lengths. A well-structured, comprehensive rehabilitation program is necessary to address the gait deficits and reduce the risk of falls in people following stroke. Backward walking training has been reported as an appropriate therapeutic intervention to address these deficits for people following a stroke. Due to the range of benefits reported, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of backward walking training on gait parameters in people following stroke. A search of Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed databases was performed using specific search terms related to backward walking, stroke, and gait parameters. Following a defined process of title screen, abstract screen, full text screen, and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, six articles were included in the final systematic review. Study results indicate significant evidence within the experimental groups for improvement in gait speed, step length, stride length, endurance, and balance. The findings from this systematic review indicate that backward walking training is an effective therapeutic intervention to improve gait parameters in people following stroke.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF BACKWARD WALKING ON GAIT PARAMETERS IN PEOPLE WITH STROKE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW","authors":"Brian P. Kramer, Taytum M. Reid, Alex T. Shepard, Madeline O. Tisdale, K. C. Wilcox","doi":"10.34107/lwwj5713145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/lwwj5713145","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Centers for Disease Control, roughly 795,000 people in the United States experience a stroke each year. A common result of a stroke is the negative impact on the person’s gait, including an asymmetrical gait pattern, a slower cadence, and decreased stride and step lengths. A well-structured, comprehensive rehabilitation program is necessary to address the gait deficits and reduce the risk of falls in people following stroke. Backward walking training has been reported as an appropriate therapeutic intervention to address these deficits for people following a stroke. Due to the range of benefits reported, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of backward walking training on gait parameters in people following stroke. A search of Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed databases was performed using specific search terms related to backward walking, stroke, and gait parameters. Following a defined process of title screen, abstract screen, full text screen, and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, six articles were included in the final systematic review. Study results indicate significant evidence within the experimental groups for improvement in gait speed, step length, stride length, endurance, and balance. The findings from this systematic review indicate that backward walking training is an effective therapeutic intervention to improve gait parameters in people following stroke.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43025387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Injuries from BB shots are responsible for thousands of injuries each year, with many resulting in contusions or superficial embedments to the extremities. To help better understand the injury biomechanics of BB shots, a porcine foreleg finite element model was selected for comparison with some documented porcine ballistic experiments. The model was created by segmenting a porcine leg computerized tomography (CT) scan into the major bones, skin, and soft tissues, and then generating a mesh from the resulting geometries. A previously published hyperelastic material model was incorporated to represent the skin’s non-linear mechanical behavior. The pig leg model was used to simulate the skin response to 87.1 and 114.6 m/s stainless steel BB shots. The simulation matched the non-penetrative behavior from the experiments, predicting peak dynamic deformations of 12.6 and 25.4 mm respectively. MatLab was used to collect the movement of surface nodes and reconstruct continuous surfaces every 0.5 ms. The position and speed of the impact-induced wave was non-linear and did not depend on the BB initial velocity. Future work is needed to compare the simulation results against experimental digital image correlation (DIC) data, increase the time and spatial resolution of simulated sampling surface, and eventually include dynamic material data to account for skin damage with increasing BB initial velocity.
{"title":"A PORCINE FORELEG FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR SURFACE WAVE CHARACTERIZATION","authors":"Carolyn Hampton","doi":"10.34107/nsjx733536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/nsjx733536","url":null,"abstract":"Injuries from BB shots are responsible for thousands of injuries each year, with many resulting in contusions or superficial embedments to the extremities. To help better understand the injury biomechanics of BB shots, a porcine foreleg finite element model was selected for comparison with some documented porcine ballistic experiments. The model was created by segmenting a porcine leg computerized tomography (CT) scan into the major bones, skin, and soft tissues, and then generating a mesh from the resulting geometries. A previously published hyperelastic material model was incorporated to represent the skin’s non-linear mechanical behavior. The pig leg model was used to simulate the skin response to 87.1 and 114.6 m/s stainless steel BB shots. The simulation matched the non-penetrative behavior from the experiments, predicting peak dynamic deformations of 12.6 and 25.4 mm respectively. MatLab was used to collect the movement of surface nodes and reconstruct continuous surfaces every 0.5 ms. The position and speed of the impact-induced wave was non-linear and did not depend on the BB initial velocity. Future work is needed to compare the simulation results against experimental digital image correlation (DIC) data, increase the time and spatial resolution of simulated sampling surface, and eventually include dynamic material data to account for skin damage with increasing BB initial velocity.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long duration spaceflight missions can affect the cognitive and behavioral activities of astronauts due to changes in gravity. The microgravity significantly impacts the central nervous system physiology which causes the degradation in the performance and lead to potential risk in the space exploration. The aim of this study was to evaluate functional connectivity at simulated space conditions using an unloading harness system to mimic the body-weight distribution related to Earth, Mars, and International Space Station. A unity model with six directional arrows to imagine six different motor imagery tasks associated with arms and legs were designed for the Oculus Rift S virtual reality headset for testing. An Electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals were recorded from 10 participants in the distributed weight conditions related to Earth, Mars, and International Space station using the g.Nautilus fNIRS system at sampling rate of 500 Hz. The magnitude squared coherence were estimated from left vs right hemisphere of the brain that represents functional connectivity. The EEG coherence was the higher which shows the strong functional connectivity and fNIRS coherence was lower shows weak functional connectivity between left vs right hemisphere of the brain, during all the tasks and trials irrespective of the simulated space conditions. Further analysis of functional connectivity needed between the intra-regions of the brain.
{"title":"EFFECT OF SIMULATED SPACE CONDITIONS ON FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY","authors":"Parshuram N. Aarotale, J. Desai","doi":"10.34107/nsjx733567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/nsjx733567","url":null,"abstract":"Long duration spaceflight missions can affect the cognitive and behavioral activities of astronauts due to changes in gravity. The microgravity significantly impacts the central nervous system physiology which causes the degradation in the performance and lead to potential risk in the space exploration. The aim of this study was to evaluate functional connectivity at simulated space conditions using an unloading harness system to mimic the body-weight distribution related to Earth, Mars, and International Space Station. A unity model with six directional arrows to imagine six different motor imagery tasks associated with arms and legs were designed for the Oculus Rift S virtual reality headset for testing. An Electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals were recorded from 10 participants in the distributed weight conditions related to Earth, Mars, and International Space station using the g.Nautilus fNIRS system at sampling rate of 500 Hz. The magnitude squared coherence were estimated from left vs right hemisphere of the brain that represents functional connectivity. The EEG coherence was the higher which shows the strong functional connectivity and fNIRS coherence was lower shows weak functional connectivity between left vs right hemisphere of the brain, during all the tasks and trials irrespective of the simulated space conditions. Further analysis of functional connectivity needed between the intra-regions of the brain.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47908329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avery Enochson, Daniel Ewert, Dipankar Mitar, R. Striker, Jerika D. Cleveland, Henry Wolf, Anna Gieser, Benjamin D. Braaten, Jeffery Allen, M. Allen
Understanding neuronal structure and function is essential to studying the human brain. The goal of this project was to create a model of human brain neurons that accurately reflects neuronal function, energy consumption, and oxygen consumption. Extensive work has been performed on the Hodgkin-Huxley model of neurons to accurately model neuronal firing. This study focuses on the creation of a model of the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron in MATLAB with the assistance of the DynaSim toolbox. This model was used to compute values and using another model the energy efficiency of the neuron was calculated and related to oxygen consumption, which then corresponds to Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) imaging in fMRI. The results of this study provide detailed visual and technical information about how the brain neurons function, which is crucial to the further development in brain imaging techniques and to further our understanding of why and how our complex brains function.
{"title":"MODELING THE HODGKIN-HUXLEY NEURON TO DETERMINE NEURONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION EFFICIENCY AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION VALUES","authors":"Avery Enochson, Daniel Ewert, Dipankar Mitar, R. Striker, Jerika D. Cleveland, Henry Wolf, Anna Gieser, Benjamin D. Braaten, Jeffery Allen, M. Allen","doi":"10.34107/nsjx733550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34107/nsjx733550","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding neuronal structure and function is essential to studying the human brain. The goal of this project was to create a model of human brain neurons that accurately reflects neuronal function, energy consumption, and oxygen consumption. Extensive work has been performed on the Hodgkin-Huxley model of neurons to accurately model neuronal firing. This study focuses on the creation of a model of the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron in MATLAB with the assistance of the DynaSim toolbox. This model was used to compute values and using another model the energy efficiency of the neuron was calculated and related to oxygen consumption, which then corresponds to Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) imaging in fMRI. The results of this study provide detailed visual and technical information about how the brain neurons function, which is crucial to the further development in brain imaging techniques and to further our understanding of why and how our complex brains function.","PeriodicalId":75599,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical sciences instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49077742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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