Several studies have reported on insecticide resistance in mosquitoes; however, there is a lack of information about the resistance of Culex pipiens in Egypt. This study was conducted to investigate insecticide resistance status in three Cx. pipiens populations. These populations were collected from two rural breeding sites and one urban site in Egypt. Al-Beshlawy drainage canal and El-Khartoum irrigation ditch were selected to represent rural sites in Giza and Beheira governorates, respectively. One man-made ground hole was selected in Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, as an urban breeding site. Insecticide residues were analysed in water samples collected from the three breeding sites. Four insecticides, malathion chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and fipronil, were tested against Cx. pipiens third-instar larvae of three field populations and one insecticide-susceptible (reference) population. Four insecticide residues and one additive (piperonyl butoxide) were detected; only malathion and piperonyl butoxide concentrations exhibited significant differences among all breeding sites. The level of malathion residue in the Giza breeding site was significantly higher than those in the Gharbia and Beheira breeding sites. According to the lethal concentrations (LC50) of the applied insecticides, the susceptibility of Cx. pipiens third-instar larvae to different insecticides demonstrated the order fipronil > chlorpyrifos > deltamethrin > malathion. Variations in the percentage mortality of Cx. pipiens were observed following malathion application between the Gharbia population and with both Giza and Beheira populations. Culex pipiens populations exhibited low resistance to most tested insecticides; however, the populations of Giza and Beheira exhibited moderate resistance to malathion. The variation in the resistance of Cx. pipiens populations to malathion could provide new information about the intraspecific variation among some mosquito populations in Egypt.
{"title":"Insecticide Resistance Variation among Three Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Egypt","authors":"W.S. Meshrif, N. Elhawary, M. Soliman, A. Seif","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0602","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have reported on insecticide resistance in mosquitoes; however, there is a lack of information about the resistance of Culex pipiens in Egypt. This study was conducted to investigate insecticide resistance status in three Cx. pipiens populations. These populations were collected from two rural breeding sites and one urban site in Egypt. Al-Beshlawy drainage canal and El-Khartoum irrigation ditch were selected to represent rural sites in Giza and Beheira governorates, respectively. One man-made ground hole was selected in Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, as an urban breeding site. Insecticide residues were analysed in water samples collected from the three breeding sites. Four insecticides, malathion chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and fipronil, were tested against Cx. pipiens third-instar larvae of three field populations and one insecticide-susceptible (reference) population. Four insecticide residues and one additive (piperonyl butoxide) were detected; only malathion and piperonyl butoxide concentrations exhibited significant differences among all breeding sites. The level of malathion residue in the Giza breeding site was significantly higher than those in the Gharbia and Beheira breeding sites. According to the lethal concentrations (LC50) of the applied insecticides, the susceptibility of Cx. pipiens third-instar larvae to different insecticides demonstrated the order fipronil > chlorpyrifos > deltamethrin > malathion. Variations in the percentage mortality of Cx. pipiens were observed following malathion application between the Gharbia population and with both Giza and Beheira populations. Culex pipiens populations exhibited low resistance to most tested insecticides; however, the populations of Giza and Beheira exhibited moderate resistance to malathion. The variation in the resistance of Cx. pipiens populations to malathion could provide new information about the intraspecific variation among some mosquito populations in Egypt.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"602 - 610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42908317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B.R. Ahissou, W.M. Sawadogo, A. Bokonon-ganta, I. Somda, M. Kestemont, F. Verheggen
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a worldwide maize pest originating from the American continent. It invaded Africa during 2016, causing important economic damages, forcing African countries to take urgent actions to tackle this new invasive pest. In Burkina Faso, several chemical insecticides were promoted, but farmers have quickly and repeatedly reported control failures. In this work, we collected seven fall armyworm populations in as many maize-producing areas of Burkina Faso. Following the approved IRAC leaf bioassay protocol, we evaluated the susceptibility of third instar larvae to seven commercially available insecticide formulations, including various modes of action: methomyl and chlorpyriphos-ethyl (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin (sodium channel modulators), emamectin benzoate and abamectin (chloride channel activators) and Bacillus thuringiensis (a microbial disruptor of insect midgut membranes). Lethal concentrations (LC50), resistance ratios (RR50) and relative toxicity were calculated for each population and active ingredient. LC50 values for all S. frugiperda populations were, in order of importance: emamectin benzoate (0.33–0.38 µg/l), methomyl (18–73 mg/l), abamectin (58–430 mg/l), chlorpyrifos-ethyl (199–377 mg/l), deltamethrin (70–541 mg/l) and lambda-cyhalothrin (268–895 mg/l). LC50 of the B. thuringiensis formulation ranged from 430 to 614 MIU/l. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the least efficient of the tested chemical pesticides, and emamectin benzoate the most efficient (relative toxicity ×2 712 969). Methomyl (×49), abamectin (×15), deltamethrin (×13), chlorpyriphos-ethyl (×4) were also more toxic than lambda-cyhalothrin. Based on these results, we conclude that emamectin benzoate, methomyl and chlorpyriphos-ethyl insecticides are the most efficient for the control of the fall armyworm in Burkina Faso. We discuss the importance to implement a national-level resistance survey for this major pest, which would allow rapid and efficient adaptation of the control strategy.
{"title":"Baseline Toxicity Data of Different Insecticides against the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Control Failure Likelihood Estimation in Burkina Faso","authors":"B.R. Ahissou, W.M. Sawadogo, A. Bokonon-ganta, I. Somda, M. Kestemont, F. Verheggen","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0435","url":null,"abstract":"The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a worldwide maize pest originating from the American continent. It invaded Africa during 2016, causing important economic damages, forcing African countries to take urgent actions to tackle this new invasive pest. In Burkina Faso, several chemical insecticides were promoted, but farmers have quickly and repeatedly reported control failures. In this work, we collected seven fall armyworm populations in as many maize-producing areas of Burkina Faso. Following the approved IRAC leaf bioassay protocol, we evaluated the susceptibility of third instar larvae to seven commercially available insecticide formulations, including various modes of action: methomyl and chlorpyriphos-ethyl (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin (sodium channel modulators), emamectin benzoate and abamectin (chloride channel activators) and Bacillus thuringiensis (a microbial disruptor of insect midgut membranes). Lethal concentrations (LC50), resistance ratios (RR50) and relative toxicity were calculated for each population and active ingredient. LC50 values for all S. frugiperda populations were, in order of importance: emamectin benzoate (0.33–0.38 µg/l), methomyl (18–73 mg/l), abamectin (58–430 mg/l), chlorpyrifos-ethyl (199–377 mg/l), deltamethrin (70–541 mg/l) and lambda-cyhalothrin (268–895 mg/l). LC50 of the B. thuringiensis formulation ranged from 430 to 614 MIU/l. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the least efficient of the tested chemical pesticides, and emamectin benzoate the most efficient (relative toxicity ×2 712 969). Methomyl (×49), abamectin (×15), deltamethrin (×13), chlorpyriphos-ethyl (×4) were also more toxic than lambda-cyhalothrin. Based on these results, we conclude that emamectin benzoate, methomyl and chlorpyriphos-ethyl insecticides are the most efficient for the control of the fall armyworm in Burkina Faso. We discuss the importance to implement a national-level resistance survey for this major pest, which would allow rapid and efficient adaptation of the control strategy.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"435 - 444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42264783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Al-Mekhlafi, R. Alajmi, F. M. A. Al Galil, L. A. Al-Keridis, Z. Almusawi, S. K. Alhag, R.A. El Hadi Mohamed, L. Al-Shuraym
This study dealt with the ant species that were identified on albino rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) carcasses in two habitats ecologically differentiated in Riyadh. The study was conducted from 14 January to 23 February 2018, at Al-Dir'iya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 502 ants in three subfamilies and seven species were classified and recorded during the putrification process. From the carcasses placed in a botanical garden, Tapinoma magnum, Tetramorium sericeiventre, Tetramorium semilaeve, Monomorium sp., Paratrechina longicornis, Camponotus fellah and Cataglyphis albicans were recorded. But, from the carcasses kept on the building roof of the college a Tapinoma magnum and P. longicornis were only recorded. The carcasses at the botanical garden involved the maximum number of ants compared to the carcasses at the roof. The most-encountered species at both sites was T. magnum. This study showed that ant species could be present during the bloat, decay and dry stages of decomposition, demonstrating they were not an indicator of insect succession. This data suggest that specific ant species of the Formicidae family could play critical roles in forensic entomology and as biological tools in criminal investigations in Al-Dir'iya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"A Preliminary Study on Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Attracted to Albino Rat Carcasses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","authors":"F. Al-Mekhlafi, R. Alajmi, F. M. A. Al Galil, L. A. Al-Keridis, Z. Almusawi, S. K. Alhag, R.A. El Hadi Mohamed, L. Al-Shuraym","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0499","url":null,"abstract":"This study dealt with the ant species that were identified on albino rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) carcasses in two habitats ecologically differentiated in Riyadh. The study was conducted from 14 January to 23 February 2018, at Al-Dir'iya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 502 ants in three subfamilies and seven species were classified and recorded during the putrification process. From the carcasses placed in a botanical garden, Tapinoma magnum, Tetramorium sericeiventre, Tetramorium semilaeve, Monomorium sp., Paratrechina longicornis, Camponotus fellah and Cataglyphis albicans were recorded. But, from the carcasses kept on the building roof of the college a Tapinoma magnum and P. longicornis were only recorded. The carcasses at the botanical garden involved the maximum number of ants compared to the carcasses at the roof. The most-encountered species at both sites was T. magnum. This study showed that ant species could be present during the bloat, decay and dry stages of decomposition, demonstrating they were not an indicator of insect succession. This data suggest that specific ant species of the Formicidae family could play critical roles in forensic entomology and as biological tools in criminal investigations in Al-Dir'iya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"499 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48181097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B.H. Fakazi, M. Buthelezi, G. E. Zharare, S. Mlambo, F. Fon
Mopane worm is the edible larva of Imbrasia (Gonimbrasia) belina (Westwood, 1894), a species of emperor moth that is generally found in central and southern African tropical regions. Both over-harvesting of larvae and the destruction of the mopane woodlands are threatening its biodiversity. An insect with a description matching that of I. belina was observed in the northern coastal region of KwaZulu-Natal, a subtropical biota. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the potential of the northern coastal region of KwaZulu-Natal as a sanctuary for I. belina. The presence of I. belina in the subtropical biota of the coastal region of KwaZulu-Natal was confirmed through mitochondrion CO1 gene sequences, this being so far its southernmost occurrence. Field surveys revealed the occurrence of four morphologically distinct variants within the uMkhanyakude District, inclusive of the protected iSimangaliso Wetland Park and Hluhluwe Game Reserve from the beginning of September to early November as do most of the populations in the mopane woodlands but differs from them by having one outbreak per season instead of two. Imbrasia belina is polyphagous and feeds off hosts including marula (Sclerocarya birrea [(A. Rich.) Hochst.] [Anacardiaceae]) and seven other tree species. There is therefore scope to use the northern KwaZulu-Natal coastal region as a sanctuary for biodiversity conservation of I. belina. There are initiatives to cultivate marula for its fruit in the region, which further increases the potential of the area as a sanctuary for I. belina by farming marula for both its fruit and I. belina. The protected nature reserves present in the region will ensure areas of controlled use by humans.
{"title":"The Occurrence and Characteristics of Imbrasia belina (Westwood, 1849) in the Subtropical Region of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa","authors":"B.H. Fakazi, M. Buthelezi, G. E. Zharare, S. Mlambo, F. Fon","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0381","url":null,"abstract":"Mopane worm is the edible larva of Imbrasia (Gonimbrasia) belina (Westwood, 1894), a species of emperor moth that is generally found in central and southern African tropical regions. Both over-harvesting of larvae and the destruction of the mopane woodlands are threatening its biodiversity. An insect with a description matching that of I. belina was observed in the northern coastal region of KwaZulu-Natal, a subtropical biota. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the potential of the northern coastal region of KwaZulu-Natal as a sanctuary for I. belina. The presence of I. belina in the subtropical biota of the coastal region of KwaZulu-Natal was confirmed through mitochondrion CO1 gene sequences, this being so far its southernmost occurrence. Field surveys revealed the occurrence of four morphologically distinct variants within the uMkhanyakude District, inclusive of the protected iSimangaliso Wetland Park and Hluhluwe Game Reserve from the beginning of September to early November as do most of the populations in the mopane woodlands but differs from them by having one outbreak per season instead of two. Imbrasia belina is polyphagous and feeds off hosts including marula (Sclerocarya birrea [(A. Rich.) Hochst.] [Anacardiaceae]) and seven other tree species. There is therefore scope to use the northern KwaZulu-Natal coastal region as a sanctuary for biodiversity conservation of I. belina. There are initiatives to cultivate marula for its fruit in the region, which further increases the potential of the area as a sanctuary for I. belina by farming marula for both its fruit and I. belina. The protected nature reserves present in the region will ensure areas of controlled use by humans.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"381 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42368585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the family Steinernematidae are effective biological control agents against important pest insects. The in vitro liquid culture method of mass production is used to produce EPNs of high quantity, quality and with reduced cost by upscaling. The first step in liquid mass production is the use of shake flasks to obtain monoxenic infective juvenile (IJ) inoculum for optimisation purposes, followed by upscaling to a desktop fermenter. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of the addition of agar and glucose to the culture medium, as well as assessing the impact of bacterial cell density inoculum on IJ recovery and yield. Steinernema jeffreyense was cultured in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, with the mutualistic bacterium Xenorhabdus khoisanae. In this study the impact of four different agar and glucose concentrations showed negligible impact on nematode recovery and yield. Different initial bacterial inoculum densities inoculated to the culture medium showed a low inoculum density of 2 % (6 × 106 cells) of the bacteria culture to be the optimal inoculum concentration. A bacterial growth curve for X. khoisanae in tryptic soy broth, showed 40–44 h to be the optimum time for introduction of the initial nematode inoculum into the complex medium.
{"title":"Effect of Glucose, Agar Supplementation and Bacterial Cell Density on the in vitro Liquid Culture of Steinernema jeffreyense","authors":"M. D. Dunn, P. D. Belur, A. Malan","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0423","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the family Steinernematidae are effective biological control agents against important pest insects. The in vitro liquid culture method of mass production is used to produce EPNs of high quantity, quality and with reduced cost by upscaling. The first step in liquid mass production is the use of shake flasks to obtain monoxenic infective juvenile (IJ) inoculum for optimisation purposes, followed by upscaling to a desktop fermenter. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of the addition of agar and glucose to the culture medium, as well as assessing the impact of bacterial cell density inoculum on IJ recovery and yield. Steinernema jeffreyense was cultured in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, with the mutualistic bacterium Xenorhabdus khoisanae. In this study the impact of four different agar and glucose concentrations showed negligible impact on nematode recovery and yield. Different initial bacterial inoculum densities inoculated to the culture medium showed a low inoculum density of 2 % (6 × 106 cells) of the bacteria culture to be the optimal inoculum concentration. A bacterial growth curve for X. khoisanae in tryptic soy broth, showed 40–44 h to be the optimum time for introduction of the initial nematode inoculum into the complex medium.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"423 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48904503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cedar processionary moth, Thaumetopoea bonjeani (Powel) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is one of the damaging defoliators of Atlas cedar forests in North Africa (Démolin 1988; Mouna 2013; Battisti et al. 2015; Rahim et al. 2016; El Mokhefi et al. 2021). Thaumetopoea bonjeani is known to be monophagous on Atlas cedar which is adapted to high elevation/altitude. This species was included in the fauna of Algeria in 1986 (Démolin 1988). The negative impact of cedar processionary moth can be regarded in at least two aspects. Defoliation reduces wood growth and can also lead to drying of the wood (Rahim 2016). Infestations can also be harmful to humans, causing skin lesions (i.e. urticaria or dermatitis), conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms or even anaphylactic shock (Battisti et al. 2017). Populations of the cedar processionary moth, like many other foliage-feeding forest insects, exhibit periodic gradations or population cycles. For example, in Djurdjura Forest in northern Algeria, heavy defoliation caused cedar tree dieback since 2010 (Rahim 2016). The reasons of the increase in density are unknown, although one can speculate that these relic stands are less buffered against changes of both abiotic (weather) and biotic (natural enemies) factors. The populations of many phytophagous insects are largely determined by their natural enemies (Price et al. 1980; Wallner 1987). For example, parasitoids and predators play an important role in reducing the population density of T. bonjeani in egg batch stages (Rahim et al. 2016). However, little is known of the natural enemies of T. bonjeani at larval and pupal stages, or what role they might play in the regulation of populations. We investigated the natural enemies of T. bonjeani in the Djurdjura National Park (36°39’N 4°01’E), in natural stands of Atlas cedar (age of trees: 20–90 years). The park is 140 km southeast of Algiers, Algeria, approximately 1600 m above sea level and with a sub-humid climate. Collections were made of larvae and pupae of T. bonjeani in 2014 and 2015. All larval instars of T. bonjeani were collected at about. biweekly intervals from April to July in both years, corresponding to the larval development period. The first four larval instars were collected to 1–3 m up a tree trunk, and then taken to the laboratory (at 22 ± 2 °C) where they were reared in clear plastic containers (26.5 × 13.5 × 7.5 cm) and fed Cedrus atlantica needles. The fifth-instar larvae were collected when they began their procession that would result in pupation and placed in containers containing soil, and reared at 30 ± 2 °C. The containers were checked every other day for parasitoid emergence. Thaumetopoea bonjeani pupae were collected during August in both years of the study. The pupae that were collected were placed individually in glass tubes (70 mm × 9 mm diameter) closed with cotton plugs, until parasitoids or adult moth emerged. Dead pupae with the presence of external mycelium were separated for fu
{"title":"Natural Enemies of the Cedar Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea bonjeani (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) in Algeria","authors":"N. Rahim, G. Chakali, A. Battisti","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0674","url":null,"abstract":"The cedar processionary moth, Thaumetopoea bonjeani (Powel) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is one of the damaging defoliators of Atlas cedar forests in North Africa (Démolin 1988; Mouna 2013; Battisti et al. 2015; Rahim et al. 2016; El Mokhefi et al. 2021). Thaumetopoea bonjeani is known to be monophagous on Atlas cedar which is adapted to high elevation/altitude. This species was included in the fauna of Algeria in 1986 (Démolin 1988). The negative impact of cedar processionary moth can be regarded in at least two aspects. Defoliation reduces wood growth and can also lead to drying of the wood (Rahim 2016). Infestations can also be harmful to humans, causing skin lesions (i.e. urticaria or dermatitis), conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms or even anaphylactic shock (Battisti et al. 2017). Populations of the cedar processionary moth, like many other foliage-feeding forest insects, exhibit periodic gradations or population cycles. For example, in Djurdjura Forest in northern Algeria, heavy defoliation caused cedar tree dieback since 2010 (Rahim 2016). The reasons of the increase in density are unknown, although one can speculate that these relic stands are less buffered against changes of both abiotic (weather) and biotic (natural enemies) factors. The populations of many phytophagous insects are largely determined by their natural enemies (Price et al. 1980; Wallner 1987). For example, parasitoids and predators play an important role in reducing the population density of T. bonjeani in egg batch stages (Rahim et al. 2016). However, little is known of the natural enemies of T. bonjeani at larval and pupal stages, or what role they might play in the regulation of populations. We investigated the natural enemies of T. bonjeani in the Djurdjura National Park (36°39’N 4°01’E), in natural stands of Atlas cedar (age of trees: 20–90 years). The park is 140 km southeast of Algiers, Algeria, approximately 1600 m above sea level and with a sub-humid climate. Collections were made of larvae and pupae of T. bonjeani in 2014 and 2015. All larval instars of T. bonjeani were collected at about. biweekly intervals from April to July in both years, corresponding to the larval development period. The first four larval instars were collected to 1–3 m up a tree trunk, and then taken to the laboratory (at 22 ± 2 °C) where they were reared in clear plastic containers (26.5 × 13.5 × 7.5 cm) and fed Cedrus atlantica needles. The fifth-instar larvae were collected when they began their procession that would result in pupation and placed in containers containing soil, and reared at 30 ± 2 °C. The containers were checked every other day for parasitoid emergence. Thaumetopoea bonjeani pupae were collected during August in both years of the study. The pupae that were collected were placed individually in glass tubes (70 mm × 9 mm diameter) closed with cotton plugs, until parasitoids or adult moth emerged. Dead pupae with the presence of external mycelium were separated for fu","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"674 - 677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44363149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Mahob, D. Taliedje, H. Mahot, I. M. Ngah, S. E. Enama, C. Cilas, Y. G. F. Toguem, R. Hanna, C. B. Bilong
The African mirid bug (Sahlbergella singularis) is the most economically important insect pest in cocoa farms. Pesticide management, although controversial due to the adverse effects of these substances on the environment and on human health, remains the main option used for controlling this pest. In the recent decades, the development of alternative approaches to synthetic pesticides is a requirement. Therefore, we used neem oil (NO) and ethanolic extracts (EE) from leaves at different concentrations to evaluate, in vitro, their insecticidal potentials against mirids. Mirid mortality increased significantly with increase in concentrations, values ranged from 32.5 to 92.5 % for EE and 52.5 to 97.5 % for NO. Apart from negative controls, Tween 80 and distilled water, that showed significant low mortality rates, both extracts revealed effectiveness comparable to the reference insecticide used in controlling mirids, except for EE by ingestion. Mirids treated by contact showed significantly high mortality rates (72.5 to 97.5 %) compared to those treated by ingestion (32.5 to 70.0 %). The greatest biological effectiveness values were obtained at a concentration of 8 % by contact exposure: 0.88 ml/ml (NO) and 0.73 g/ml (EE) for LC50 and ≈1 day to both extracts for LT50. Given effectiveness comparable to that of the insecticide, both tested extracts should be considered as effective biopesticides for IPM against mirids, especially S. singularis.
{"title":"Biocontrol of the Brown Cocoa Mirids Using Neem Oil and an Ethanolic Extract from Neem under Laboratory Conditions","authors":"R. Mahob, D. Taliedje, H. Mahot, I. M. Ngah, S. E. Enama, C. Cilas, Y. G. F. Toguem, R. Hanna, C. B. Bilong","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0507","url":null,"abstract":"The African mirid bug (Sahlbergella singularis) is the most economically important insect pest in cocoa farms. Pesticide management, although controversial due to the adverse effects of these substances on the environment and on human health, remains the main option used for controlling this pest. In the recent decades, the development of alternative approaches to synthetic pesticides is a requirement. Therefore, we used neem oil (NO) and ethanolic extracts (EE) from leaves at different concentrations to evaluate, in vitro, their insecticidal potentials against mirids. Mirid mortality increased significantly with increase in concentrations, values ranged from 32.5 to 92.5 % for EE and 52.5 to 97.5 % for NO. Apart from negative controls, Tween 80 and distilled water, that showed significant low mortality rates, both extracts revealed effectiveness comparable to the reference insecticide used in controlling mirids, except for EE by ingestion. Mirids treated by contact showed significantly high mortality rates (72.5 to 97.5 %) compared to those treated by ingestion (32.5 to 70.0 %). The greatest biological effectiveness values were obtained at a concentration of 8 % by contact exposure: 0.88 ml/ml (NO) and 0.73 g/ml (EE) for LC50 and ≈1 day to both extracts for LT50. Given effectiveness comparable to that of the insecticide, both tested extracts should be considered as effective biopesticides for IPM against mirids, especially S. singularis.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"507 - 521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44465889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A review of the family Ulidiidae in Egypt is given. Twelve species assigned to six genera, two tribes and two subfamilies are confirmed to occur in Egypt, namely Ceroxys urticae (Linnaeus), Herina paludum (Fallén), H. strigulosa Walker, Melieria nigritarsis Becker, M. omissa (Meigen) [subfamily Otitinae, tribe Otitini], Physiphora alceae Preyssler, P. elbae Steyskal, P. flavipes (Karsch), P. smaragdina Loew, Timia xanthaspis (Loew), Ulidia facialis Hendel and U. wadicola Steyskal [subfamily Ulidiinae, tribe Ulidiini]. An identification key for all taxa, in addition to diagnoses, ecological comments, illustrations of head, wings and genitalia, and photographs of habitus and genitalia are provided for the species.
{"title":"The Family Ulidiidae in Egypt (Diptera: Tephritoidea)","authors":"M. El-Hawagry","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0445","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the family Ulidiidae in Egypt is given. Twelve species assigned to six genera, two tribes and two subfamilies are confirmed to occur in Egypt, namely Ceroxys urticae (Linnaeus), Herina paludum (Fallén), H. strigulosa Walker, Melieria nigritarsis Becker, M. omissa (Meigen) [subfamily Otitinae, tribe Otitini], Physiphora alceae Preyssler, P. elbae Steyskal, P. flavipes (Karsch), P. smaragdina Loew, Timia xanthaspis (Loew), Ulidia facialis Hendel and U. wadicola Steyskal [subfamily Ulidiinae, tribe Ulidiini]. An identification key for all taxa, in addition to diagnoses, ecological comments, illustrations of head, wings and genitalia, and photographs of habitus and genitalia are provided for the species.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"445 - 462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43501511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To control adults of the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pheromone Bio-Trap® containing the commercial formulation of Beauveria bassiana (Broadband™) was integrated with neem-based insecticide, (azadirachtin). Beauveria bassiana at 40 ml suspension of 1 × 109 spores/ml caused 100% mortality of RPW. The LC50 of neem-based insecticide, (azadirachtin) to RPW by direct spraying was 1810.3 ppm, whereas that by feeding was 2117.80 ppm. The lowest concentration of neem that was 100 % repellent to RPW was 800 ppm. The repellency effect of neem was integrated with the pheromone Bio-Trap in three net houses (5 × 5 m), each planted with five offshoots of palm trees (height, 1–1.5 m). In two of the net houses, wounds were made on offshoots and sprayed weekly with 800 ppm neem, and a pheromone Bio-Trap was introduced. The third net house was the control, in which wounds were made on the offshoots without the spraying of neem and a pheromone non-Bio-Trap (without fungus) was introduced. Thirty adults were introduced, and after 30 days in the net houses with the pheromone Bio-Trap, all RPW died because of contamination by fungi. The repellency of neem prevented the insects from laying eggs in the wounded offshoots, and no larvae were found. However, in the control net house, only 60 % of the adults were trapped and killed in the pheromone non-Bio-Trap, and two of the five offshoots were infested with 26–34 larvae.
{"title":"Integration of Repellency Effect of Neem-Based Insecticide and Pheromone Bio-Trap® with Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) to Control the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"M. J. Hajjar, A. Ajlan, M. Al-Ahmad","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0611","url":null,"abstract":"To control adults of the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pheromone Bio-Trap® containing the commercial formulation of Beauveria bassiana (Broadband™) was integrated with neem-based insecticide, (azadirachtin). Beauveria bassiana at 40 ml suspension of 1 × 109 spores/ml caused 100% mortality of RPW. The LC50 of neem-based insecticide, (azadirachtin) to RPW by direct spraying was 1810.3 ppm, whereas that by feeding was 2117.80 ppm. The lowest concentration of neem that was 100 % repellent to RPW was 800 ppm. The repellency effect of neem was integrated with the pheromone Bio-Trap in three net houses (5 × 5 m), each planted with five offshoots of palm trees (height, 1–1.5 m). In two of the net houses, wounds were made on offshoots and sprayed weekly with 800 ppm neem, and a pheromone Bio-Trap was introduced. The third net house was the control, in which wounds were made on the offshoots without the spraying of neem and a pheromone non-Bio-Trap (without fungus) was introduced. Thirty adults were introduced, and after 30 days in the net houses with the pheromone Bio-Trap, all RPW died because of contamination by fungi. The repellency of neem prevented the insects from laying eggs in the wounded offshoots, and no larvae were found. However, in the control net house, only 60 % of the adults were trapped and killed in the pheromone non-Bio-Trap, and two of the five offshoots were infested with 26–34 larvae.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"611 - 619"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43303032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under laboratory conditions, the alkane hydrocarbon n-pentadecane attracts gravid female tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) to potential larviposition sites. We describe field-testing of this chemical, which is the first such test for any putative tsetse larviposition pheromone. We replicated randomised block experiments at 11 sites near Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Each site comprised a cluster of four artificial warthog burrows constructed from 200-litre steel drums. We placed six trays, filled with sand and covered with leaf litter, inside each burrow. Both species of tsetse inhabiting this region entered these artificial burrows and deposited 1282 pupae in the trays during the experiments. In 13 experiments, n-pentadecane was tested at three different concentrations against a control. We were unable to find any conclusive evidence that the presence of n-pentadecane resulted in an increased larviposition rate for either G. m. morsitans or G. pallidipes. This finding was independent of the concentration of n-pentadecane used, and was not influenced by the presence or absence of added water, acetone or warthog urine. Any small effect of the pheromone is likely masked by the important physical characteristics of burrow larviposition sites. Order of magnitude increases in larviposition rates when leaf litter was added to larviposition sites were far greater than those due to the use of putative larviposition pheromones.
{"title":"Field Testing of a Putative Larviposition Pheromone for the Tsetse Fly Glossina m. morsitans Westwood","authors":"J. Hargrove, J. V. Sickle, R. Saini","doi":"10.4001/003.029.0635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0635","url":null,"abstract":"Under laboratory conditions, the alkane hydrocarbon n-pentadecane attracts gravid female tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) to potential larviposition sites. We describe field-testing of this chemical, which is the first such test for any putative tsetse larviposition pheromone. We replicated randomised block experiments at 11 sites near Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Each site comprised a cluster of four artificial warthog burrows constructed from 200-litre steel drums. We placed six trays, filled with sand and covered with leaf litter, inside each burrow. Both species of tsetse inhabiting this region entered these artificial burrows and deposited 1282 pupae in the trays during the experiments. In 13 experiments, n-pentadecane was tested at three different concentrations against a control. We were unable to find any conclusive evidence that the presence of n-pentadecane resulted in an increased larviposition rate for either G. m. morsitans or G. pallidipes. This finding was independent of the concentration of n-pentadecane used, and was not influenced by the presence or absence of added water, acetone or warthog urine. Any small effect of the pheromone is likely masked by the important physical characteristics of burrow larviposition sites. Order of magnitude increases in larviposition rates when leaf litter was added to larviposition sites were far greater than those due to the use of putative larviposition pheromones.","PeriodicalId":7566,"journal":{"name":"African Entomology","volume":"29 1","pages":"635 - 648"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42794073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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