Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092099
Jihong Sun, Zhaowen Li, Fusheng Li, Yingming Shen, Ye Qian, Tong Li
The precise identification of disease traits in the complex sugarcane planting environment not only effectively prevents the spread and outbreak of common diseases but also allows for the real-time monitoring of nutrient deficiency syndrome at the top of sugarcane, facilitating the supplementation of relevant nutrients to ensure sugarcane quality and yield. This paper proposes a human–machine collaborative sugarcane disease detection method in complex environments. Initially, data on five common sugarcane diseases—brown stripe, rust, ring spot, brown spot, and red rot—as well as two nutrient deficiency conditions—sulfur deficiency and phosphorus deficiency—were collected, totaling 11,364 images and 10 high-definition videos captured by a 4K drone. The data sets were augmented threefold using techniques such as flipping and gamma adjustment to construct a disease data set. Building upon the YOLOv8 framework, the EMA attention mechanism and Focal loss function were added to optimize the model, addressing the complex backgrounds and imbalanced positive and negative samples present in the sugarcane data set. Disease detection models EF-yolov8s, EF-yolov8m, EF-yolov8n, EF-yolov7, and EF-yolov5n were constructed and compared. Subsequently, five basic instance segmentation models of YOLOv8 were used for comparative analysis, validated using nutrient deficiency condition videos, and a human–machine integrated detection model for nutrient deficiency symptoms at the top of sugarcane was constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that our improved EF-yolov8s model outperforms other models, achieving mAP_0.5, precision, recall, and F1 scores of 89.70%, 88.70%, 86.00%, and 88.00%, respectively, highlighting the effectiveness of EF-yolov8s for sugarcane disease detection. Additionally, yolov8s-seg achieves an average precision of 80.30% with a smaller number of parameters, outperforming other models by 5.2%, 1.9%, 2.02%, and 0.92% in terms of mAP_0.5, respectively, effectively detecting nutrient deficiency symptoms and addressing the challenges of sugarcane growth monitoring and disease detection in complex environments using computer vision technology.
{"title":"EF yolov8s: A Human–Computer Collaborative Sugarcane Disease Detection Model in Complex Environment","authors":"Jihong Sun, Zhaowen Li, Fusheng Li, Yingming Shen, Ye Qian, Tong Li","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092099","url":null,"abstract":"The precise identification of disease traits in the complex sugarcane planting environment not only effectively prevents the spread and outbreak of common diseases but also allows for the real-time monitoring of nutrient deficiency syndrome at the top of sugarcane, facilitating the supplementation of relevant nutrients to ensure sugarcane quality and yield. This paper proposes a human–machine collaborative sugarcane disease detection method in complex environments. Initially, data on five common sugarcane diseases—brown stripe, rust, ring spot, brown spot, and red rot—as well as two nutrient deficiency conditions—sulfur deficiency and phosphorus deficiency—were collected, totaling 11,364 images and 10 high-definition videos captured by a 4K drone. The data sets were augmented threefold using techniques such as flipping and gamma adjustment to construct a disease data set. Building upon the YOLOv8 framework, the EMA attention mechanism and Focal loss function were added to optimize the model, addressing the complex backgrounds and imbalanced positive and negative samples present in the sugarcane data set. Disease detection models EF-yolov8s, EF-yolov8m, EF-yolov8n, EF-yolov7, and EF-yolov5n were constructed and compared. Subsequently, five basic instance segmentation models of YOLOv8 were used for comparative analysis, validated using nutrient deficiency condition videos, and a human–machine integrated detection model for nutrient deficiency symptoms at the top of sugarcane was constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that our improved EF-yolov8s model outperforms other models, achieving mAP_0.5, precision, recall, and F1 scores of 89.70%, 88.70%, 86.00%, and 88.00%, respectively, highlighting the effectiveness of EF-yolov8s for sugarcane disease detection. Additionally, yolov8s-seg achieves an average precision of 80.30% with a smaller number of parameters, outperforming other models by 5.2%, 1.9%, 2.02%, and 0.92% in terms of mAP_0.5, respectively, effectively detecting nutrient deficiency symptoms and addressing the challenges of sugarcane growth monitoring and disease detection in complex environments using computer vision technology.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092095
Zhiyou Zou, Aziz Khan, Adnan Khan, Zhongyi Tao, Sheng Zhang, Qiteng Long, Jinfu Lin, Shunshe Luo
Salt is a potent abiotic stress that arrests plant growth by impairing their physio-biochemical and molecular processes. However, it is unknown how the ABA signaling system and vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter proteins induce stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. The present study aimed to identify salt-responsive proteins and signaling pathways involved in the resistance of wheat to salt stress. We explored the proteome profile, 20 amino acids, 14 carbohydrates, 8 major phytohormones, ion content, and salt tolerance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv.) under 200 mM NaCl with control plants for six days. The results showed that amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glutamine, and aspartic acid were highly expressed under salt stress compared with control plants, suggesting that amino acids are the main players in salinity tolerance. The ABA signaling system was activated in response to salinity stress through the modulation of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and ABA-responsive element binding factor (ABF), resulting in an ABA-mediated downstream response. Additionally, the vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter was identified as a key protein in salt stress tolerance via compartmentalizing Na+ in the vacuole. Furthermore, a significant increase in the abundance of the 14-3-3 protein was noticed in salt-fed plants, suggesting that this protein plays an important role in Na+ compartmentalization. Moreover, up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin-scavenged reactive oxygen species resulted in improved plant growth under salt stress. These data will help to identify salt-responsive proteins that can be used in future breeding programs to develop salt-tolerant varieties.
盐是一种强烈的非生物胁迫，它通过损害植物的生理生化和分子过程来抑制植物的生长。然而，ABA 信号系统和液泡型 Na+/H+ 反转运蛋白如何诱导小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）幼苗的抗逆性尚不清楚。本研究旨在鉴定参与小麦抗盐胁迫的盐响应蛋白和信号通路。我们研究了小麦（Triticum aestivum L., cv.）在 200 mM NaCl 条件下与对照植株六天的蛋白质组概况、20 种氨基酸、14 种碳水化合物、8 种主要植物激素、离子含量和耐盐基因。结果表明，与对照植物相比，丙氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酰胺和天门冬氨酸等氨基酸在盐胁迫下高表达，表明氨基酸是耐盐性的主要角色。在盐胁迫下，ABA 信号系统通过调节蛋白磷酸酶 2C（PP2C）和 ABA 响应元件结合因子（ABF）被激活，从而产生 ABA 介导的下游响应。此外，研究还发现液泡型 Na+/H+ 反转运体通过将 Na+ 分隔在液泡中，成为耐盐胁迫的关键蛋白。此外，盐饲植物中 14-3-3 蛋白的丰度明显增加，表明该蛋白在 Na+ 区隔中发挥着重要作用。此外，抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）和硫氧还蛋白清除的活性氧的上调改善了植物在盐胁迫下的生长。这些数据将有助于确定盐反应蛋白，可用于未来的育种计划，培育耐盐品种。
{"title":"Activation of ABA Signaling Pathway and Up-Regulation of Salt-Responsive Genes Confer Salt Stress Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seedlings","authors":"Zhiyou Zou, Aziz Khan, Adnan Khan, Zhongyi Tao, Sheng Zhang, Qiteng Long, Jinfu Lin, Shunshe Luo","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092095","url":null,"abstract":"Salt is a potent abiotic stress that arrests plant growth by impairing their physio-biochemical and molecular processes. However, it is unknown how the ABA signaling system and vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter proteins induce stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. The present study aimed to identify salt-responsive proteins and signaling pathways involved in the resistance of wheat to salt stress. We explored the proteome profile, 20 amino acids, 14 carbohydrates, 8 major phytohormones, ion content, and salt tolerance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv.) under 200 mM NaCl with control plants for six days. The results showed that amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glutamine, and aspartic acid were highly expressed under salt stress compared with control plants, suggesting that amino acids are the main players in salinity tolerance. The ABA signaling system was activated in response to salinity stress through the modulation of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and ABA-responsive element binding factor (ABF), resulting in an ABA-mediated downstream response. Additionally, the vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter was identified as a key protein in salt stress tolerance via compartmentalizing Na+ in the vacuole. Furthermore, a significant increase in the abundance of the 14-3-3 protein was noticed in salt-fed plants, suggesting that this protein plays an important role in Na+ compartmentalization. Moreover, up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin-scavenged reactive oxygen species resulted in improved plant growth under salt stress. These data will help to identify salt-responsive proteins that can be used in future breeding programs to develop salt-tolerant varieties.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growth of the population and the development of modern industry and the economy, the problem of heavy metal pollution in cultivated soil has become increasingly prominent. Moreover, heavy metal poses a serious threat to plant growth due to its characteristics of difficult degradation, high mobility, easy enrichment, and potential toxicity and has become a social topic. Melatonin is a new type of plant hormone widely present in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria, and its biological role has begun investigated in the last dozen years. Facing heavy metal stress, melatonin can play a pleiotropic role in the physiological processes of plants, such as stress resistance and growth regulation, mitigate the damage caused by stress on plants, and provide a new research idea for alleviating heavy metal stress in plants. From the aspects of the plant phenotype, physiology, element absorption, and molecular structure, this paper, therefore, mainly reviews the effects of melatonin on plants subjected to heavy metal stress and the mechanism of melatonin alleviating heavy metal stress and then puts forward future research directions. This information may be of great significance to the normal growth of crops under heavy metal stress and will provide an important theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of crop resistance in the future.
{"title":"Facing Heavy Metal Stress, What Are the Positive Responses of Melatonin in Plants: A Review","authors":"Xianghan Cheng, Xiaolei Liu, Feifei Liu, Yuantong Yang, Taiji Kou","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092094","url":null,"abstract":"With the growth of the population and the development of modern industry and the economy, the problem of heavy metal pollution in cultivated soil has become increasingly prominent. Moreover, heavy metal poses a serious threat to plant growth due to its characteristics of difficult degradation, high mobility, easy enrichment, and potential toxicity and has become a social topic. Melatonin is a new type of plant hormone widely present in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria, and its biological role has begun investigated in the last dozen years. Facing heavy metal stress, melatonin can play a pleiotropic role in the physiological processes of plants, such as stress resistance and growth regulation, mitigate the damage caused by stress on plants, and provide a new research idea for alleviating heavy metal stress in plants. From the aspects of the plant phenotype, physiology, element absorption, and molecular structure, this paper, therefore, mainly reviews the effects of melatonin on plants subjected to heavy metal stress and the mechanism of melatonin alleviating heavy metal stress and then puts forward future research directions. This information may be of great significance to the normal growth of crops under heavy metal stress and will provide an important theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of crop resistance in the future.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092092
Ismail Tas, Sevim Akcura, Mahmut Kaplan, Barbara Jagosz, Atılgan Atılgan, Joanna Kocięcka, Roman Rolbiecki, Daniel Liberacki, Stanisław Rolbiecki
One of the oldest oilseed crops is sesame, which is mainly cultivated due to its valuable oleic/linolenic fatty acid ratio. The application of precise irrigation and fertilisation is crucial to ensure the continuity and productivity of sesame production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to determine the effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen levels on sesame’s oil and fatty acid composition. For this purpose, four nitrogen doses (N0: 0 kg ha−1, N30: 30 kg ha−1, N60: 60 kg ha−1 and N90: 90 kg ha−1) and three different irrigation water levels (I50, I75 and I100, which correspond to 50, 75 and 100% evaporation levels from the evaporation of the Class A pan) were applied. The highest oleic acid content (43.06%) was obtained for the I75N90 treatment. In the case of linoleic fatty acid, the greatest value (43.66%) was for I50N0 treatment. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen doses on oleic acid and linoleic acid content were inverse of each other. An increase in applied irrigation water increased the linoleic acid content. However, it caused a decrease in oleic acid content. Increasing the nitrogen dose increased the oleic acid content and caused a decrease in linoleic acid content. Furthermore, this study showed that the I50N60 treatment (50% Epan and a rate of 60 kg N ha−1) is the most effective for achieving high grain and oil yields in sesame cultivation. The results obtained provide practical guidance for farmers in sesame cultivation.
芝麻是历史最悠久的油料作物之一，种植芝麻的主要原因是其宝贵的油酸/亚麻酸脂肪酸比例。精确灌溉和施肥对确保芝麻生产的连续性和生产力至关重要，尤其是在干旱和半干旱地区。本研究旨在确定滴灌和氮肥水平对芝麻油和脂肪酸组成的影响。为此，采用了四种氮肥剂量（N0：0 千克/公顷-1、N30：30 千克/公顷-1、N60：60 千克/公顷-1 和 N90：90 千克/公顷-1）和三种不同的灌溉水位（I50、I75 和 I100，分别相当于 A 级水盘蒸发量的 50%、75% 和 100%）。I75N90 处理的油酸含量最高（43.06%）。亚油酸含量最高的是 I50N0 处理（43.66%）。灌溉和氮剂量对油酸和亚油酸含量的影响互为相反。灌溉水量的增加提高了亚油酸含量。然而，它却导致油酸含量下降。增加施氮量会增加油酸含量，但会降低亚油酸含量。此外，该研究还表明，I50N60 处理（50% Epan 和 60 kg N ha-1）是芝麻种植中实现高产的最有效方法。研究结果为农民种植芝麻提供了实际指导。
{"title":"The Effect of Drip Irrigation and Nitrogen Levels on the Oil and Fatty Acid Composition of Sesame and Its Economic Analysis","authors":"Ismail Tas, Sevim Akcura, Mahmut Kaplan, Barbara Jagosz, Atılgan Atılgan, Joanna Kocięcka, Roman Rolbiecki, Daniel Liberacki, Stanisław Rolbiecki","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092092","url":null,"abstract":"One of the oldest oilseed crops is sesame, which is mainly cultivated due to its valuable oleic/linolenic fatty acid ratio. The application of precise irrigation and fertilisation is crucial to ensure the continuity and productivity of sesame production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to determine the effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen levels on sesame’s oil and fatty acid composition. For this purpose, four nitrogen doses (N0: 0 kg ha−1, N30: 30 kg ha−1, N60: 60 kg ha−1 and N90: 90 kg ha−1) and three different irrigation water levels (I50, I75 and I100, which correspond to 50, 75 and 100% evaporation levels from the evaporation of the Class A pan) were applied. The highest oleic acid content (43.06%) was obtained for the I75N90 treatment. In the case of linoleic fatty acid, the greatest value (43.66%) was for I50N0 treatment. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen doses on oleic acid and linoleic acid content were inverse of each other. An increase in applied irrigation water increased the linoleic acid content. However, it caused a decrease in oleic acid content. Increasing the nitrogen dose increased the oleic acid content and caused a decrease in linoleic acid content. Furthermore, this study showed that the I50N60 treatment (50% Epan and a rate of 60 kg N ha−1) is the most effective for achieving high grain and oil yields in sesame cultivation. The results obtained provide practical guidance for farmers in sesame cultivation.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092093
Alice Adenike Olatunji, Andrew Saba Gana, Kehinde D. Tolorunse, Paterne A. Agre, Patrick Adebola, Asrat Asfaw
Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a main staple tuber crop in Nigeria and the West African region. Its performance is determined by genotypes and also the environment of growth. This study assessed the agronomic performance and yield stability of elite white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) genotypes across diverse Nigerian environments. A total of 25 genotypes were evaluated at three locations in two consecutive growing seasons, 2022 and 2023, for fresh tuber yield, disease resistance, and tuber quality traits. The genotype’s performance and stability for the measured traits were assessed using various analytical tools such as additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and multi-trait stability index (MTSI). The AMMI analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypes and across the environments for all traits (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). The PCA revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained a substantial portion of the total variation (49.84%). The MTSI identified four clones: G18, G19, G24, and G16 as promising candidates for improved yam production in Nigeria with high and stable performance for the multiple traits.
{"title":"Agronomic Performance and Yield Stability of Elite White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Genotypes Grown in Multiple Environments in Nigeria","authors":"Alice Adenike Olatunji, Andrew Saba Gana, Kehinde D. Tolorunse, Paterne A. Agre, Patrick Adebola, Asrat Asfaw","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092093","url":null,"abstract":"Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a main staple tuber crop in Nigeria and the West African region. Its performance is determined by genotypes and also the environment of growth. This study assessed the agronomic performance and yield stability of elite white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) genotypes across diverse Nigerian environments. A total of 25 genotypes were evaluated at three locations in two consecutive growing seasons, 2022 and 2023, for fresh tuber yield, disease resistance, and tuber quality traits. The genotype’s performance and stability for the measured traits were assessed using various analytical tools such as additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and multi-trait stability index (MTSI). The AMMI analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypes and across the environments for all traits (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). The PCA revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained a substantial portion of the total variation (49.84%). The MTSI identified four clones: G18, G19, G24, and G16 as promising candidates for improved yam production in Nigeria with high and stable performance for the multiple traits.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092090
Jing Li, Ning Yu, Can-Can Lv, Long Tie, Jia-Ju Pang, Jin-Wang Zhang, Jun Wang
Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a precious medicinal tree species in northeast China. However, P. amurense resources have been severely destroyed due to uncontrolled overharvest and the limited innovation of new germplasms by traditional cross-breeding. In this study, polyploid breeding was introduced to the improvement program of P. amurense. Fifty-four tetraploid plants of P. amurense were first produced by colchicine-induced adventitious bud chromosome doubling in stem segment explants. The induction frequency reached 36.16% (1.0 g L−1 colchicine solution for 48 h treatment) and 50.00% (2.0 g L−1 colchicine solution for 24 h treatment), respectively, showing the high efficiency of the somatic chromosome doubling based on the organogenesis system. Tetraploidization resulted in significant phenotypic variation, such as larger and thicker leaves, thicker stems, and bigger stomata. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis identified 59 differentially accumulated alkaloids (DAAs) between the leaf and stem samples of tetraploids, including 32 upregulated and 27 downregulated in stems. For both leaf and stem samples, 18 DAAs were identified between diploids and tetraploids, with 16 DAAs upregulated in tetraploid leaves and 8 upregulated in tetraploid stems, suggesting that polyploidization caused significant alterations in alkaloid contents in leaves and stems of P. amurense. The contents of the main medicinal compounds, such as berberine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, and palmatine, increased significantly in the leaf and/or stem samples after polyploidization. This finding implied that polyploid breeding might be an effective approach for improving P. amurense, beneficial to preserving and exploiting natural resources.
黄柏是中国东北地区的珍贵药用树种。然而，由于无节制的过度采伐和传统杂交育种对新种质创新的限制，黄柏资源遭到严重破坏。在本研究中，多倍体育种被引入到 P. amurense 的改良计划中。通过秋水仙素诱导茎段外植体不定芽染色体加倍，首次培育出 54 株四倍体 P. amurense。其诱导频率分别达到 36.16%（1.0 g L-1 秋水仙素溶液处理 48 小时）和 50.00%（2.0 g L-1 秋水仙素溶液处理 24 小时），显示了基于器官发生系统的体细胞染色体加倍的高效性。四倍体化导致了显著的表型差异，如叶片更大更厚、茎更粗、气孔更大等。超高效液相色谱-质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）分析在四倍体的叶片和茎样本中发现了59种差异积累的生物碱（DAAs），其中茎中上调32种，下调27种。在叶片和茎样本中，二倍体和四倍体之间共鉴定出 18 种 DAAs，其中 16 种 DAAs 在四倍体叶片中上调，8 种 DAAs 在四倍体茎中上调，这表明多倍体化引起了 P. amurense 叶片和茎中生物碱含量的显著变化。小檗碱、药根碱、黄柏碱和巴马汀等主要药用化合物的含量在多倍体化后的叶片和/或茎样本中显著增加。这一发现表明，多倍体育种可能是改良 P. amurense 的有效方法，有利于保护和开发自然资源。
{"title":"Induction of Tetraploids in Phellodendron amurense Rupr. and Its Effects on Morphology and Alkaloid Content","authors":"Jing Li, Ning Yu, Can-Can Lv, Long Tie, Jia-Ju Pang, Jin-Wang Zhang, Jun Wang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092090","url":null,"abstract":"Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a precious medicinal tree species in northeast China. However, P. amurense resources have been severely destroyed due to uncontrolled overharvest and the limited innovation of new germplasms by traditional cross-breeding. In this study, polyploid breeding was introduced to the improvement program of P. amurense. Fifty-four tetraploid plants of P. amurense were first produced by colchicine-induced adventitious bud chromosome doubling in stem segment explants. The induction frequency reached 36.16% (1.0 g L−1 colchicine solution for 48 h treatment) and 50.00% (2.0 g L−1 colchicine solution for 24 h treatment), respectively, showing the high efficiency of the somatic chromosome doubling based on the organogenesis system. Tetraploidization resulted in significant phenotypic variation, such as larger and thicker leaves, thicker stems, and bigger stomata. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) analysis identified 59 differentially accumulated alkaloids (DAAs) between the leaf and stem samples of tetraploids, including 32 upregulated and 27 downregulated in stems. For both leaf and stem samples, 18 DAAs were identified between diploids and tetraploids, with 16 DAAs upregulated in tetraploid leaves and 8 upregulated in tetraploid stems, suggesting that polyploidization caused significant alterations in alkaloid contents in leaves and stems of P. amurense. The contents of the main medicinal compounds, such as berberine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, and palmatine, increased significantly in the leaf and/or stem samples after polyploidization. This finding implied that polyploid breeding might be an effective approach for improving P. amurense, beneficial to preserving and exploiting natural resources.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092089
Yanbing Chi, Chenchen Wei, Peiling Yang, Ning Ma
Reclaimed water (RW), as a reliable and renewable secondary water source, has become a crucial strategy for many countries to supplement agricultural water usage and alleviate water scarcity. However, despite the increasing use of RW, there has been limited research on the factors affecting soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under RW irrigation. Understanding these factors is essential for guiding RW irrigation practices and controlling greenhouse gas emissions. This research, conducted from 2014 to 2015, includes field experiments designed to systematically assess the effects of soil chemistry properties and temperature on soil N2O emissions under RW irrigation. Subsequent to these field studies, soil samples were collected for 15N isotope trials to examine the impact of RW on the soil N2O production process, including autotrophic nitrification, heterotrophic nitrification, and denitrification. The results showed that RW irrigation influenced soil N2O emissions by affecting soil pH, but not through changes in soil total nitrogen (TN) or soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Moreover, compared to groundwater (UW) irrigation, RW irrigation significantly reduced the temperature sensitivity of soil N2O emissions. The 15N isotope labeling trial indicated that autotrophic nitrification was the primary pathway for soil N2O production under RW irrigation, contributing 60.46%—significantly higher than that observed with UW irrigation. Primary treated sewage (PW) significantly increased soil N2O emissions through the heterotrophic nitrification process compared to RW, with contributions rising from 11.31% to 13.23%. Additionally, RW, compared to UW, significantly increased the copy numbers of soil nitrification genes (ammonia-oxidizing archaea [AOA-amoA]) and denitrification genes (nitrite reductase [nirK and nirS]). Therefore, it is important to appropriately control the nitrification process and balance soil pH to manage soil N2O emissions under RW irrigation.
{"title":"Determinants and Pathways of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soil Irrigated with Reclaimed Water","authors":"Yanbing Chi, Chenchen Wei, Peiling Yang, Ning Ma","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092089","url":null,"abstract":"Reclaimed water (RW), as a reliable and renewable secondary water source, has become a crucial strategy for many countries to supplement agricultural water usage and alleviate water scarcity. However, despite the increasing use of RW, there has been limited research on the factors affecting soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under RW irrigation. Understanding these factors is essential for guiding RW irrigation practices and controlling greenhouse gas emissions. This research, conducted from 2014 to 2015, includes field experiments designed to systematically assess the effects of soil chemistry properties and temperature on soil N2O emissions under RW irrigation. Subsequent to these field studies, soil samples were collected for 15N isotope trials to examine the impact of RW on the soil N2O production process, including autotrophic nitrification, heterotrophic nitrification, and denitrification. The results showed that RW irrigation influenced soil N2O emissions by affecting soil pH, but not through changes in soil total nitrogen (TN) or soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Moreover, compared to groundwater (UW) irrigation, RW irrigation significantly reduced the temperature sensitivity of soil N2O emissions. The 15N isotope labeling trial indicated that autotrophic nitrification was the primary pathway for soil N2O production under RW irrigation, contributing 60.46%—significantly higher than that observed with UW irrigation. Primary treated sewage (PW) significantly increased soil N2O emissions through the heterotrophic nitrification process compared to RW, with contributions rising from 11.31% to 13.23%. Additionally, RW, compared to UW, significantly increased the copy numbers of soil nitrification genes (ammonia-oxidizing archaea [AOA-amoA]) and denitrification genes (nitrite reductase [nirK and nirS]). Therefore, it is important to appropriately control the nitrification process and balance soil pH to manage soil N2O emissions under RW irrigation.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092091
Abdul Rasheed Kaleri, Jiahua Ma, Ali Murad Jakhar, Awais Ahmed, Yahya Faqir, Chengjia Tan, Slaviša Stanković, Martin Raspor
The Asian dung beetle (Catharsius molossus L.; Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) has been shown to positively affect soil bacterial diversity and the agronomic features of crop plants. In this study, we used bioinformatic tools to investigate the differences in bacterial functional phenotypes and ecological functions between control soil, cow dung-amended soil (CD), and cow dung-amended soil composted by dung beetles (DB). The soil bacterial metagenomes were sequenced and analyzed with the bioinformatic packages BugBase, PICRUSt2, Tax4Fun, and FAPROTAX to evaluate the effects of dung beetle-mediated composting on bacterial functions such as human and plant pathogenicity, trophic strategies, and soil nutrient transformation. BugBase proved useful for the determination of differences in major functional phenotypes, whereas FAPROTAX was effective at identifying differences in bacterial ecological functions between the treatments. Both tools suggested a relative decrease in human pathogens in the DB soil. This was corroborated by the pairwise comparison of abundances in bacterial species, which showed a significant reduction in the abundance of the broad-host-range pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the DB soil. In addition, FAPROTAX suggested a decrease in plant pathogens and an increase in chitinolytic bacteria, meaning that the DB treatment might be beneficial to the plant-growth-promoting bacteria involved in biological control. Finally, FAPROTAX revealed an array of ecological functions related to trophic strategies and macro- and micronutrient metabolism. According to these results, the activity of C. molossus beetles enhanced methanotrophy, ammonification, nitrification, sulfate reduction, and manganese oxidation, whereas iron respiration was decreased in the DB-treated soil. Our results represent a collection of general insights into the effects of C. molossus beetles on soil bacterial functions, which also reflect on the nutrient composition of dung beetle-composted soil.
研究表明，亚洲蜣螂（Catharsius molossus L.; Coleoptera: Scarabeidae）对土壤细菌多样性和作物农艺特征有积极影响。在本研究中，我们利用生物信息学工具研究了对照土壤、牛粪改良土壤（CD）和牛粪改良蜣螂堆肥土壤（DB）之间细菌功能表型和生态功能的差异。利用生物信息软件包 BugBase、PICRUSt2、Tax4Fun 和 FAPROTAX 对土壤细菌元基因组进行测序和分析，以评估蜣螂堆肥对细菌功能的影响，如人类和植物致病性、营养策略和土壤养分转化。事实证明，BugBase 可以确定主要功能表型的差异，而 FAPROTAX 则能有效确定不同处理之间细菌生态功能的差异。这两种工具都表明，DB 土壤中的人类病原体相对减少。细菌物种丰度的成对比较证实了这一点，该比较显示 DB 土壤中的广寄主范围病原体铜绿假单胞菌的丰度显著降低。此外，FAPROTAX 还表明植物病原体减少，甲壳素分解菌增加，这意味着 DB 处理可能有利于参与生物防治的植物生长促进菌。最后，FAPROTAX 揭示了一系列与营养策略以及宏量和微量营养元素代谢有关的生态功能。根据这些结果，甲壳虫的活动增强了 DB 处理土壤中的甲烷营养、氨化、硝化、硫酸盐还原和锰氧化作用，而铁呼吸作用则有所下降。我们的研究结果代表了关于褐飞虱对土壤细菌功能影响的总体认识，同时也反映了蜣螂堆肥土壤的养分组成。
{"title":"Composting of Cow-Dung-Amended Soil by the Dung Beetle Catharsius molossus L. Improves Bacterial Ecological Functions Related to Nitrogen Mineralization and Human and Plant Pathogenesis","authors":"Abdul Rasheed Kaleri, Jiahua Ma, Ali Murad Jakhar, Awais Ahmed, Yahya Faqir, Chengjia Tan, Slaviša Stanković, Martin Raspor","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092091","url":null,"abstract":"The Asian dung beetle (Catharsius molossus L.; Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) has been shown to positively affect soil bacterial diversity and the agronomic features of crop plants. In this study, we used bioinformatic tools to investigate the differences in bacterial functional phenotypes and ecological functions between control soil, cow dung-amended soil (CD), and cow dung-amended soil composted by dung beetles (DB). The soil bacterial metagenomes were sequenced and analyzed with the bioinformatic packages BugBase, PICRUSt2, Tax4Fun, and FAPROTAX to evaluate the effects of dung beetle-mediated composting on bacterial functions such as human and plant pathogenicity, trophic strategies, and soil nutrient transformation. BugBase proved useful for the determination of differences in major functional phenotypes, whereas FAPROTAX was effective at identifying differences in bacterial ecological functions between the treatments. Both tools suggested a relative decrease in human pathogens in the DB soil. This was corroborated by the pairwise comparison of abundances in bacterial species, which showed a significant reduction in the abundance of the broad-host-range pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the DB soil. In addition, FAPROTAX suggested a decrease in plant pathogens and an increase in chitinolytic bacteria, meaning that the DB treatment might be beneficial to the plant-growth-promoting bacteria involved in biological control. Finally, FAPROTAX revealed an array of ecological functions related to trophic strategies and macro- and micronutrient metabolism. According to these results, the activity of C. molossus beetles enhanced methanotrophy, ammonification, nitrification, sulfate reduction, and manganese oxidation, whereas iron respiration was decreased in the DB-treated soil. Our results represent a collection of general insights into the effects of C. molossus beetles on soil bacterial functions, which also reflect on the nutrient composition of dung beetle-composted soil.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092077
Rym Boukhalfa, Claudia Ruta, Saida Messgo-Moumene, Generosa J. Calabrese, Maria Pia Argentieri, Giuseppe De Mastro
This study focused on the evaluation of the phytotoxic activity of four essential oils (EOs) from the Mediterranean species of Thymus sp. pl., namely Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut., T. ciliatus Desf. subspecies coloratus (Boiss. et Reut.) Batt., T. vulgaris L. ecotype Fasano and T. vulgaris cultivar L. Varico 3, to identify new biomolecules with herbicide potential. The chemical characterization of EOs was performed by GC-MS. The evaluation of the phytotoxicity of the EOs was conducted under in vitro conditions, and the inhibition of germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were assessed. Five concentrations (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL/100 mL) were considered. Phytochemical analysis revealed a great diversity of compounds. T. algeriensis and T. ciliatus EOs were characterized by the absence of carvacrol and a low content of thymol in T. ciliatus. On the contrary, T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano and T. vulgaris cultivar Varico 3 were characterized by an important content of p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol. All the EOs expressed a potent phytotoxic activity against the tested species. The total inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth were recorded for the highest concentrations of all the EOs. T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano expressed the most effective activity.
这项研究的重点是评估四种来自地中海百里香属植物的精油（EOs）的植物毒性活性，这四种植物分别是 Thymus algeriensis Boiss.通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对环氧乙烷进行了化学鉴定。在体外条件下对环氧乙烷的植物毒性进行了评估，评估了对 Lolium perenne L. 和 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 的发芽和幼苗生长的抑制作用。共考虑了五种浓度（100、250、500、750 和 1000 µL/100 mL）。植物化学分析显示了化合物的多样性。T. algeriensis 和 T. ciliatus 有机茴香油的特点是不含香芹酚，T. ciliatus 的百里酚含量较低。相反，T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano 和 T. vulgaris cultivar Varico 3 的特征是含有大量对伞花烃、百里酚和香芹酚。所有环氧乙烷都对受测物种具有很强的植物毒性。所有环氧乙烷的最高浓度都能完全抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长。T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano 的活性最强。
{"title":"Valorization of Mediterranean Species of Thyme for the Formulation of Bio-Herbicides","authors":"Rym Boukhalfa, Claudia Ruta, Saida Messgo-Moumene, Generosa J. Calabrese, Maria Pia Argentieri, Giuseppe De Mastro","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092077","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the evaluation of the phytotoxic activity of four essential oils (EOs) from the Mediterranean species of Thymus sp. pl., namely Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut., T. ciliatus Desf. subspecies coloratus (Boiss. et Reut.) Batt., T. vulgaris L. ecotype Fasano and T. vulgaris cultivar L. Varico 3, to identify new biomolecules with herbicide potential. The chemical characterization of EOs was performed by GC-MS. The evaluation of the phytotoxicity of the EOs was conducted under in vitro conditions, and the inhibition of germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were assessed. Five concentrations (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µL/100 mL) were considered. Phytochemical analysis revealed a great diversity of compounds. T. algeriensis and T. ciliatus EOs were characterized by the absence of carvacrol and a low content of thymol in T. ciliatus. On the contrary, T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano and T. vulgaris cultivar Varico 3 were characterized by an important content of p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol. All the EOs expressed a potent phytotoxic activity against the tested species. The total inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth were recorded for the highest concentrations of all the EOs. T. vulgaris ecotype Fasano expressed the most effective activity.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092075
Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami, Ida Di Mola, Lucia Ottaiano, Eugenio Cozzolino, Luisa del Piano, Mauro Mori
This study examines the effects of biodegradable mulches on melon production and quality in a Mediterranean environment, specifically focusing on Mater-Bi and Ecovio in comparison to conventional (low-density polyethylene) LDPE mulch. Biodegradable mulches influenced soil temperature, with Mater-Bi maintaining higher maximum soil temperatures conducive to crop growth, while Ecovio exhibited lower maximum temperatures beneficial in hot summer months. Results revealed a significant increase in melon yield with biodegradable mulches, with both Ecovio and Mater-Bi demonstrating higher yields at approximately 20.41 t ha−1, showing an improvement of 23.4% compared to LDPE. Although mulching did not impact the number, weight, or distal diameter of marketable fruits, it affected the apical diameter, with Ecovio-treated plants displaying an 8.4% larger apical diameter compared to the average of all treatments. Furthermore, mulching influenced fruit quality parameters such as consistency, pulp thickness, sugar content, and anti-oxidant activity, with Mater-Bi exhibiting the best performance. Since both Mater-Bi and Ecovio possess strengths and weaknesses, selecting the optimal mulch depends on the farmer’s specific objectives and local growing conditions. Overall, the study suggests that biodegradable mulches, particularly Ecovio, offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic films, contributing to environmental preservation and enhancing melon yield and quality in Mediterranean agricultural settings.
{"title":"Evaluation of Biodegradable Mulch Films on Melon Production and Quality under Mediterranean Field Conditions","authors":"Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami, Ida Di Mola, Lucia Ottaiano, Eugenio Cozzolino, Luisa del Piano, Mauro Mori","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092075","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effects of biodegradable mulches on melon production and quality in a Mediterranean environment, specifically focusing on Mater-Bi and Ecovio in comparison to conventional (low-density polyethylene) LDPE mulch. Biodegradable mulches influenced soil temperature, with Mater-Bi maintaining higher maximum soil temperatures conducive to crop growth, while Ecovio exhibited lower maximum temperatures beneficial in hot summer months. Results revealed a significant increase in melon yield with biodegradable mulches, with both Ecovio and Mater-Bi demonstrating higher yields at approximately 20.41 t ha−1, showing an improvement of 23.4% compared to LDPE. Although mulching did not impact the number, weight, or distal diameter of marketable fruits, it affected the apical diameter, with Ecovio-treated plants displaying an 8.4% larger apical diameter compared to the average of all treatments. Furthermore, mulching influenced fruit quality parameters such as consistency, pulp thickness, sugar content, and anti-oxidant activity, with Mater-Bi exhibiting the best performance. Since both Mater-Bi and Ecovio possess strengths and weaknesses, selecting the optimal mulch depends on the farmer’s specific objectives and local growing conditions. Overall, the study suggests that biodegradable mulches, particularly Ecovio, offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic films, contributing to environmental preservation and enhancing melon yield and quality in Mediterranean agricultural settings.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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