Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092076
Long Li, Lijun Ma, Lebin Tang, Fengyan Huang, Naichuan Xiao, Long Zhang, Bo Song
Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring element often associated with lead (Pb) in the Earth’s crust, particularly in karst regions, posing significant safety hazards for locally grown rice. Identifying the key factors controlling Cd and Pb content in local rice is essential under the natural soil condition, as this will provide a crucial theoretical foundation for implementing security intervention measures within the local rice-growing industry. This study collected three types of paddy field soils with varying Cd concentrations from karst areas for pot experiments. The rice varieties tested included a low-Cd-accumulating variety, a high-Cd-accumulating variety, and a locally cultivated variety. Soil physicochemical properties and plant physiological indices were monitored throughout the rice growth stages. These data were used to construct a segmented regression model of Cd and Pb levels in rice grains based on the plant’s metabolic pathways and the structure of polynomial regression equations. Stepwise regression identified the key factors controlling Cd and Pb accumulation in rice grains. In conclusion, the key factors controlling Cd and Pb levels in rice grains should be classified into two categories: (i) factors influencing accumulation in roots and (ii) factors regulating transport from roots to grains. The aboveground translocation abilities for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in soil among the three rice varieties showed no significant interspecific differences under identical soil conditions. Soil Mg uptake by rice roots may represent a key mechanism for inhibiting soil Cd uptake by rice roots. In karst areas with high background soil Cd, increased soil organic matter (SOM) levels enhance Pb bioavailability. Additionally, the rice YXY may possess a potential for low Cd accumulation.
{"title":"Key Factors Controlling Cadmium and Lead Contents in Rice Grains of Plants Grown in Soil with Different Cadmium Levels from an Area with Typical Karst Geology","authors":"Long Li, Lijun Ma, Lebin Tang, Fengyan Huang, Naichuan Xiao, Long Zhang, Bo Song","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092076","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring element often associated with lead (Pb) in the Earth’s crust, particularly in karst regions, posing significant safety hazards for locally grown rice. Identifying the key factors controlling Cd and Pb content in local rice is essential under the natural soil condition, as this will provide a crucial theoretical foundation for implementing security intervention measures within the local rice-growing industry. This study collected three types of paddy field soils with varying Cd concentrations from karst areas for pot experiments. The rice varieties tested included a low-Cd-accumulating variety, a high-Cd-accumulating variety, and a locally cultivated variety. Soil physicochemical properties and plant physiological indices were monitored throughout the rice growth stages. These data were used to construct a segmented regression model of Cd and Pb levels in rice grains based on the plant’s metabolic pathways and the structure of polynomial regression equations. Stepwise regression identified the key factors controlling Cd and Pb accumulation in rice grains. In conclusion, the key factors controlling Cd and Pb levels in rice grains should be classified into two categories: (i) factors influencing accumulation in roots and (ii) factors regulating transport from roots to grains. The aboveground translocation abilities for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in soil among the three rice varieties showed no significant interspecific differences under identical soil conditions. Soil Mg uptake by rice roots may represent a key mechanism for inhibiting soil Cd uptake by rice roots. In karst areas with high background soil Cd, increased soil organic matter (SOM) levels enhance Pb bioavailability. Additionally, the rice YXY may possess a potential for low Cd accumulation.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092079
Paulina Bogusz, Marzena Sylwia Brodowska, Paweł Muszyński
Mineral phosphorus is a non-renewable resource that is constantly decreasing due to intensive fertilizer production. In total, 90% of mined phosphate ore is used for fertilizer purposes, so the demand for phosphorus is the highest in this sector. In this respect, it is advisable to strive to close the phosphorus cycle. In addition, economically viable phosphate-bearing deposits are concentrated in just a few locations worldwide. This comes down to the fact that most countries are simply dependent on imports of this raw material. This and the growing amount of waste have contributed to the search for alternative sources of phosphorus. One example of such phosphorus-containing waste that has fertilizer potential is sodium–potassium phosphate waste from polyol production. This article describes the effect of suspension fertilizers based on polyol production waste on the content of macronutrients in maize intended for green fodder. Fertilizers containing only basic nutrients (NPK) and fertilizers enriched with secondary components (S, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Mn, B) were evaluated. The conducted studies confirmed the effectiveness of the tested suspension fertilizers. The content of macronutrients in the dry mass of maize was at a similar level compared with the results obtained in the control, in which Fosdar was used for fertilization, which confirms the suitability of these products for agricultural use.
{"title":"The Impact of Suspension Fertilizers Based on Waste Phosphorus Salts from Polyol Production on the Content of Macronutrients in Maize Grown for Green Fodder","authors":"Paulina Bogusz, Marzena Sylwia Brodowska, Paweł Muszyński","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092079","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral phosphorus is a non-renewable resource that is constantly decreasing due to intensive fertilizer production. In total, 90% of mined phosphate ore is used for fertilizer purposes, so the demand for phosphorus is the highest in this sector. In this respect, it is advisable to strive to close the phosphorus cycle. In addition, economically viable phosphate-bearing deposits are concentrated in just a few locations worldwide. This comes down to the fact that most countries are simply dependent on imports of this raw material. This and the growing amount of waste have contributed to the search for alternative sources of phosphorus. One example of such phosphorus-containing waste that has fertilizer potential is sodium–potassium phosphate waste from polyol production. This article describes the effect of suspension fertilizers based on polyol production waste on the content of macronutrients in maize intended for green fodder. Fertilizers containing only basic nutrients (NPK) and fertilizers enriched with secondary components (S, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Mn, B) were evaluated. The conducted studies confirmed the effectiveness of the tested suspension fertilizers. The content of macronutrients in the dry mass of maize was at a similar level compared with the results obtained in the control, in which Fosdar was used for fertilization, which confirms the suitability of these products for agricultural use.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092074
Ruijun Ma, Jun Jiang, Lin Ouyang, Qingying Yang, Jiongxuan Du, Shuanglong Wu, Long Qi, Junwei Hou, Hang Xing
Soil texture is a significant attribute of soil properties. Obtaining insight into the soil texture is beneficial when making agricultural decisions during production. Nevertheless, assessing the soil texture in specific laboratory conditions entails substantial dedication, which is time-consuming and includes a high cost. In this paper, we propose a soil texture detection network by embedding the frequency channel attention network and a texture encoding network into the representation learning paradigm of the ResNet framework. Concretely, the former is reliable in exploiting the feature correlations among multi-frequency, while the latter focuses on encoding feature variables, jointly enhancing the ability of feature expression. Meanwhile, the clay, silt, and sand particles present in the soil are exported through a ResNet18 fully linked layer. Experimental results show that the correlation coefficient for predicting clay, silt, and sand content are 0.931, 0.936, and 0.957, respectively. For the root mean square error, the quantitative scores are 2.106%, 3.390%, and 3.602%, respectively. The proposed network also exhibits proposing generalization capability, yielding quite considerable results on different soil samples. Notably, the detection results are almost in agreement with the conventional laboratory measurements, and, at the same time, outperform other competitors, making it highly attractive for practical applications.
{"title":"Toward Flexible Soil Texture Detection by Exploiting Deep Spectrum and Texture Coding","authors":"Ruijun Ma, Jun Jiang, Lin Ouyang, Qingying Yang, Jiongxuan Du, Shuanglong Wu, Long Qi, Junwei Hou, Hang Xing","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092074","url":null,"abstract":"Soil texture is a significant attribute of soil properties. Obtaining insight into the soil texture is beneficial when making agricultural decisions during production. Nevertheless, assessing the soil texture in specific laboratory conditions entails substantial dedication, which is time-consuming and includes a high cost. In this paper, we propose a soil texture detection network by embedding the frequency channel attention network and a texture encoding network into the representation learning paradigm of the ResNet framework. Concretely, the former is reliable in exploiting the feature correlations among multi-frequency, while the latter focuses on encoding feature variables, jointly enhancing the ability of feature expression. Meanwhile, the clay, silt, and sand particles present in the soil are exported through a ResNet18 fully linked layer. Experimental results show that the correlation coefficient for predicting clay, silt, and sand content are 0.931, 0.936, and 0.957, respectively. For the root mean square error, the quantitative scores are 2.106%, 3.390%, and 3.602%, respectively. The proposed network also exhibits proposing generalization capability, yielding quite considerable results on different soil samples. Notably, the detection results are almost in agreement with the conventional laboratory measurements, and, at the same time, outperform other competitors, making it highly attractive for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"257 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change has been disturbing the present species distribution ranges, resulting in the shifting of cultivation areas and decreases in production and quality. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), which seeks optimum climatic resources, is a key cash crop economically in Kenya. In this study, the shifting of tea suitability was projected with the MaxEnt model under the SSP (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) climate scenarios for the 2050s and 2090s relative to the 1970–2000 distribution. Analysis under the current climatic condition showed that the proportions of optimal and medium- and marginal-suitable areas were 2%, 3%, and 24% of the total area, respectively, and located in south-western (SW), central, and north-eastern (NE) Kenya and, to some extent, in the Rift Valley. It was projected that the potential suitable tea-growing areas would migrate from the western areas to the central, eastern, and north-eastern highlands in Kenya. It was detected that the precipitation of the driest period (July), precipitation of the wettest quarter (April, May, and June), and annual temperature range could be the main climatic factors determining the shift in tea distribution. Compared to the current distribution (29%), the climatically suitable areas for tea production could reach 32.58% of Kenya’s land area under the SSP1-2.6 scenarios in the 2050s and 35.08% in the 2090s under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. On the contrary, it was found that the optimal climate-suitable habitats were projected to shrink by 2% and 1% in the 2050s and 2090s under all scenarios on the west side of the Great Rift Valley compared to the current distribution. In comparison, the sizes of medium- and marginal-suitable habitats would increase by 1% and 3%, respectively. The findings indicated that unless adaptive climate actions are taken, climate change could reduce the tea planting areas in western Kenya. Meanwhile, climate suitability was projected to expand upward on the east side of the Rift Valley, enhancing the potential distribution of tea. The developed climate information could be used to design and implement adaptation interventions in the lower elevation areas. Finally, we highlight that the available scientific literature on the climate suitability of tea in Kenya should be broadened by adding non-climatic factors.
{"title":"Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Geographical Distribution of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in Kenya with Maximum Entropy Model","authors":"Goitom Tesfay, Yuncheng Zhao, Mingyue Zhao, Kuo Li, Tsedale Demelash, Yinlong Xu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092080","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has been disturbing the present species distribution ranges, resulting in the shifting of cultivation areas and decreases in production and quality. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), which seeks optimum climatic resources, is a key cash crop economically in Kenya. In this study, the shifting of tea suitability was projected with the MaxEnt model under the SSP (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) climate scenarios for the 2050s and 2090s relative to the 1970–2000 distribution. Analysis under the current climatic condition showed that the proportions of optimal and medium- and marginal-suitable areas were 2%, 3%, and 24% of the total area, respectively, and located in south-western (SW), central, and north-eastern (NE) Kenya and, to some extent, in the Rift Valley. It was projected that the potential suitable tea-growing areas would migrate from the western areas to the central, eastern, and north-eastern highlands in Kenya. It was detected that the precipitation of the driest period (July), precipitation of the wettest quarter (April, May, and June), and annual temperature range could be the main climatic factors determining the shift in tea distribution. Compared to the current distribution (29%), the climatically suitable areas for tea production could reach 32.58% of Kenya’s land area under the SSP1-2.6 scenarios in the 2050s and 35.08% in the 2090s under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. On the contrary, it was found that the optimal climate-suitable habitats were projected to shrink by 2% and 1% in the 2050s and 2090s under all scenarios on the west side of the Great Rift Valley compared to the current distribution. In comparison, the sizes of medium- and marginal-suitable habitats would increase by 1% and 3%, respectively. The findings indicated that unless adaptive climate actions are taken, climate change could reduce the tea planting areas in western Kenya. Meanwhile, climate suitability was projected to expand upward on the east side of the Rift Valley, enhancing the potential distribution of tea. The developed climate information could be used to design and implement adaptation interventions in the lower elevation areas. Finally, we highlight that the available scientific literature on the climate suitability of tea in Kenya should be broadened by adding non-climatic factors.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foxtail millet is a traditional minor crop in China, known for its strong resistance to stress, tolerance to barren lands, and wide adaptation. Phosphorus is an essential element for crop growth and development, and the appropriate application of phosphorus can enhance crop yield and quality. However, the optimal phosphorus fertilization levels for the growth of foxtail millet have yet to be determined. This study aims to explore the effects of different phosphorus application levels (T1, T2, T3, and T4), on phosphorus accumulation and use efficiency and crop yield and quality in the foxtail millet cultivars ‘B376’ and ‘B27’, which have different phosphorus efficiencies. Additionally, we investigated the effects of phosphorus accumulation and use efficiency on the heading and filling stages of these cultivars. The results show that the total phosphorus content and accumulation levels in the ‘B376’ and ‘B27’ cultivars vary at different developmental stages and in different plant parts. Furthermore, crop yield and quality in both cultivars vary in response to the different phosphorus application levels. In terms of yield, the phosphorus-tolerant variety ‘B376’ reaches its highest at T2, while the phosphorus-sensitive variety ‘B27’ achieves its maximum yield at T3. For quality, ‘B376’ exhibits the highest moisture and crude fat content under T4, and the highest protein and the lowest amylose content under T3. On the other hand, ‘B27’ achieves its highest moisture content under T4, its highest crude fat and protein levels under T3, and its lowest amylose content under T2. Therefore, the response to different phosphorus application levels differs between the two cultivars with different phosphorus use efficiencies. Moreover, under different phosphorus fertilization levels, the average crop yield, moisture, fat, and amylose content averages of the phosphorus-tolerant ‘B376’ cultivar are 16.1%, 1.2%, 7.0%, and 4.1% higher than those of the phosphorus-sensitive ‘B27’ cultivar. Additionally, phosphorus use efficiency is positively correlated with the moisture and crude fat contents of foxtail millet. In conclusion, the phosphorus-tolerant cultivar demonstrates superior phosphorus accumulation, absorption, and utilization capacities compared to the phosphorus-sensitive cultivar. These results suggest that in the phosphorus-tolerant ‘B376’, optimal phosphorus fertilization levels enhance the development of roots, stems, and leaves at the T2 (P90) level, and promote the accumulation of moisture and crude fat in foxtail millet grains, thereby improving their taste and quality. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for phosphorus fertilizer utilization in foxtail millet cultivation and will help determine the optimal fertilization levels for foxtail millet growth.
{"title":"Effects of Phosphorus Application Levels on Its Uptake and Utilization in Foxtail Millet","authors":"Junwei Ma, Guo Wang, Xiaojie Liu, Biao Lei, Guofang Xing","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092078","url":null,"abstract":"Foxtail millet is a traditional minor crop in China, known for its strong resistance to stress, tolerance to barren lands, and wide adaptation. Phosphorus is an essential element for crop growth and development, and the appropriate application of phosphorus can enhance crop yield and quality. However, the optimal phosphorus fertilization levels for the growth of foxtail millet have yet to be determined. This study aims to explore the effects of different phosphorus application levels (T1, T2, T3, and T4), on phosphorus accumulation and use efficiency and crop yield and quality in the foxtail millet cultivars ‘B376’ and ‘B27’, which have different phosphorus efficiencies. Additionally, we investigated the effects of phosphorus accumulation and use efficiency on the heading and filling stages of these cultivars. The results show that the total phosphorus content and accumulation levels in the ‘B376’ and ‘B27’ cultivars vary at different developmental stages and in different plant parts. Furthermore, crop yield and quality in both cultivars vary in response to the different phosphorus application levels. In terms of yield, the phosphorus-tolerant variety ‘B376’ reaches its highest at T2, while the phosphorus-sensitive variety ‘B27’ achieves its maximum yield at T3. For quality, ‘B376’ exhibits the highest moisture and crude fat content under T4, and the highest protein and the lowest amylose content under T3. On the other hand, ‘B27’ achieves its highest moisture content under T4, its highest crude fat and protein levels under T3, and its lowest amylose content under T2. Therefore, the response to different phosphorus application levels differs between the two cultivars with different phosphorus use efficiencies. Moreover, under different phosphorus fertilization levels, the average crop yield, moisture, fat, and amylose content averages of the phosphorus-tolerant ‘B376’ cultivar are 16.1%, 1.2%, 7.0%, and 4.1% higher than those of the phosphorus-sensitive ‘B27’ cultivar. Additionally, phosphorus use efficiency is positively correlated with the moisture and crude fat contents of foxtail millet. In conclusion, the phosphorus-tolerant cultivar demonstrates superior phosphorus accumulation, absorption, and utilization capacities compared to the phosphorus-sensitive cultivar. These results suggest that in the phosphorus-tolerant ‘B376’, optimal phosphorus fertilization levels enhance the development of roots, stems, and leaves at the T2 (P90) level, and promote the accumulation of moisture and crude fat in foxtail millet grains, thereby improving their taste and quality. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for phosphorus fertilizer utilization in foxtail millet cultivation and will help determine the optimal fertilization levels for foxtail millet growth.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092081
Maria Vlasheva, Mariana Katsarova, Ana Dobreva, Anatolii Dzhurmanski, Petko Denev, Stela Dimitrova
The trend towards alternative medicine and naturopathy increases the interest in the use of natural products. This requires larger quantities of qualitative raw material of medicinal plants, including the well-known genus Echinacea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of E. purpurea and pallida cultivated in Kazanlak, Bulgaria. We developed and validated a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive HPLC method for the quantitative determination of chicoric, caftaric, and caffeic acids, and of cynarin, echinacoside, quercetin, and apigenin. The amount of chicoric and caftaric acids was monitored in different phases of plant development in aerial parts and roots. Maximal concentrations of chicoric acid (3.4%) were reported in roots in the seed-formation phase, and a concentration of 2.8% was reported in aerial parts in the vegetative phase. Caftaric acid was 0.9% in aerial parts in the vegetative and flowering phases and 0.5% in roots in the vegetative and seeding phases. Their amounts significantly exceed the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0. Therefore, Kazanlak-grown E. purpurea could be a reliable raw material for the formulation of phytopreparations. In addition, the proposed method was applied to the detection and determination of the above-described substances in phytopreparations containing Echinacea from commercial sources. The amounts of the tested substances were found to vary widely.
{"title":"Echinacea Species Cultivated in Bulgaria as a Source of Chicoric and Caftaric Acids","authors":"Maria Vlasheva, Mariana Katsarova, Ana Dobreva, Anatolii Dzhurmanski, Petko Denev, Stela Dimitrova","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092081","url":null,"abstract":"The trend towards alternative medicine and naturopathy increases the interest in the use of natural products. This requires larger quantities of qualitative raw material of medicinal plants, including the well-known genus Echinacea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of E. purpurea and pallida cultivated in Kazanlak, Bulgaria. We developed and validated a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive HPLC method for the quantitative determination of chicoric, caftaric, and caffeic acids, and of cynarin, echinacoside, quercetin, and apigenin. The amount of chicoric and caftaric acids was monitored in different phases of plant development in aerial parts and roots. Maximal concentrations of chicoric acid (3.4%) were reported in roots in the seed-formation phase, and a concentration of 2.8% was reported in aerial parts in the vegetative phase. Caftaric acid was 0.9% in aerial parts in the vegetative and flowering phases and 0.5% in roots in the vegetative and seeding phases. Their amounts significantly exceed the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0. Therefore, Kazanlak-grown E. purpurea could be a reliable raw material for the formulation of phytopreparations. In addition, the proposed method was applied to the detection and determination of the above-described substances in phytopreparations containing Echinacea from commercial sources. The amounts of the tested substances were found to vary widely.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The production of amylose is facilitated by granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). Despite its importance, the specific protein interactions involving barley grain-bound starch synthase Ia (HvGBSSIa) remain poorly understood. To elucidate this, we engineered a pET-32a-HvGBSSIa prokaryotic expression vector for specific expression in E. coli Rosetta cells. A rabbit anti-HvGBSSIa polyclonal antibody was generated and employed to enrich HvGBSSIa-binding proteins from barley grains through immunoprecipitation. The isolated complexes were then resolved through SDS-PAGE, and the constituent proteins were identified using mass spectrometry coupled with database searches. Our results confirmed the successful preparation of a highly specific polyclonal antibody against HvGBSSI. Furthermore, differential expression of HvGBSSIa was assessed across various barley tissues and developmental stages of the grain, revealing peak expression at 25 days post-flowering. Proteins interacting with HvGBSSIa, including sucrose synthase and starch branching enzyme, were identified through co-immunoprecipitation. This study lays the groundwork for further detailed analyses of the HvGBSSIa protein complex in barley.
{"title":"Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies to Barley Granule-Bound Amylopectin Synthase Ia and Their Application in the Characterization of Interacting Proteins","authors":"Qiyan Zhou, Boai Xi, Noman Shoaib, Yan Gao, Zhenbin Cheng, Rizwan Ali Kumbhar, Zongyun Feng, Yajie Liu, Hui Zhao, Guowu Yu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092058","url":null,"abstract":"The production of amylose is facilitated by granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). Despite its importance, the specific protein interactions involving barley grain-bound starch synthase Ia (HvGBSSIa) remain poorly understood. To elucidate this, we engineered a pET-32a-HvGBSSIa prokaryotic expression vector for specific expression in E. coli Rosetta cells. A rabbit anti-HvGBSSIa polyclonal antibody was generated and employed to enrich HvGBSSIa-binding proteins from barley grains through immunoprecipitation. The isolated complexes were then resolved through SDS-PAGE, and the constituent proteins were identified using mass spectrometry coupled with database searches. Our results confirmed the successful preparation of a highly specific polyclonal antibody against HvGBSSI. Furthermore, differential expression of HvGBSSIa was assessed across various barley tissues and developmental stages of the grain, revealing peak expression at 25 days post-flowering. Proteins interacting with HvGBSSIa, including sucrose synthase and starch branching enzyme, were identified through co-immunoprecipitation. This study lays the groundwork for further detailed analyses of the HvGBSSIa protein complex in barley.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14092063
Ana Cervera-Mata, Leslie Lara-Ramos, José Ángel Rufián-Henares, Jesús Fernández-Bayo, Gabriel Delgado, Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga
The transformation of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) into hydrochars has been extensively studied in recent years to explore their potential in biofortifying foods and mitigating the plant toxicity associated with SCGs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding activated (ASCG and AH160) and functionalized SCGs, as well as SCG-derived hydrochars (ASCG-Fe and AH160-Fe), on cucumber production and plant iron content. To achieve this, SCGs and SCG-derived hydrochars activated and functionalized with Fe were incorporated into cucumber crops grown in a greenhouse over multiple harvests. Among the treatments, SCG-Fe proved to be the most promising for cucumber production, yielding an average of 25 kg of cumulative production per treatment across three harvests. Regarding iron content, the average results across all harvests showed that SCGs and functionalized SCG-hydrochars matched the performance of the commercial chelate (0.108 vs. 0.11 mg Fe/100 g fresh weight). However, in subsequent harvests, iron appeared to leach out, with the activated bio-products (ASCG and AH160) leaving the highest iron reserves in the soil. Additionally, the hydrochar activated at 160 °C demonstrated the highest utilization efficiency. In conclusion, the incorporation of SCG residues and second-generation residues (hydrochars) shows promise as agents for biofortifying cucumbers.
{"title":"Biofortification of Cucumbers with Iron Using Bio-Chelates Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds: A Greenhouse Trial","authors":"Ana Cervera-Mata, Leslie Lara-Ramos, José Ángel Rufián-Henares, Jesús Fernández-Bayo, Gabriel Delgado, Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092063","url":null,"abstract":"The transformation of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) into hydrochars has been extensively studied in recent years to explore their potential in biofortifying foods and mitigating the plant toxicity associated with SCGs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding activated (ASCG and AH160) and functionalized SCGs, as well as SCG-derived hydrochars (ASCG-Fe and AH160-Fe), on cucumber production and plant iron content. To achieve this, SCGs and SCG-derived hydrochars activated and functionalized with Fe were incorporated into cucumber crops grown in a greenhouse over multiple harvests. Among the treatments, SCG-Fe proved to be the most promising for cucumber production, yielding an average of 25 kg of cumulative production per treatment across three harvests. Regarding iron content, the average results across all harvests showed that SCGs and functionalized SCG-hydrochars matched the performance of the commercial chelate (0.108 vs. 0.11 mg Fe/100 g fresh weight). However, in subsequent harvests, iron appeared to leach out, with the activated bio-products (ASCG and AH160) leaving the highest iron reserves in the soil. Additionally, the hydrochar activated at 160 °C demonstrated the highest utilization efficiency. In conclusion, the incorporation of SCG residues and second-generation residues (hydrochars) shows promise as agents for biofortifying cucumbers.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving apple peel color has been an important objective in apple production. To better understand the effect and mechanism of the combined application of urea and FA (fulvic acid) regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, a field experiment was performed in 2022 and 2023, respectively, under five treatments of urea + FA (CK, urea only; FA50, urea + 50 kg ha−1 FA; FA100, urea + 100 kg ha−1 FA; FA150, urea + 150 kg ha−1 FA; FA200, urea + 200 kg ha−1 FA), using isotope (13C and 15N) marking to analyze the changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) nutrient distribution as well as anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruits. We observed that, under FA application conditions, anthocyanin content in the peel was elevated in both years, with increases of 15.98~52.88% in 2022 and 15.93~52.94% in 2023. The best promotion effects were observed under FA150 treatment. Apart from the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes and transcription factors in the apple peel, this positive effect on anthocyanin content induced by FA addition was also found to be associated with the optimization of C and N distribution in leaves and fruits. On the one hand, the application of FA not only enhanced leaf photosynthetic-related indexes (such as Pn, Gs, and Rubisco activity) and influenced (increased) S6PDH, SPS, and SS activities in leaves, but also elevated fruit sugar metabolism-related enzyme (SDH, SS-c, AI, and NI) activity and upregulated fruit stalk sugar transporter (MdSOT1, MdSOT3, MdSUT1 and MdSUT4) gene expression, which ultimately promoted the synthesis and the leaf to fruit transport of photosynthates, thus promoting 13C-photosynthate accumulation in fruits. On the other hand, FA application elevated leaves’ N metabolism-related enzyme (GS and GOGAT) activity and optimized 15N distribution in leaves and fruits. Moreover, we also observed that FA application altered the fate of N fertilizer in apple orchards, showed an elevation in apple tree 15NUE and soil 15N residuals and showed a decrease in soil 15N loss. In summary, the appropriate application of FA150 (urea + 150 kg ha−1) synergistically optimized C and N nutrient distribution, and promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple trees.
改善苹果果皮颜色一直是苹果生产的一个重要目标。为了更好地了解尿素和 FA（富勒烯酸）联合施用对花青素生物合成的调控作用和机制，分别于 2022 年和 2023 年在尿素 + FA 的五个处理（CK，仅尿素；FA50，尿素 + 50 kg ha-1 FA；FA100，尿素 + 100 kg ha-1 FA；FA150，尿素 + 150 kg ha-1 FA；FA150，尿素 + 150 kg ha-1 FA）下进行了田间试验；FA50，尿素 + 50 kg ha-1 FA；FA100，尿素 + 100 kg ha-1 FA；FA150，尿素 + 150 kg ha-1 FA；FA200，尿素 + 200 kg ha-1 FA），利用同位素（13C 和 15N）标记分析果实中碳（C）和氮（N）养分分布以及花青素生物合成的变化。我们观察到，在施用 FA 的条件下，果皮中的花青素含量在这两年都有所提高，2022 年提高了 15.98%~52.88%，2023 年提高了 15.93%~52.94%。FA150 处理的促进效果最好。除了苹果果皮中花青素生物合成相关基因和转录因子的表达水平外，研究还发现添加 FA 对花青素含量的积极影响还与叶片和果实中 C 和 N 的分布优化有关。一方面，FA 的施用不仅提高了叶片光合作用相关指标（如 Pn、Gs 和 Rubisco 活性），影响（增加）了叶片中 S6PDH、SPS 和 SS 的活性，还提高了果实糖代谢相关酶（SDH、SS-c、AI和NI）的活性，并上调果柄糖转运体（MdSOT1、MdSOT3、MdSUT1和MdSUT4）基因的表达，最终促进光合产物的合成和叶片到果实的转运，从而促进果实中13C-光合产物的积累。另一方面，脂肪酸的施用提高了叶片氮代谢相关酶（GS 和 GOGAT）的活性，优化了叶片和果实中 15N 的分布。此外，我们还观察到，施用 FA 改变了苹果园中氮肥的去向，提高了苹果树的 15NUE 和土壤中 15N 的残留量，并减少了土壤中 15N 的流失。总之，适当施用 FA150（尿素 + 150 kg ha-1）可协同优化碳和氮的养分分配，促进苹果树花青素的生物合成。
{"title":"The Combined Application of Urea and Fulvic Acid Regulates Apple Tree Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism and Improves Anthocyanin Biosynthesis","authors":"Laiping Wang, Ru Chen, Zhenying Jiang, Huifeng Li, Xiaomin Xue","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092062","url":null,"abstract":"Improving apple peel color has been an important objective in apple production. To better understand the effect and mechanism of the combined application of urea and FA (fulvic acid) regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, a field experiment was performed in 2022 and 2023, respectively, under five treatments of urea + FA (CK, urea only; FA50, urea + 50 kg ha−1 FA; FA100, urea + 100 kg ha−1 FA; FA150, urea + 150 kg ha−1 FA; FA200, urea + 200 kg ha−1 FA), using isotope (13C and 15N) marking to analyze the changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) nutrient distribution as well as anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruits. We observed that, under FA application conditions, anthocyanin content in the peel was elevated in both years, with increases of 15.98~52.88% in 2022 and 15.93~52.94% in 2023. The best promotion effects were observed under FA150 treatment. Apart from the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes and transcription factors in the apple peel, this positive effect on anthocyanin content induced by FA addition was also found to be associated with the optimization of C and N distribution in leaves and fruits. On the one hand, the application of FA not only enhanced leaf photosynthetic-related indexes (such as Pn, Gs, and Rubisco activity) and influenced (increased) S6PDH, SPS, and SS activities in leaves, but also elevated fruit sugar metabolism-related enzyme (SDH, SS-c, AI, and NI) activity and upregulated fruit stalk sugar transporter (MdSOT1, MdSOT3, MdSUT1 and MdSUT4) gene expression, which ultimately promoted the synthesis and the leaf to fruit transport of photosynthates, thus promoting 13C-photosynthate accumulation in fruits. On the other hand, FA application elevated leaves’ N metabolism-related enzyme (GS and GOGAT) activity and optimized 15N distribution in leaves and fruits. Moreover, we also observed that FA application altered the fate of N fertilizer in apple orchards, showed an elevation in apple tree 15NUE and soil 15N residuals and showed a decrease in soil 15N loss. In summary, the appropriate application of FA150 (urea + 150 kg ha−1) synergistically optimized C and N nutrient distribution, and promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple trees.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tiger longicorn beetle, Xylotrechus chinensis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), has posed a significant threat to mulberry trees in Greece since its invasion in 2017, which may be associated with global warming. Detection typically relies on observing adult emergence holes on the bark or dried branches, indicating severe damage. Addressing pest threats linked to global warming requires efficient, targeted solutions. Remote sensing provides valuable, swift information on vegetation health, and combining these data with machine learning techniques enables early detection of pest infestations. This study utilized airborne multispectral data to detect infestations by X. chinensis in mulberry trees. Variables such as mean NDVI, mean NDRE, mean EVI, and tree crown area were calculated and used in machine learning models, alongside data on adult emergence holes and temperature. Trees were classified into two categories, infested and healthy, based on X. chinensis infestation. Evaluated models included Random Forest, Decision Tree, Gradient Boosting, Multi-Layer Perceptron, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Naïve Bayes. Random Forest proved to be the most effective predictive model, achieving the highest scores in accuracy (0.86), precision (0.84), recall (0.81), and F-score (0.82), with Gradient Boosting performing slightly lower. This study highlights the potential of combining remote sensing and machine learning for early pest detection, promoting timely interventions, and reducing environmental impacts.
自 2017 年入侵以来，虎斑长蠹--Xylotrechus chinensis Chevrolat（鞘翅目：角斑虫科）已对希腊的桑树构成严重威胁，这可能与全球变暖有关。检测通常依赖于观察树皮或干枯树枝上的成虫出土孔，这表明损害严重。应对与全球变暖有关的虫害威胁需要高效、有针对性的解决方案。遥感技术能迅速提供有关植被健康的宝贵信息，将这些数据与机器学习技术相结合，就能及早发现虫害。本研究利用机载多光谱数据检测桑树中的X.计算了平均 NDVI、平均 NDRE、平均 EVI 和树冠面积等变量，并将其与成虫出土孔和温度数据一起用于机器学习模型。根据 X. chinensis 的侵染情况，将树木分为侵染和健康两类。评估的模型包括随机森林、决策树、梯度提升、多层感知器、K-近邻和奈夫贝叶斯。随机森林被证明是最有效的预测模型，在准确度（0.86）、精确度（0.84）、召回率（0.81）和 F 分数（0.82）方面都取得了最高分，而梯度提升模型的得分略低。这项研究凸显了遥感与机器学习相结合在害虫早期检测、促进及时干预和减少环境影响方面的潜力。
{"title":"Using Multispectral Data from UAS in Machine Learning to Detect Infestation by Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Mulberries","authors":"Christina Panopoulou, Athanasios Antonopoulos, Evaggelia Arapostathi, Myrto Stamouli, Anastasios Katsileros, Antonios Tsagkarakis","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092061","url":null,"abstract":"The tiger longicorn beetle, Xylotrechus chinensis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), has posed a significant threat to mulberry trees in Greece since its invasion in 2017, which may be associated with global warming. Detection typically relies on observing adult emergence holes on the bark or dried branches, indicating severe damage. Addressing pest threats linked to global warming requires efficient, targeted solutions. Remote sensing provides valuable, swift information on vegetation health, and combining these data with machine learning techniques enables early detection of pest infestations. This study utilized airborne multispectral data to detect infestations by X. chinensis in mulberry trees. Variables such as mean NDVI, mean NDRE, mean EVI, and tree crown area were calculated and used in machine learning models, alongside data on adult emergence holes and temperature. Trees were classified into two categories, infested and healthy, based on X. chinensis infestation. Evaluated models included Random Forest, Decision Tree, Gradient Boosting, Multi-Layer Perceptron, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Naïve Bayes. Random Forest proved to be the most effective predictive model, achieving the highest scores in accuracy (0.86), precision (0.84), recall (0.81), and F-score (0.82), with Gradient Boosting performing slightly lower. This study highlights the potential of combining remote sensing and machine learning for early pest detection, promoting timely interventions, and reducing environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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